研究生英语阅读教程(基础级第三版)1-12课后习题答案翻译

Lesson1II.VocabularyA.Choosethebestwordfromthefourchoicestocompleteeachofthefollowingsentences.Therehasbeenmuchoppositionfromsomesocialgroups, fromthefarmingcommunity.A.straightforwardlyB.notablyC.virtuallyD.exceptionallyThe viewinBritainandotherWesterncountriesassociatesagingwithdecline,dependency,isolation,andoftenpoverty.A.predominantB.credulousC.inclusiveD.sustainableButgiftssuchasthesecannotbeawardedtoeverybody,eitherbyjudgesorbythemost ofgovernments./reward—rewardingA.toughB.demandingC.diverseD.benignTheforemanreadthe ofguiltyfourteentimes,oneforeachdefendant.A.prejudiceB.verificationC.verdictD.punishmentTheyfearitcouldhavea(n) effectonglobalfinancialmarkets.A.sizeableB.adverse(negative)C.beneficialD.consequentialTheUNthreatenedto economicsanctionsiftheUdkswerebrokenoff.A.engageB.pursueC.abandon/abundantD.invokeThereareatleastfourcrucialdifferencesbetweenthenew andtheoldgovernment.A.regimeB.hegemonyC.complexD.federation/fedal<->federal,confederate)Thesequestions achallengetoestablishedattitudeofsuperioritytowardtheoutsideworld.A.evolveB.Constitute形成C.tolerateD.arousedBecauseofthis,astrongadministrative wasneededtoplantheuseofscarceresources,organizeproductionandregulatedistribution.A.apparatusB.constitutionC.insistenceD.promotionIlearntthattherearenogenuinely animalsinthisarea,alltheanimalswerebroughtherefromotherplaces.C.indigenousD.extinctA.endangeredB.domesticatedC.indigenousD.extinctB.ChoosethehestwordorexpressionfromthelistgivenforeachHonkUseeachwordorexpressiononlyonceandmakeproperchangeswherenecessary.pointupbyandlargetakeindescentforgoodorillleaveasidecrystalcleardieoutendangerlay...atthedoorofpointupbyandlargetakeindescentforgoodorillleaveasidecrystalcleardieoutendangerlay...atthedoorofThebookconcludeswithareviewofthepossibleimpact(influence)ofmoreintimatecomputersforgoodorill,invariousareasofhumanlife.Moreover,ithadbecomeclearfromtheopinionpollsthattheunpopularityofthenewtaxwasbeinglaidalthedoorofthegovernmentwhichhadintroducedit,ratherthanthelocalauthoritieswhowereresponsibleforlevyingandcollectingit.Thiscasegavetheexampleofbreakingsomeone'sarm:thatisareallyseriousinjury,butonewhichisunlikelytoendangerthevictim'slife.ManyofthosewhoholditliveinpoorareasandsomeareColored,thatis(i.e./namely),ofmixedEuropeanandAfricandescent.Thisdebateisimportantbecauseitpoinisup(stress/emphasize)that"thefacts"arenotnecessarilyassimpleandstraightforwardastheymightatfirstsightseem.Inthebeginning,themeaningoflifemightbedebated,butoncepastthefirstperiod,manyoftheconversationsfollowawell-wornroutefromonetopicto(henextandbackagain,takinginmostofhumanlife.Butsinceagricultureformsthebasis(base)ofourindusiry,itwas.byandlarge(onthewhole),alsoanintensiGcationofthecrisisinthenationaleconomyingeneral.Letusleaveasideotherrelevantfactorssuchaseducation,careerstructure,payandconditionsofserviceandconcentrateon(focuson)manpowermanagement,(relateAtoB)Itistruethattheexactnatureofthisissueisuncertain.However,onethingiscrystalclear:itwillnotendangertheplanetanditsinhabitants.Butifanimalpopulationsaretoosmall,thentheysimplydieout.III.ClozeTherearetenblanksinthefollowingpassage.Readthepassagecarefullyandchoosethebestanswerfromthefourchoicesgivenforeachblank,[criteria:(1)semantic/(2)grammalic]AsimplifiedformoftheEnglishlanguagebasedon850keywordswasdevelopedinthelate1920sbytheEnglishpsychologistCharlesKayOgdenand_1_bytheEnglisheducatorI.A.Richards.KnownasBasicEnglish,itwasusedmainlytoteachEnglishtonon-English-speakingpersonsand_2 asaninternationallanguage.ThecomplexitiesofEnglishspellingandgrammar,however,weremajor3totheadoptionofBasicEnglishasasecondlanguage.ThefundamentalprincipleofBasicEnglishwasthatanyidea,_4 complex,maybereducedtosimpleunitsofthoughtandexpressedclearlybyalimitednumberofeverydaywords.The850-wordprimaryvocabularywas5600nouns(representingthingsorevents),150adjectives(forqualitiesand6),and100general"operational"words,mainlyverbsandprepositions.Almostallthewordswerein_J_useinEnglish-speakingcountries.Morethan60percentofthemwereone-syllablewords.Thebasicvocabularywascreated8byeliminating_9 theuseof18"basic"verbs,suchasmake,get,do,have,andbe.Numerouswordswhichhavethesameorsimilarmeaningsandbyverbs,suchasmake,gel,do,have,andbe.Theseverbsweregenerallycombinedwithprepositions,suchasup,among,under,in,andforward.Forexample,aBasicEnglishstudentwouldusetheexpression"goup"10"ascend".(Semantic/grammaticalcriterion)1.A.createdB.publicizedC.inventedD.operated2.A.provedB.providedC.projectedD.promoted3.A.advantagesB.objections C.obstacles D.facileties4.A.howeverB.whateverC.whereverD.whenever5.A.comprisedofB.madeofC.composedofD.constitutedof6.A.personalitiesB.propertiesC.preferencesD.perceptions/perceive)7.A.commonB.ordinaryC.averageD.nonprofessional8.A.inallB.attimesC.forgoodD.inpart/partially)9.A.experiencingB.exchangingC.excludingD.extending10.A.inspiteof=despite B.infavorofC.insteadofD.incaseofII.TranslationPutthefollowingpassagesintoChinese.ForEnglishisakiller.ItisEnglishthathaskilledoffCumbric,Cornish,NornandManx.TherearestillpartsoftheseislandswheresizeablecommunitiesspeaklanguagesthatweretherebeforeEnglish.YetEnglishiseverywhereineverydayuseandunderstoodbyallorvirtuallyall,constitutingsuchathreattothethreeremainingCelticlanguages,Irish,ScottishGaelic,andWelsh...(hattheirlong-termfuturemustbeconsidered...verygreatlyatrisk.因为英语是个杀手。正是英语造成了康瑞克、康况施、诺恩、曼科斯等语言的消亡。在其中一部分岛上还有相当多的人使用在英语到来之前就已存在的语言。然而，英语在日常生活中无处不在。所有的人或几乎所有的人都懂英语。英语对现存的凯尔特语——爱尔兰语、苏格兰盖尔语及威尔士语的威胁是如此之大，它们的未来岌岌可危。Healsoassociatedsuchpolicieswithaprejudicewhichhecallslinguisticism(aconditionparalleltoracismandsexism).AsPhillipsonseesit,leadinginstitutionsandindividualswithinthepredominantly"white"English-speakingworld,have(bydesignordefault)encouragedoratleasttolerated—andcertainlyhavenotopposed—thehegemonicspreadofEnglish,aspreadwhichbegansomethreecenturiesagoaseconomicandcolonialexpansion.同时，他认为这些政策和他称之为语言歧视(和种族歧视、性别歧视的情况类似)的偏见密切相关。在菲利普森看来，在以白人英语为主导的世界，最重要的机构和个人(有意或无意地)鼓励或者至少是容忍了(肯定没有反对)英语細权主义式的传播。这种传播始于三个世纪之前的经济及殖民扩张。Byandlarge,wenowviewthemasmoreorlessbenign,andoftentalkwithadmirationandappreciationabouttheculturesassociatedwiththemandwhattheyhavegiventotheworld.Anditisfairlysafetodothis,becausenoneofthemnowposesmuchofathreat.总的来说，我们现在或多或少地把这些语言看作有利的语言。在谈到与之相关的文化及其为世界所做的页献时，我们常怀有崇敬与赞赏，而且这样做也没有太大的风险，因为这些语言现在已不会构成什么威胁。YetmanypeopleseeEnglishasablessing.Letmeleaveasideheretheobviousadvantagespossessedbyanyworldlanguage,suchasalargecommunicativenetwork,astrongliteraryandmediacomplex,andapowerfulculturalandeducationalapparatus.然而，许多人把英语看成是一件幸事。在此，我暫且不谈任何世界语言所具有的明显优势，例如广泛的通信网，强大的文化传媒体系，及强有力的文化教育机构。English-speakingSouthAfricansofBritishdescentwerenotparticularlystronginopposingtheapartheidregime,andtheblackopposition,whosemembershadmanylanguages,wasatfirstweakanddisorganized.讲英语的南非英国后裔并不强烈反对种族隔离政权，而黑人反对力量，其成员讲多种语言，在初期软弱无力且缺乏组织。Suchsymbolismsuggeststhattheusersoftheworld'slinguafrancashouldseektobenefitasfullyaspossiblefromtheblessingandasfaraspossibleavoidinvokingthecurse.这一象征表明这种世界通用语的使用者应充分发掘这一幸事为我们带来的好处,同时尽能避免招来灾难。VOCABULARYITEMS1.sizable:adj.fairlylarge相当大的virtually:adv.almostbutnotquite;nearly儿乎，差不多；virtureconstitute:v.toamountto;equal形成，等同于aggrandis(z)ment:n.increaseinpowerorimportance扩张，増力口，expansionpredominantly:adv.mostlyormainly卓越地，支配地，主要地president,dominate(v)default:n.failuretodosth.疏忽,defaultvalue.hegemonic:adj.ofthepredominantinfluenceofonenationoverothers霸权的benign:adj.tendingtoexertabeneficialinfluence;favorable有利的dispassionately:adv.calmly;reasonably平心静气地，不带偏见地verdict:n.decisionoropiniongivenaftertestingorexamining判断，裁决,verifystraightforward:adj.plain;clear明确的，清清楚楚的，aboriginal:adj.ofracesofpeoplebelongingtoaregionfromtheearliesttimes土著的，amanofhumbleoriginadversely:adv.unfavorably不利地indigenous:adj.native;originatinginanarea本土的，土生土长endanger:v.tocausetobeinadangeroussituation危害endangered:adj.indangerofbeingdamagedordestroyed濒于灭绝的apparatus:n.structureormethodofoperation组织，机构descent:n.hereditaryderivation血统，遗传,ascend<->descend(v)apartheid:adj.racialseparateness种族隔离regime:n.systemofgovernmentorrule政权vernacular:adj.native;commonlyspokenbythemembersofacountryorregion本国语的，方言的invoke:v.tomakeaparticularidea,image,orfeelingappearinpeople'sminds弓I起，造成；pointupto:emphasize强调，stress;pointouttakein:ioinclude包括forgoodor(for)ill:whethertheeffectofasituationisgoodorharmful无论好坏byandlarge:onthewhole,generally总的来说，大体上；(be)atlarge.dieout:tobecomeextinct死光，绝种lay(put)sthatthedoorof...:toblame(sb.orsth.)forsth归咎于...leaveaside:putaside,tomakenodiscussionofasubject不谈论，把话题搁置一边，putawaycrystalclear:absolutelyclear非常清楚的，显而易见的,obvious,apparentLesson2VocabularyA.Choosethebestwordfromthefourchoicesgiventocompleteeachofthefollowingsentences."Itwasa(n) task,"Sybilierecalled,"becauseitwasreallythefirstbigpartyLaurahadgiveninherlife."A.ridiculousB.rigorousC.accountable D.Mammoth巨大的Aboutone-thirdoftheadulthomelessare mentallyill,andabouthalfarealcoholicorabusedrugs.A.chronicallyB.sparsely C.adequatelyD.individuallyWespentawonderfuldayatherhome,andalltheguestswerewell .A.implementedB.acknowledgedC.contendedD.accommodatedComparedtovoterparticipationratesofcitizensinotherdemocracies,participationinAmericanelectionsislow;slightlymorethan50percentofthose participateinnationalpresidentialelections.A.feasible/practicable B.available C.eligible D.accessibleIcanonlyreducethepainfuluncertaintyand ofthosefirstfewdaysbylearningrelevantinformationquickly.A.swamp B.bewildermentC.chronicle D.publicityThe inthe1960sandearly1970sweremarkedbyprotestandviolenceoncollegecampusesoverUnitedStatesinvolvementinthewarinVietnamA.exodus B.option C.Turmoil骚动暴乱D.squeezeNon-nuclearWeaponsAgreementssignedin1972restrictedoreliminatedtheproductionanduseofbiologicalandchemicalweapons.Italso destructionofexistingstocksofweaponsbytheyear2005.

A.mandated/orderedB.advocatedA.mandated/orderedB.advocatedC.seizedD.bannedNoramIsuggestingthatblackchildrenaresomehowlinguistically ,orunabletoseparatestandardEnglish.A.deficient B.demandingC.lagged D.acceleratedWhentwelvewomenwho tobevirginswerefound,onlytwowouldswearanoathtothateffect,buttheexecutorsdecidedtotakethewomen'swordfbrit.A.deemed B.tutoredC.professed D.donatedPessimismhasprevailedforsometime,andnowtheeconomicoptimismisback ontheroad.chart B.core C.statute D.Bandwagon流行Choosethebestwordorexpressionfromthelistgivenforeachblank.Useeachwordorexpressiononlyonceandmakeproperchangeswherenecessary.letalonewindupdrawlotsvow weighinarowbailouthopon loftybriefOnlyIdon'tknowhowIshouldsetaboutfindingahome,leialoneonethatshewouldbehappyin.Theplayersalternatebetweenthewhiteandblackpiecesanddrawlotstodeterminewhoplayswhiteintoday'sfirstgame.Threenegativereportsinarowwouldbeastrongindicationthatthediseasehadbeenarrested.Butitwasnowthreeo'clockinthemorningandthedebatewasquicklywoundudwiththemoneybeingvotedforthesiteandfoundations.ItarguesthateventhoughtheItalianauthoritiesmaynolongerbailout(舀出.跳伞)anyoldbankthatgetsintotrouble,thelikelihoodofgovernmentsupportforbigbankshasnotchangedenoughtoaffectitsratings.Averylazywaylospendadayinthesun,istobuyadayticketandhoDonandofftheboatsandinandoutofthemanycafesandrestaurantsdottedaroundthelake.Theywon'tquit.Theyvowtofightthesystemincourt,ifnecessary.Ybuhavetobecarefulandweightheadvantagesoftheirappearanceagainstthedisadvantagesoftheirpotentialtodistractfromthemessage.Buiwhiletheirleadersconsideredtheseloftygoals,theparty'sbureaucratshadmoreimmediateproblemsontheirhands—theprospectofunemployment.I'mwellbriefedonthesubject,thisisn'tmyownknowledge.III.ClozeTherearetenblanksinthefollowingpassage.Readthepassagecarefullyandchoosetherightwordorphrasefromthelistgivenbelowforeachoftheblanks.C/umgethefonnifnecessary.inresponselolivewi【hreassure niauer given(ifconsideraiionisgiveniosih.)prediclorrank bycontrast/comparewith allbut(except) generationWhenourdaughterwenttopublicschool,shecamehometalkingaboutthesubjectsshewastaughtatschoolandwelearnedto1livewithhercourses.Butthen,oneeveningwhenshewasineighthgrade,Isawherusingacalculatortocomputetenpercentof470.Iaskedher,"Aretheotherkidsthis(so)dumb(dull)"Mystraight-Achild2reassureme:"Oh,theyaremuchdumber."ThatnightIbeganresearchingmatheducationandtheeducationalreform.3GivenwhatIlearned,itdidn'tsurprisemethattheUnitedStates4rankedonly28thamong41nationssurveyedintheThirdInternationalMathematicsandScienceStudy.Withnewanduntestedtheoryof(heeducationalreform,today'sU.S. matheducatorshaveallbut5eliminatednumbers.Theyarecreatinga_6generationofmathematicalfools.Theproblemisthetextbooks.Ithoughtmydaughter'smathbookwashersocial-sciencetext.Ithascolorphotos,essaysonAfricantribesandquestionssuchas"Whatroleshouldzoosplayintcxlay'ssociety?"Bycontrast7theJapanese,whorankedthirdintheinternationalsurvey,havetextsallaboutmath.Mydaughter'stextbookandotherslikeitwerecreated8inresponsetostandardsdevelopedbytheNationalCouncilofTeachersofMathematics.Theideabehindthestandardsisthata"conceptualunderstanding"ofmath,notproblemsandpractice,iswhatniaiters9.Thesestandardstailtorecognizethatthememorizationofbasicmathfactsisanimportantskilland10predictoroffuturesuccess.IV.TranslationPutthefollowingpartsintoChinese.Early2002,PresidentBushsignedthemammothNoChildLeftBehindAct,vowing:ofree"childrentrappedinschoolsthatwillnotchangeandwillnotteach".Now,studentsin8.652chronicallyLow-performingschoolsannouncedbytheU.S.DepartmentofEducationJuly1.2002mustweighwhethertojumpshipinthenextfewdays—whileschooldistrictsscrambletoaccommodatethousandsofstudentseligibletoseizethatoption.2002年初布什总统签署了一项《不让一个孩子落后》的重大法案，誓言要把“困在那些教学质量不佳又不进行改革的学校里的孩子”解救出来02002年7月1日美国教育部宣布有8,652所学校被列为“长期教学质量低下''的学校，现在这些学校中的学生必须在今后的几天内考虑决定他们是否要转学，同时各个学区也在忙着为符合转学条件的学生提供帮助和服务以抓住选择的机会。Buttheimmediateimpactformanyprincipals,teachers,andstudentsstrugglingintheeducationaltrenchesisbewilderment一andturmoil.Thelaw.theycontend,setsloftystandardswithouttellingschooldistrictshowtoreachthem.对于那些在教学改革旋涡中挣孔的学校的校长、老师和学生来说，这一法案的直接后果则是迷惑与混乱。他们认为该法案制订的教学改革标准太高而又没有说明各学区如何达到这些标准。Weneedtobeaccountabletoourpublic,butweneedtolookatallthemeasurements.“我们要对公众负责，但是我们也需要看看该法案提出的方法是否切实可行。"Schoolsaredeemeddeficientiftheyfailtoshow"adequateyearlyimprovement"onstateproficiencytestsfortwoyearsinarow.Butthere'snofederalmasterlistofpoorperformersthatparentscanconsult.Instead,thegovernmentrequiresstatestoidentifyindividuallaggardsandbreakoutscoresbyraceandincome.Fewhavestampededtopublishuser-friendlyrosters,somethingthenewlawalsomandates.一所学校连续两年在州水平考试中没有表现出“足够的年度改进"就会被认为是不合格的学校，但是联邦教育部并没有提供一个具有权威性的不合格学校的名单让学生家长作为参考，而是要求各州各自确定不合格学校的名单，并且要求他们把学生的考试成绩按照学生的种族和家庭收入进行分类。新法案还规定各州要公布便于学生和家长査找的不合格学校的名单，但是没有几个州能很快拿出来。"Implementationisgoingtobemessy,"acknowledgesUnderSecretaryofEducationEugeneHickok,theformerPennsylvaniaschoolchief,addingthatstatesshouldn'tprofesssurprise.EducationSecretaryRodPaigehasbriefedsuperintendentsandspokennationwideaboutthereforms.Andevenifthere'snot"awholelotofroomforawholelotofchoice"yetincitieslikeNewYorkorChicago,saysHickok,"thelaw'sthelaw."教育部次长，前宾夕法尼亚州学校总监EugeneHickok也承认“该法案的实施可能会引起一些混乱”，但是他又说各州也不应为此而大惊小怪。教育部长RodPaige己经向各学区主管人士就有关改革事宜做了扼要指示并通报了全国。他说，即使在如纽约和芝加哥这样的大城市“接收择校生比较困难”，但“法律就是法律"It'seasytobailoutandhoponsomeoneelse'sbandwagon."saysWooten."Butwehavethepotentialtobegreat,justlikeeveryoneelseinthisnation.Whydon'twecreateourownbandwagon?"Woolen说："人很容易放弃自我，而去赶别人的潮流，但正如其他的美国人一样，我们都有成功的机会。我们为什么不开创自己的潮流呢？"Lesson3VocabularyReadthefollowingsentencesanddecidewhichofthefourchoicesbeloweachsentenceisclosestinmeaningtotheunderlinedword.Traditionallyitisapeacefulevent,withoutconfrontationbetweenpoliceandwhattheydescribeasthehippyconvoy.A.connectionB.exchange C.fight D.interactionTomLandryisoneofthemostsuccessfulfootballcoachesinNationalFootballLeaguehistory,andhewasknownforhisunruffledmannerandfiercecompetitiveness.A.calm B.brave C.polite D.mildAttheauction,heofferedridiculouslylowbidsandintimidatedotherwould-bebuyerssothathecouldbuybackthefarmatanextremelylowprice.A.betrayed B.frightenedC.gatheredD.cheatedAfterthebossannouncedthathewouldmovethecompanytoLosAngeles,alltheemployeesbegrudginglyacceptedtheplanastheywereafraidoflosingthejob.A.presently B.reasonablyC.willinglyD.Reluctantly不情愿的PeoplewithADHDhavedifficultykeepingtheirmindsononething;theymayrunintothestreetwithoutlookingblurtoutinappropriatecommentsinclass,andinterruptconversations.A.utter B.conduct C.make D.crushAnattendantLaborpressofficermumbled:"We'reshamelessaren'twe?"A.claimed B.acknowledged C.proposed D.mutteredDuringthecongressionalelectionsof1866,JohnsoncampaignedforhisReconstructionProgram,buthiseffortshurthiscausemorethantheyhelped.Thisexasperaied激怒himintoheatedandundignifiedarguments.A.hit B.beat C.angeredD.stirredOneprimaryinterventionthereforewasformetoliaiseregularlywiththewardsothatMrs.Allenwasfullyinformedaboutthesituation.A.negotiate B.contact C.imposeD.stimulateDifficultmarketconditionswereexacerbatedwhenKoreantannersenteredtheUKandNewZealandrawmaterialmarkets,drivingupprices.A.deterioratedB.changed C.relievedD.solvedThusallmaterialtobeshownwillhavebeenconwiledintheknowledgethati(wouldbemadeavailable.verified B.sorted C.extractedD.composedChoosethebestwordorexpressionfromthelistgivenforeachblankeachwordorexpressiononlyonceandmakeproperchangeswherenecessary.takeatollon endupporeover slap bullyloseone'scoolbeup comeinhandy strategypromptlyHuman-madestructuresalsolakeatollonmigrants.Skyscrapersandradiotowershavecausedthedeathsofhundredsofthousandsofmigratingbirds.Amandastayedcalmatthemomentanddidn'tlosehercool.Webothlikedrivingitsomuchthatweendupusingitallthetime.WeshouldrememberfromMayhew'saccountthatthebootsalsocomeinhandyforkickingpolicemenandothertraditionalfoesofthecosters.InhislunchbreaksDoisneauporedoverbooksonphotography,andatweekendshesetoffalonewithaheavywcxxlencameraandtripodtocapturethefirstofthe"personal"photographsthatwouldbethebasisofhislife'swork.Lastnightthewoman,whodidnotwishtobenamed,said:"I'mreallyfurious.I'djustlovetoslaphimonhisnastyface."7.1couldtellbythelookonhisfacethatsomethingwasup.Essentialinformationontheprogressoftheprojectisconveyedthroughoutitsdurationandanyenforcedchangesarenotifiedpromptly.Thisuseofaseriesofreleasers,oneaftertheother,isastrategyfrequentlyemployedinccmmunication.Hewasn't,infact,averyniceboy,abullyandratherstupid.ClozeTherearetenblanksinthefollowingpassage.Readthepassagecandidlyandchoosethehesianswerfromthefourchoicesgiven.foreachblank.NewYorkCityhasahighlycentralizedmunicipalgovernment.Themayor,chosenbyacitywideelectorateforaIbur-yearterm,haswideIpowers.Themayorhasaleadershiproleinbudget-making,authoritytoorganizeandreorganizeadministrativeagenciesandto2andremovetheirheads,astrongveto（否决权），andallpowersnotspecificallyotherwisegranted.Thecomptroller（审计官），electedonacitywidebasisforafour-yearterm,recommendsfinancialpoliciesandadvisesthemayorandthecitycouncilinthepreparationofthe.Thereareninemajoradministrativeagencies,calledadministrations.Thepoliceandfiredepartmentsarenotasadministrations,butarealsoprincipalagencies.Certainimportantcityagenciesincludetheboardofeducation,theboardofhighereducation,thehealthandhospitalscorporation,andthehousingauihority._5_twomajoragenciesarebi-stateorregionalincharacter:thePortAuthorityofNewYorkandNewJersey,whichcontrolsairportsandinterstatebuses,andtheTransportationAuthority,whichcontrolssubwayandbusoperationsinthecityandrailroadserviceinNewYorkandConnecticut.Legislativeauthorityis_6_bythecitycouncil,madeupof51members,whoareelectedfrom7_districtsforfour-yearterms.The8officeristhepublicadvocate,chosenforafour-yeartermbyacitywideelectorate.Theadvocatecanvoteonlyto_9_.Themostpowerfulmemberofthecouncilisthespeaker,whoischosenbya10ofthemembersandappointstheheadsofthevariouscouncilcommittees.Thecounciintroducesandlegislatesalllawsandapprovesthebudget;itcanoverrideamayoralvetobyavoteoftwo-thirdsofallthemembers.1.A.productiveB.manipulativeC.speculativeD.executive2.A.appointB.fireC.arrangeD.offer3.A.economyB.budget C.revenueD.expense4.A.includedB.undertaken C.classifiedD.called5.A.AtlastB.AsusualC.InadditionD.Afterall6.A.grabbedB.guardedCgradedD.Granted准予7.A.personalB.individualC.privateD.single8.A.presidentialB.practicingC.presidingD.present9.A.breakatieB.makeadecisionC.drawaconclusionD.giveasummary10.A.minimumB.maximumC.minorityD.majorityIV.TranslationPutthefollowingpartsintoChinese.Theonewhostaysunruffledhasagreatadvantageinbeingable（ohelpothers,tocontrolthesituation,tofixit.Thefighterwholoseshiscoolthefirsttimehe'shitwillendupflatonhisbackonthecanvas.能够保持冷静的人占据很大优势。他们能够帮助别人；能够控制局势，并能使情况转危为安。如果一个拳击手挨了第一下就失去了冷静的话，那他最终一定会被打倒在拳台上。Standinguptobulliesmightsoundlikeaglibcalltobemacho,butthetruthisittakesatollonyou.Oneofthebestreasonstoletbulliesknowyouwon'tbackdownfromafightissothatitdoesn'tgettothatpointoften.勇敢地面对强者听上去像是很轻松地叫你去作个男子汉大丈夫，但实际做起来是要付出代价的。在一场拳击中要让恃强凌弱的对手知道你不会倒下的最佳理由之一就是你不轻易倒下。TheuppermanagementofTWAincompetentlyhandledthenotificationprocessforthefamilies.Thatcontinuestobeexacerbatedbytheirnottellingthetruthaboutwhathappened.环球航空公司的上层管理人员没能及时、准确地向遇难者家属通报，更严重的是他们隐瞒了事实的真相。Threemonthslater,Ericksonresigned.Butthatwasn'tthepoint.InacitythesizeofNewYork,disastersareinevitable.Iwantedleadersofcompaniesinvolvedinanyfuturedisastertounderstandjustwhatwasexpectedofthem—clear,honest,timelycommunication.ByrefusingtokeepquietaboutTWA'sbehavior.Imadesuretheconsequencesofputtingcorporateneedsaheadofhumansufferingwereunderstood.三个月后Erickson辞职了，但这不是最重要的。在纽约这样的大城市中灾难在所难免，我只是希望今后任何公司遇到灾难时，公司的领导应该明白在灾难发生时，公众希望他们能清楚、诚实并及时地告知事实的真相。在环球航空公司的事件中我没有保持沉默就是想要明确地告诉他们，如果他们把公司的需求放在人民生命损失之上会有什么样的结果。VOCABULARYITEMSwhup：v.（chieflyusedinSouthernU.S.）todefeat,e.g.bywhipping,strikingorbeating（whip的变体）（美俚）大胜unruffled：adj.calm;notupsetoragitated平静,镇定canvas：n.thefloorofaboxingring拳击场的地板nasty：adj.dirty;u叩leasanl肮脏的，令人不快的intimidate：odoingsth.胁迫in-house：adj.originatingwithinanorganization,company,etc.内部的jab：n.suddenroughbloworthrust猛击，猛刺slob：n.impleasantlydirtyandrudeperson肮脏粗鲁的人bully：apersonwhouseshisstrengthorpowertofrightenorhurtthosewhoareweaker恃强凌弱者boom：n.deephollowsound低沉的声音shinner：n.blackeye（跌,打伤的）黑眼圈slap：v.tohitsb.withtheflatpartofone'shand掴:拍mumble：v.tospeakindistinctly嘟噌begrudgingly：adv.showingunwillingnessordissatis不情愿的darn：adj.usedtoemphasizehowbad,stupid,unfair,etc.sb.orsth.is;damnit该死的licking：n.beating打，鞭打blurt：v.totellsth.e.g.asecretthoughtlessly脱口说出某事glib:adj.readyandsmoothbutnotsincere圆滑的，口齿流利的macho：n.havingthecharacteristicsofman男子汉，大丈夫confrontation：n.anargument,fight,orbattle冲突，对抗manifest：n.adetailedlist详细名单compile：v.tocollectandputtogethermanypiecesofinformation搜集，编制liaise：v.toestablishlinkorconnection建立联系contactexasperate：v.toirritate;makeangerworse激怒，加深愤怒runaround:n.anindecisiveorevasiveresponse借口；躲闪；拖延exacerbate：v.tomakepain,diseaseorsituationworse加重，使恶化comeinhandy：toprovetobeuseful发现后来有用poreover：tostudywithcloseattention仔细研究takeatollonsb.：tobringheavylossesto使遭受损伤beup：tobegoingon发生了什么事Lesson4II.VocabularyAReadthefollowingsentencesanddecidewhichofthefourchoicesbeloweachsentenceisclosestinmeaningtotheunderlinedword.Astheyearprogressed,thewarinVietnamunderminednationalunity,compellingthepresidentandhisadviserstospendmuchoftheirtimeexplainingU.S.policyinAsia.A.weakenedB.stressedC.broke D.splitThepicturewasdifferentfromalltheothers.Itconsistedofalotofdiscret