中英文钢结构安全第一级检查规定

COMPANYLOGODESIGNSAFETYANDCONSTRUCTIONQUALITYPROGRAMDocumentref:DSCQP-IP002Rev.0Date:September20,2013InspectionProcedureforLevelIassessmentofsteelstructuresPreparedby:JacquesBourgonReviewedby:ReviewGroup2©2013HolcimGroupServicesLtd.Nopartofthisdocumentmaybereproducedortransmittedinanyformwithoutpriorpermissionofthecopyrightowner,exceptfortheusageofthePrincipalandAssociatedCompaniesoftheHolcimGroup. Page中英文钢结构安全第一级检查规定ThisdocumentispartoftheHolcimDesignSafetyandConstructionQualityProgram(DSCQP).ItisvalidaslongasthecontentofthereferencedocumentDSCQP-D-001oranylearningfromtheProgramdoesnotjustifyarevisionofthepresentdocument.这份文件是豪瑞集团设计安全和工程质量制度的一部分。只要与之相关文件DSCQP-D-001或者任何从该制度延伸的内容没有作出合法的修改，该文档就是有效的。HolcimGroupServicesLtdreservesitsrightstomodify,updateorwithdrawthepresentdocumentatanytime,andwillinduetimeinformPrincipalandAssociatedCompaniesoftheHolcimGroupaccordingly.豪瑞集团享有对这份文档修改、更新、撤销的权利，并且会根据改动结果及时通知豪瑞集团旗下的全资和合资公司。Asthepresentdocumentisaminimumstandard,thepartsinbluemaybeadapted,improved,translatedandintegratedinthemaintenancemanagementproceduresofthefacilitiesofthePrincipalandAssociatedCompanies.Bynomeanshallthisdocumentbeusedasacceptanceprocedureofanewstructure.由于当前文档时最低标准版本，所以下面蓝色部分需要各全资与合资公司维修管理制度方面经过调整、改进、转化、完善。PurposeoftheLevelIassessment第一级评估的目的Toensurethatanystructure,orpartofastructure,whichmayposearisktosafety,damagetopropertyandenvironmentisidentifiedandcategorized.Actionshallbetakentopreventafailurefromoccurring.为了确保任何可能对安全构成威胁、对财产和环境造成毁坏的建筑或者建筑的一部分进行统计和分类，必须采取相关措施来避免事故的发生。Scopeoftheassessment评估的范围ThisprocedureshallbeusedasreferenceforanyLevelIinspectionofsteelstructuresatthefacilitiesofthePrincipalCompaniesoftheHolcimGroupandisrecommendedtobeusedbytheAssociatedCompanies.该制度应该作为豪瑞集团全资公司任何钢结构建筑检验第一级评估的参照标准，同时也推荐在合资公司中推行。2.2.Thisprocedureshallbeadaptedtoapplicablelocalrequirements,translatedandintegratedinthemanagementsystemofthefacilityoroftheCompanyasa“fieldprocedure”.Thefieldprocedureshallbeusedforthefirstassessmentofanysteelstructureaswellasfuturepreventivemaintenanceroutinesatthefacility,everytwoyears,orwithaperiodicityadaptedtoapotentiallydifficultoperatingenvironmentorwhenstructuresaregettingclosertotheendoftheirdefinedservicelife.该制度要与当地的要求相适应，转化和整合后作为公司设施管理系统的现场程序。该标准适用于任何钢结构设施的初次验收评估，同样也适用于今后每两年例行的设备预防性维修，或者用于当钢结构设施频临退役淘汰的时候。2.3.Thestructureswhich:a)arenewerthantenyearscanbemorepronetodesignandconstructiondefects,whichifpresentwilltypicallyshowupinthefirstyearsofoperation(possiblenon-conformityorearlydamage),建造时间在十年以内的钢结构设施如果存在设计和建造方面的缺陷的话，一般会在使用的第一年暴露出来。（可能没有问题或者早期损坏）b)areolderthan25yearsmaybesusceptibletoincreasedloadsorreducedresistanceduetocorrosion,wearorimpacts建造时间超过25年的钢结构设施由于长期受到腐蚀、磨损、挤压等原因，对在其上进行加装或者拆卸会很敏感。c)havebeenbuiltwithoutevidenceofaproperqualitycontrolprocess没有经过正式质量管理监管认证而建造的钢结构设施。d)havebeenmodifiedfromtheiroriginaldesignconditionswithoutevidenceofaproperre-designandperformedconstructionqualitycontrolshallbeinthefocusofLevelIinspections,butthisinspectionshallnotbelimitedtothemonly.原始的设计经过修改但是没有通过重新设计认证的，以上各种情况分类的钢结构设施的工程质量管理要按照第一等级检查执行，但是该标准不仅仅局限于以上情况。Adefinitionofhighloadstructuresorcomponentsandanon-exhaustivelistofpriorityonestructuresisprovidedinthereferencedocumentDSCQP-D-001,chapter.高负载的钢结构设施、部件和钢结构设施的简要优先列表的定义见相关文档DSCQP-D-001的第.章节。2.4.Compliancewiththisprocedure:Whereforanyreasonitisnotpossibletocomplywithanyaspectorrequirementofthisprocedure,theappointedinspectoranditssupervisorshallraisethematterthroughtheirsitemanagerorlinemanagerandanalternativemeansofcomplianceshallbesought.Thealternativemeansshallofferanequivalentlevelofassessment.制度的服从：无论由于任何原因造成不能完全遵从该制度的地方，指定的巡查员及其监督员要向对应场所的经理或生产线经理反映该问题，并采取一个最优的折中方案。该折中方案应该具备同等的评估等级。Responsibilities职责TheresponsibilitiesdirectlyrelatedtothisprocedurearedefinedinthefollowingTableI.与该制度相关的责任认定细则见下面表1.CompanyCEO公司执行总裁EnsuresthatthelatestversionoftheDSCQPistransmittedtotherelevantfunctionsoftheCompany确保最新的安全质量制度传达到相关部门IsinformedofthestructurespresentingaHighRiskandshallactaccordingly知晓存在高危的钢结构设施并制定相应行动方案Director/FunctionalHead主管领导EnsuresthatthelatestversionoftheDSCQPrequirementsisintegratedintofieldprocedures确保最新的安全质量制度要求整合到实际执行标准中IsinformedonthestructurespresentingaMediumorHighRiskandshalltakeactionaccordingly知晓存在中度或者高度危险钢结构设施，并制定对应的方案Agreesontheappointmentoftheinspector,uponproposalofthesitemanagerorofanexpertbody.检查员任命、项目经理提议的审核批准SiteManagerorbydelegationHeadofMaintenanceorofProjectDepartment.项目经理Ensuresthatpreviousreportsandsurveysofthestructuresareavailablefortheinspectiontobedone根据钢结构设施之前的报告、调查，确保检查的可行性Appointstheinspectororagreesonhisappointment指定检查员，及其任命的审核批注Validatestherisklevelaccordingtotheapplicableriskmatrixmodel核实危险等级ReportswithoutdelaythestructurespresentingaMediumorHighRiskandshalltakeactionaccordingly.第一时间向上级报告存在中度或高度危险的设施，并采取相应措施Supervisoroftheinspector检查员的直接上级ValidatestheLevelIreportandevaluatestherisklevelaccordingtotheapplicableriskmatrixmodel.审核第一级检查报告，并根据适当的风险矩阵模型评价风险等级Appointedinspector指定检查员CarriesouttheLevelIinspectionandpreparestheLevelIreport,includingDOD,DNCandLFF.实施第一级检查评估检查并出具第一级检查报告，包括：DOD（损坏程度）、DNC（不一致性）、LFF（故障可能性）TableI:Managementandinspectorresponsibility表一：管理团队及检查员的职责定义4.Requirements要求4.1.Precautionstobetakenpriortotheinspectionandpreparationoftheinspection.预防措施优先于巡检以及巡检前准备工作Priortoundertaketheinspectiontheappointedinspectorand/orhis/herhierarchyshallhaveinformedthefacilityofthescopeanddateoftheinspectionandallsafetyprecautionsshallbetakentoperformtheinspection(RefertolocalapplicableOH&SstandardsandHolcimFatalityPreventionElements).在执行巡检之前，指定的检查员及其上级要明确需要检查的设施、检查时间，开展检查工作的安全防护措施。4.2.Methodstocarryouttheinspection开展检查的方法Themethodofinspectionisbasedonvisualobservations,whichwilldetectmostofthewear,cracks,deflectionsanddeformationofsteelmembersaffectingtheirintegrity.检查方法基于视觉的观察，视觉的观察能够发现影响钢结构设施完整性的大部分磨损、断裂、倾斜、变形现象。Forcriticalstructuralelements,i.e.memberswhichareessentialforthestabilityofastructure,weldingseams,platesandconnections,itisrecommendeda)tocarryouta“soft”hammertesttofindloosefastenings,looseplatesorconnections,cracksortoevaluatecorrosioncondition,b)tousenon-destructivetechniques(NDT)suchasflawdetectionpenetrantdyebytrainedtechniciansfornotclearlyvisiblecracksandc)tomakemeasurements(platethickness,memberdeformation)wherepossibleorneeded,inadditionofortoconfirmvisualobservations.对于存在危险的钢结构设施必不可少的关键支撑部位，对于焊接裂缝、护板、连接检查建议按照以下方法操作a)用橡胶锤敲击实验来找出焊接松动部位、松动的护板或连接，断裂或者评估腐蚀状况。b)用非破坏性技术，比如经过培训的技术人员用染料剂渗透探伤检测手段来检测不明显可见的断裂。Wherepossible,internalinspectionsshallbecarriedoutonhollowstructuressuchasbins,particularlywhereabrasiveorcorrosivematerialisinvolved,andstructureslikeplatforms,bridgesandconveyorsbeinspectedfromunderneath.Inhollowstructures,especiallysuspendedones,weldswhichcannotbeinspectedfrominsideshallbesubjecttoultrasonictestingbyaqualifiedperson.在一些内部空洞特别是材料在受到磨蚀和腐蚀的情况的钢结构譬如金属容器，内部需要检查，和一些平台、桥、传送带之类的钢结构底部需要进行检查的时候。内部空洞的特别是处于悬空状态的钢结构，在其焊接点不能通过内部进行检查的时候，需要专业人员用超声波探伤技术来测试。Appropriateinspectionconditions(Access,cleaning,uncovering,lighting)arenecessary.Binocularsorsimilardevicearerequiredtoinspectareasofdifficultaccessandadigitalcameraisnecessaryforthedocumentationoffindings.Wheresubstantialhighloadstructuresareinvolved,drawingsanddocumentsshouldbeusedinsupportofthereview.适当的检查条件（可进入的、干净的、未封闭的、有光亮的）是必要的。在对那些检查难以到达的地方，双筒望远镜以及类似的设备是必备的。数码相机需要用来为将来报告提供隐患图片证明。对于确切高负荷的钢结构，需要用图表、文档数据来进行分析评估。4.3.Theinspectionshalltypicallycover(butisnotlimitedto):常规检查部位包括以下几条（但是不限于以下）Significantfoundationorstructuresettlement,deflection,movementorvibration重要钢结构基础部位的沉降，倾斜，移动，震动Partsofstructuresormembersincorrectlyerected,welded,rivetedorbolted钢结构的组成部件没有正确地竖立安装，焊接，铆接，拴紧Absenceofrivets,bolts,nuts,washersorsimilarlockingmechanisms铆钉，螺栓，螺帽，垫圈或者类似的紧固零件的缺失Looseconnectionsbetweenmembers,ordisplacedconnections钢结构部件之间连接松动，连接单元缺失Damagecausedbyimpactsornotchesinstructuralmembers钢结构由于撞击和划痕而造成的的损伤Anynotablestructuralweaknessresultingfrommissingordamagedpartsoradvancedcorrosion任何由于零件缺失、损坏、腐蚀而造成的明显结构不稳固的部位。Absenceof,missingorremovedstructuralmembers钢结构部件的丢失、移动Wearcausedbyabrasion摩擦造成的耗损Lossofcrosssectionduetowear,abrasionorcorrosionandpaintworkcondition由于磨损、锈蚀、油漆状况不良造成的横截面损伤。Weldingquality,cracksonplates,members,inweldsandbolts焊接质量，由于焊接和螺栓状况不良造成的钢结构、护板的裂缝。Excessivevibration,impactloading,dutycycleormovementduringequipmentoperation设备操作时周期运动造成的过度摆动、撞击。Note:Defectsonnewstructuresmaysubstantiallydifferfromobservationsonoldstructuresandtheinspectorsa)maybetooconfidentthatanewstructureisexemptofdefectsorb)mayhavemoredifficultytoidentifythem.Faultydesignorconstructionistypicallycharacterizedbysettlement,deflectionordistress,hingedordisplacedconnections,whicharelesseasytoidentifythanimpacts,corrosion,andwearandtear.Inspectorsshalltakethatthesefactorsintoconsideration.注意：新建钢结构的缺陷和旧的钢结构从外表观察来看本质上是不一样的。所以检查员可能过分相信新建的钢结构设施没有任何缺陷或者有更大的难度鉴别出缺陷。不正确的设计和施工通常会带来钢结构沉降、倾斜、连接部位移动。这些现象比撞击、腐蚀、磨损难发现。检查员在进行巡检的时候要把这些因数考虑进去。4.4.CategorizationofobservationswithDODorDNCandLFFDOD、LFF分类标准ThefollowingtableshallbeusedforthecategorizationoftheDegreeofDamage(DOD)orDegreeofNonConformity(DNC)andLikelihoodforFailure(LFF)ofastructure.以下表格用于分类判定钢结构的损坏程度（DOD）或不一致性（DNC）和故障可能性（LFF）。损害度（DOD）或不一致度（DNC）事故可能性（LFF）等级类型等级类型5极端A必然4严重B很可能3中度C可能2轻微D不一定1无E几乎不可能OnedifficultyistocategorizeobservationsmadeonstructuresandtranslatetheminequivalentDODorDNCandLFF.难点在于把钢结构检查报告分类并转化成为对应的损坏程度和故障可能性等级。Notethatanobservationgenerallyreferstoonememberofastructureoronepartofthestructure(ex.aconnectionbeam-column),thereforethecategorizationshallbemadeforthatmemberorthatpartofthestructure,notfortheentirestructure.ItisintheLevelIreportthattheconsequenceoftheDOD,DNCandLFFshallbedocumentedfortheentirestructure,andthataprogressivecollapsescenariohastobeassessed.Ageneralcategorizationforanentirestructurecouldhoweverbedoneinthecaseofgenerallyadvancedcorrosion,wherealmostallthestructuralmemberswouldpresentthesameDODandLFF.一份检查报告通常是针对于钢结构的构件之一或者钢结构的一部分，（例如梁柱的连接），因此分类等级是针对于钢结构的一部分而不是整个钢结构。在最终等级报告中整个钢结构的损害程度、不一致程度、故障程度结果需要有充足的证明材料，并且对损害发展趋势要进行评估。ThefollowingparagraphsprovidepracticalmeanstoevaluatetheDOD,DNCandLFF.Thisevaluationshallconsiderthecombinationofotherfactors(loads,steelfatigue,andoverallstructuralconditions)incomplementofthecriteriasetbelow.以下段落为损害度和故障率等级评估提供了具体的标准，评估要考虑到其他因素（负荷、金属疲劳、整体刚机构状况）并作为以下细则的补充。4.4.1.PracticalcategorizationofDOD,DNCandLFFforwornorcorrodedstructuralmembers磨损或腐蚀钢结构等级评判标准Inabsenceofdetailedinformationaboutthestructure’sdesignsafetyfactor,whichisacommoncase,apracticalapproximationthatcanbemaderegardlessofthedesigncodeisthatthesafetyfactorofthemaximumpermissiblestressinthesteelmaybeintherangeof25%to35%,say25%.不考虑钢结构设计安全因素的情况下，钢铁的最大应力承受安全系数应该在25%到35%之间。Ifthestructurehasnotbeenmodifiedandoperateswithoutextraload,asimpleruleofthumbisthattheDODofamemberofthestructurewouldbeExtremeanditsLFFAlmostCertainifthereductionofthecrosssectionofanyofthemember’spart,i.e.plate,flangeorwebwouldbeclosetoorgreaterthan25%.Thatrulemaybeappliedforcorrodedstructuralmemberstoo(considerthatcrosssectionreferstothethicknessofnon-corrodedsteelandexcludestherustedpart)orforapartiallyworn-outsectionorforamemberwhichdoesnothavethesamecrosssectionthanothersimilarmembershavingthesamefunction(ex.bracingmembers).如果钢结构没有被改动过并且使用时候没有额外的负载，如果有任何部件的横截面有磨损，通过经验判断钢结构构件的损害程度DOD等级会是极高的，故障率LFF等级几乎是必然的。这条经验判断方法也适用于存在腐蚀情况的钢结构，或者存在局部磨损的部位或者适用于与其他有相同的结构但是横截面却不一样的部件。（如支撑部件）Ifastructuralmemberwouldhavelostrespectively0-5%,5-10%,10-15%,15-25%ofitscrosssectionitsDOD/LFFshouldrespectivelybecategorizedas1/E,2/D,3/Cand4/B.如果一个钢结构部件磨损程度分别达到自身横截面积的0-5%,5-10%,10-15%,15-25%，那么这个部件的磨损度/故障度分别被归纳为1/E,2/D,3/Cand4/B.Paintworkcondition:Assuchthelackofpaintonsurfaces,connections,weldsorfasteningsdoesnotposeashorttermproblemintermsofLFF,butwillacceleratecorrosionoverthetime.DeteriorationofpaintworkshouldbecategorizedasDOD/LFF2/Dandactionsconsideredtoremedytoit.喷漆状况：对于那些表面、连接处、焊接处、扣紧部位缺少油漆的钢构部位根据故障度等级来看可能短期不会造成问题，但是随着时间流逝这些部位将会锈蚀程度会不断加速。油漆状况恶化的部件磨损度/故障度应该被归纳为2/D，并且要考虑制定对应的修复方案。4.4.2.CategorizationofDOD,DNCandLFFfordeflectedelements倾斜部件的评判标准Avisualinspectionrevealingastructuralelementwhichisdeflectedasaresultofloadorimpactissymptomaticofadeformationbeyondtheelasticlimitofthesteel.Attentionshouldimmediatelybepaidtoalltheconnectionsofthiselementtoevaluatetheircondition(See4.4.3below).DeflectedordeformedelementsshallbecategorizedatleastasDOD/LFF3/C.由于负荷或者挤压而导致倾斜的钢结构在肉眼检查时会发现有形变，但是还在其最大弹性限度内。注意力马上要集中到这类构件的所有连接部位并对它们的状况进行评估。（见下面第4.4.3章节）倾斜变形的构件的磨损度/故障度等级应该被归纳为3/C.4.4.3.CategorizationofDOD,DNCandLFFforconnections连接部件的等级评判标准Onebasicprincipleisthataconnectionisdesignedtocarrythefullstrengthoftheconnectedmembers;thereforeaconnectionshallalwaysbestrongerthanthebiggestconnectedmember,inordertopreventplastichingesintheconnection.一个基本原则是，设计连接部件是用来承受被连接件的全部力量。因此连接部件要比最大的连接件更坚固从而防止连接部位的断裂Anotherprincipleisthatthestressesandimplieddeformationofeachindividualfastener(bolt,rivetorweld)shallbewithinthepermissibledesignlimits.另外一个原则是每个单独的紧固件所受的压力及产生的形变应该在它所允许的设计极限内。ThecategorizationofDOD,DNCandLFFshallconsideriftheconnectionelementsarestillwithinthepermissibledesignlimitsortowhichextent.Asanexample,ifaconnectionwouldhaveonlythreeboltsinstalledinsteadoffouroriginallyforeseen,theremainingsafetyfactorwouldbelessthan25%andthatparticularconnectionwouldhavetobecategorizedasExtremeDODwithanAlmostCertainLFF.Thesamewouldapplyifoneoutoffourfastenerswouldbeloose.连接部件的损坏等级，故障等级的判定要它是在所允许的设计极限之类还是超过其设计极限。例如，如果一个连接部位原始应该有四个螺栓但是现在仅仅剩下三个螺栓，那么这个连接构件的安全系数就低于25%，这种状况的连接构件的必须归纳为损坏度5级和故障度A级。如果四个螺栓其中的一个松动，评判等级也是和以上一样5/A。Theremedialactionshallbetorestoretheoriginalconnectiontypeandcapacity,ifpossible.在允许的情况下，应该要采取修复措施来恢复连接部位原有的结构和强度。4.4.3.Categorizationofcracksinmembersorwelds,weldingquality焊接点、焊接质量拼盘标准.Cracks裂纹TheDODandLFFofmembersshowingcracksorofmembersweldedtogetherandshowingcrackintheweldornexttoitaremoredifficulttocategorize,ascracksmayshowverydifferentpatterns(thickness,depthandlengthofcrack,directionandspeedofcrackpropagation,etc.).Ingeneral,asimpleruleisthattheDODisExtremeassoonasthecracklengthequalsorexceeds25%oftheweldingseamlengthorthememberthicknessormemberwidth.对于有裂纹、焊接在一起、焊点有裂纹、或焊点旁边有裂纹的部件的损坏等级判断更加难以归纳，这是因为裂纹会呈现出许多不同的样式（裂纹的厚度、深度、长度，裂纹扩展趋势及方向等等）。总体来说，简单原则是如果裂纹的长度大于或等于焊缝长度或者部件厚度或部件者宽度的25%时损坏等级应该定为5级。.Weldingquality焊接质量Unlessotherwisespecifiedinthestructure’sdocumentation,abasicreferencethatcanbemadeisthatweldingqualityforallthestructuresshallbeatleastofISO5817-ClassC(medium)andatleastofISO5817-ClassD(moderate)forminorelementssuchascoverplatesforexample.(Foranyequipmentotherthanstructures,donotusethatbasicreferenceandrefertotheequipmentdocumentation).除非钢构件说明文件有特别的说明，否则所有的小型钢构件（类似于盖板）的焊接质量的基本参考标准应该至少符合ISO5817-ClassC和ISO5817-ClassD。（钢构件之外的任何设备不要使用这条参考标准，而应该参考设备自身的说明书）UnderthisLevelIprocedure,thecategorizationofthequalitylevelofaweldingcanbedoneasfollows:钢构件焊接质量等级判断可以按照下面所述来确定：ForClassCwelds,andespeciallyforcriticalstructuralmembersandconnections,imperfectionssuchasinternalandexternalcracks,incompleteorlackoffusion,lackoforincompleterootpenetration,metaloverlap,burnthrough,anyrootporosityalsocalled“spongy”or“bubbling”formation,poorrestart,strayarc,shrinkagecavity,craterpipesandinclusionsarenotpermittedorarelimitedandshallbecategorizedatleastwithaMajorDNC4.对于C型焊接，特别是对于有风险的钢构组成部件和连接部位，内部和外部的瑕疵（例如内部和外部开裂、未完全融合焊牢、根部未完全焊透、金属重叠、焊穿、焊接后产生气孔或气泡、缩孔、内部有杂质等等）是不允许的或者受限制的，这种状况的损害等级至少应该定为4级。ForClassDwelds,imperfectionssuchasinternalandexternalcracks,incompleteorlackoffusion,lackoforincompleterootpenetration,metaloverlap,burnthrough,extensiverootporosityalsocalled“spongy”or“bubbling”formationandinclusionsarenotpermittedorarelimitedandshallbecategorizedatleastwithaMajorDNC4.对于D型焊接，内部和外部的瑕疵（例如内部和外部开裂、根部未完全焊透、金属重叠、焊穿、焊接后产生气孔或气泡、内部有杂质等等）是不允许的或者受限制的，这种状况的损害等级至少应该定为4级。“Shortimperfections”aredefinedasoneormoreimperfectionsoftotallengthnotgreaterthan25mminany100mmlengthoftheweldorwithamaximumof25%oftheweldlengthforaweldshorterthan100mm.Shortimperfectionssuchasundercut,shrinkagegroove,incompletelyfilledgroove,rootconcavity,andothersareacceptableforjointingpartsofstructuresiftheydonotexceedone(1)andtwo(2)mmrespectivelyforClassCandClassDweldsandmaybecategorizedwithaDNCequalorlowerthan2.“小瑕疵”是指在任何100mm焊接长度内一个或者多个有瑕疵的焊接总长不超过25mm，或者焊接总长度的25%少于100mm。钢结构连接部位焊接产生的槽缝收缩、未焊满、底部凹陷等等瑕疵，如果在C型焊接不超过1mm，D型焊接不超过2mm，那么它们的损坏等级就应该定为2级或2级以下。Iftheshortimperfectionshaveatotallengthgreaterthan25mminany100mmlengthoftheweldormorethan25%oftheweldlengthforaweldshorterthan100mmORexceedone(1)andtwo(2)mmrespectivelyClassCandClassDwelds,theyshallbecategorizedatleastwithaModerateDNC3.如果任何100mm焊接长度内一个或者多个有瑕疵的焊接总长不超过25mm，或者超过25%的焊接长度短于100mm,或者如果在C型焊接瑕疵超过1mm，D型焊接瑕疵超过2mm，那么它们的损坏等级就应该至少定为3级。Incaseofconcernaboutweldingqualityand/orformoredetails,usethestructure’sdocumentationand/orthe“ISO5817Welding–Fusion-weldedjointsinsteel–Qualitylevelsforimperfections”andcallforaLevelIIassessment.如果想更多地了解关于焊接质量详细信息，请查看钢结构方面资料说明书或参考ISO5817（焊接-融合-金属连接焊接-瑕疵），并开展第二级评估。4.4.4.Categorizationofnotchesinsteelmembers钢构件槽口判定标准Furthertocausingalocalreductionofthecrosssectionofasteelmember,notches(VtypeorUtype)resultingfromconstructionproblemsorasubsequentdamageconcentratestressatthebottomofthenotch,uptoafactorx3.Thedeeperandsharperthenotch,thegreaterthestressconcentrationatthebottomofthenotch.相对于减少钢构件截面局部压力而言，更重要的是由于建造问题或者后来损坏形成的U型或者V型槽口的压力集中于槽口底部。槽口越深越尖锐，其底部的集中应力越大。AsimpleruleofthumbisthataV-notchorU-notchwithadepthequalorgreaterthan10%ofastructuralmembershallbecategorizedwithaMajorDODandLikelyLFF.一个简单的经验判断方法是，如果V型槽或U型槽的深度大于或等于钢结构部件的10%，那么它的损坏等级应该定为DOD/LFF4/BWeldingseamswithincompleterootpenetration(ex.weldjoiningtwocontiguousplates)couldbeconsideredasV-notchbutshallratherbecategorizedasper§above.焊接形成的根部未焊透状况可以被认为是V型槽口但是更加应该被归乃为上面§段落所述。Note:Thisparagraph4.4.4.doesnotapplyfornotcheswhicharepartoftheoriginaldesign,whereitisassumedthatthedesignercarriedoutaproperstressconcentrationcalculation(ex.HorizontalH-shapedbeam-beamconnectionwheretheupperandlowerflangesofoneofthebeammayhavebecutonpurpose.注意：4.4.4段中没有涉及到由于原有设计所形成，经过设计者集中应力计算的槽口。4.4.5.Categorizationofstructuralmemberssubjecttovibrationorslowmovement容易产生振动或者缓慢移动钢结构判定标准Theabsenceofwashers,doublenutsorsimilarlockingmechanismsonstructuressubjecttovibrationorlowmotionshallbecategorizedwithaMajorDODandLikelyLFF.垫圈、双螺帽或类似的紧固件由于振动或低速移动而丢失的状况的损坏等级/危险等级（DOD/LFF）应该定为4/B4.4.6.Categorizationofstructuralmembersorboltsshowingdifferentsizeormaterialproperties不一致尺寸或不同材料钢构件、螺栓的判定标准Astructuralmember,bolt,screwornutwhichismadeorseemstobemadeofadifferentmaterialthansimilarpartsofthestructure(ex.Boltsmadeofcopperalloyinsteadofsteel,highyieldboltsreplacedbygeneralusebolts,boltsofsmallerdiameterthanotherbolts),shallconservativelybecategorizedwithaMajorDODandLikelyLFF.一些和原有相似部件制造材料不一样的结构件、螺栓、螺帽、螺母（例如用铜合金螺栓代替钢铁螺栓高强度螺栓被换成普通螺栓、螺栓的直径比其他原有螺栓直径小）的损坏等级/危险等级（DOD/LFF）应该定为4/B4.4.7Safe-sidecategorization安全评判准则Incaseofdoubt,itisrecommendedthattheinspectorcategorizetheDOD,DNCandLFFinaconservativeway,asahigherDOD/DNC/LFFwouldtriggereitheranimmediateactionorrepair,oralevelIIassessmentbyanin-housespecialistorthirdparty,whichwillconfirmorinfirmtheinitialDOD/DNC/LFFcategorization.如果不能做出确切的认定，建议检查员采取保守方式来认定设备损害等级、危险等级。因为较高的等级认定可能会导致紧急的维修行动。或者可以请专家或者第三方机构来认定这些不确定的设施的损害等级危险等级。Thesecondreasonforasafe-sidecategorizationisthattheperiodicitybetweentwoinspectionsissuchthatanon-conformityordamagemayoriginateafurtherdegradationleadingtogreaterdamagefollowedbyasuddenfailure,beforethenextinspectiontakesplace.Thisisparticularlyimportantforthecategorizationofcracks,asacrackmaypropagatefast(see§above).我们要采取更加保险谨慎的判定的第二个原因是因为，不合格的或者受损的设施可能在下一次检查之前进一步恶化导致更大的损坏从而引起意外故障。这一点对于裂纹的定性判定特别重要，因为裂纹的蔓延发展速度可能很快（见上文段）。Duringthiscategorization,thecriticalityofastructuralmemberorpartshallalsobeconsidered.Criticalmembersarethoseessentialforthestructuralintegrity(ex:Columns,weldsinsuspendedhopper).Remem