TOEFL阅读100篇附答案

PASSAGE1

Bythemid-nineteenthcentury,thetermiceboxhadenteredtheAmericanlanguage,butice

wasstillonlybeginningtoaffectthedietofordinarycitizensintheUnitedStates.Theicetrade

grewwiththegrowthofcities.Icewasusedinhotels,taverns,andhospitals,andbysome

forward-lookingcitydealersinfreshmeat,freshfish,andbutter.AftertheCivilWar(1861-1865),

asicewasusedtorefrigeratefreightcars,italsocameintohouseholduse.Evenbefore1880,half

theicesoldinNewYork,Philadelphia,andBaltimore,andone-thirdofthatsoldinBostonand

Chicago,wenttofamiliesfortheirownuse.Thishadbecomepossiblebecauseanewhousehold

convenience,theicebox,aprecursorofthemodernrefrigerator,hadbeeninvented.

Makinganefficienticeboxwasnotaseasyaswemightnowsuppose.Intheearlynineteenth

century,theknowledgeofthephysicsofheat,whichwasessentialtoascienceofrefrigeration,

wasrudimentary.Thecommonsensenotionthatthebesticeboxwasonethatpreventedtheice

frommeltingwasofcoursemistaken,foritwasthemeltingoftheicethatperformedthecooling.

Nevertheless,earlyeffortstoeconomizeiceincludedwrappingtheiceinblankets,whichkeptthe

icefromdoingitsjob.Notuntilneartheendofthenineteenthcenturydidinventorsachievethe

delicatebalanceofinsulationandcirculationneededforanefficienticebox.

Butasearlyas1803,aningeniousMarylandfarmer,ThomasMoore,hadbeenontheright

track.HeownedafarmabouttwentymilesoutsidethecityofWashington,forwhichthevillage

ofGeorgetownwasthemarketcenter.Whenheusedaniceboxofhisowndesigntotransporthis

buttertomarket,hefoundthatcustomerswouldpassuptherapidlymeltingstuffinthetubsof

hiscompetitorstopayapremiumpriceforhisbutter;stillfreshandhardinneat,one-pound

bricks.Oneadvantageofhisicebox,Mooreexplained,wasthatfarmerswouldnolongerhaveto

traveltomarketatnightinordertokeeptheirproducecool.

1.Whatdoesthepassagemainlydiscuss?

(A)Theinfluenceoficeonthediet

(B)Thedevelopmentofrefrigeration

(C)Thetransportationofgoodstomarket

(D)Sourcesoficeinthenineteenthcentury

2.Accordingtothepassage,whendidthewordiceboxbecomepartofthelanguageofthe

UnitedStates?

(A)in1803

(B)sometimebefore1850

(C)duringthecivilwar

(D)neartheendofthenineteenthcentury

3.Thephraseforward-lookinginline4isclosestinmeaningto

(A)progressive

(B)popular

(C)thrifty

(D)well-established

4.Theauthormentionsfishinline4because

(A)manyfishdealersalsosoldice

(B)fishwasshippedinrefrigeratedfreightcars

(C)fishdealerswereamongtheearlycommercialusersofice

(D)fishwasnotpartoftheordinaryperson'sdietbeforetheinventionoftheicebox

5.Theworditinline5refersto

(A)freshmeat

(B)theCivilWar

(C)ice

(D)arefrigerator

6.Accordingtothepassage,whichofthefollowingwasanobstacletothedevelopmentofthe

icebox?

(A)Competitionamongtheownersofrefrigeratedfreightcars

(B)Thelackofanetworkforthedistributionofice

(C)Theuseofinsufficientinsulation

(D)Inadequateunderstandingofphysics

7.Thewordrudimentaryinline12isclosestinmeaningto

(A)growing

(B)undeveloped

(C)necessary

(D)uninteresting

8.Accordingtotheinformationinthesecondparagraph,anidealiceboxwould

(A)completelypreventicefrommelting

(B)stopairfromcirculating

(C)allowicetomeltslowly

(D)useblanketstoconserveice

9.TheauthordescribesThomasMooreashavingbeenontherighttrack(lines18-19)toindicate

that

(A)theroadtothemarketpassedclosetoMoore*sfarm

(B)Moorewasanhonestmerchant

(C)Moorewasaprosperousfarmer

(D)Moore'sdesignwasfairlysuccessful

10.Accordingtothepassage,Moore'siceboxallowedhimto

(A)chargemoreforhisbutter

(B)traveltomarketatnight

(C)manufacturebuttermorequickly

(D)produceiceallyearround

11.Theproducementionedinline25couldinclude

(A)iceboxes

(B)butter

(C)ice

(D)markets

PASSAGE2

ThegeologyoftheEarth'ssurfaceisdominatedbytheparticularpropertiesofwater.Present

onEarthinsolid,liquid,andgaseousstates,waterisexceptionallyreactive.Itdissolves,

transports,andprecipitatesmanychemicalcompoundsandisconstantlymodifyingthefaceof

theEarth.

Evaporatedfromtheoceans,watervaporformsclouds,someofwhicharetransportedby

windoverthecontinents.Condensationfromthecloudsprovidestheessentialagentof

continentalerosion:rain.Precipitatedontotheground,thewatertricklesdowntoformbrooks,

streams,andrivers,constitutingwhatarecalledthehydrographicnetwork.Thisimmense

polarizednetworkchannelsthewatertowardasinglereceptacle:anocean.Gravitydominates

thisentirestepinthecyclebecausewatertendstominimizeitspotentialenergybyrunningfrom

highaltitudestowardthereferencepoint,thatis,sealevel.

Therateatwhichamoleculeofwaterpassesthoughthecycleisnotrandombutisameasure

oftherelativesizeofthevariousreservoirs.Ifwedefineresidencetimeastheaveragetimefora

watermoleculetopassthroughoneofthethreereservoirs-atmosphere,continent,andocean

——weseethatthetimesareverydifferent.Awatermoleculestays,onaverage,elevendaysin

theatmosphere,onehundredyearsonacontinentandfortythousandyearsintheocean.This

lastfigureshowstheimportanceoftheoceanastheprincipalreservoirofthehydrospherebut

alsotherapidityofwatertransportonthecontinents.

Avastchemicalseparationprocesstakesplacesduringtheflowofwateroverthecontinents.

Solubleionssuchascalcium,sodium,potassium,andsomemagnesiumaredissolvedand

transported.Insolubleionssuchasaluminum,iron,andsiliconstaywheretheyareandformthe

thin,fertileskinofsoilonwhichvegetationcangrow.Sometimessoilsaredestroyedand

transportedmechanicallyduringflooding.Theerosionofthecontinentsthusresultsfromtwo

closelylinkedandinterdependentprocesses,chemicalerosionandmechanicalerosion.Their

respectiveinteractionsandefficiencydependondifferentfactors.

1.Thewordmodifyinginline4isclosestinmeaningto

(A)changing

(B)traveling

(C)describing

(D)destroying

2.Thewordwhichinline5refersto

(A)clouds

(B)oceans

(C)continents

(D)compounds

3.Accordingtothepassage,cloudsareprimarilyformedbywater

(A)precipitatingontotheground

(B)changingfromasolidtoaliquidstate

(C)evaporatingfromtheoceans

(D)beingcarriedbywind

4.Thepassagesuggeststhatthepurposeofthehydrographicnetwork(line8)isto

(A)determinethesizeofmoleculesofwater

(B)preventsoilerosioncausedbyflooding

(C)movewaterfromtheEarth'ssurfacetotheoceans

(D)regulatetherateofwaterflowfromstreamsandrivers

5.Whatdeterminestherateatwhichamoleculeofwatermovesthroughthecycle,asdiscussed

inthethirdparagraph?

(A)Thepotentialenergycontainedinwater

(B)Theeffectsofatmosphericpressureonchemicalcompounds

(C)Theamountsofrainfallthatfallonthecontinents

(D)Therelativesizeofthewaterstorageareas

6.Thewordrapidityinline19isclosestinmeaningto

(A)significance

(B)method

(C)swiftness

(D)reliability

7.Thewordtheyinline24refersto

(A)insolubleions

(B)solubleions

(C)soils

(D)continents

8.AllofthefollowingareexampleofsolubleionsEXCEPT

(A)magnesium

⑻iron

(C)potassium

(D)calcium

9.Thewordefficiencyinline27isclosestinmeaningto

(A)relationship

(B)growth

(C)influence

(D)effectiveness

PASSAGE3

TheNativeAmericansofnorthernCaliforniawerehighlyskilledatbasketry,usingthereeds,

grasses,barks,androotstheyfoundaroundthemtofashionarticlesofallsortsandsizes-not

onlytrays,containers,andcookingpots,buthats,boats,fishtraps,babycarriers,andceremonial

objects.

Ofalltheseexperts,noneexcelledthePomo—agroupwholivedonornearthecoastduring

the1800's,andwhosedescendantscontinuetoliveinpartsofthesameregiontothisday.They

madebasketsthreefeetindiameterandothersnobiggerthanathimble.ThePomopeoplewere

mastersofdecoration.Someoftheirbasketswerecompletelycoveredwithshellpendants;

otherswithfeathersthatmadethebaskets'surfacesassoftasthebreastsofbirds.Moreover,the

Pomopeoplemadeuseofmoreweavingtechniquesthandidtheirneighbors.Mostgroupsmade

alltheirbasketworkbytwining—thetwistingofaflexiblehorizontalmaterial,calledaweft,

aroundstifferverticalstrandsofmaterial,thewarp.Othersdependedprimarilyoncoiling—a

processinwhichacontinuouscoilofstiffmaterialisheldinthedesiredshapewithtight

wrappingofflexiblestrands.OnlythePomopeopleusedbothprocesseswithequaleaseand

frequency.Inaddition,theymadeuseoffourdistinctvariationsonthebasictwiningprocess,

oftenemployingmorethanoneoftheminasinglearticle.

Althoughawidevarietyofmaterialswasavailable,thePomopeopleusedonlyafew.The

warpwasalwaysmadeofwillow,andthemostcommonlyusedweftwassedgeroot,awoody

fiberthatcouldeasilybeseparatedintostrandsnothickerthanathread.Forcolor,thePomo

peopleusedthebarkofredbudfortheirtwinedworkanddyedbullrushrootforblackincoiled

work.Thoughothermaterialsweresometimesused,thesefourwerethestaplesintheirfinest

basketry.

IfthebasketrymaterialsusedbythePomopeoplewerelimited,thedesignswereamazingly

varied.EveryPomobasketmakerknewhowtoproducefromfifteentotwentydistinctpatterns

thatcouldbecombinedinanumberofdifferentways.1.WhatbestdistinguishedPomobaskets

frombasketsofothergroups?

(A)Therangeofsizes,shapes,anddesigns

(B)Theunusualgeometric

(C)Theabsenceofdecoration

(D)Therarematerialsused

2.Thewordfashioninline2isclosestinmeaningto

(A)maintain

(B)organize

(C)trade

(D)create

3.ThePomopeopleusedeachofthefollowingmaterialstodecoratebasketsEXCEPT

(A)shells

(B)feathers

(C)leaves

(D)bark

4.Whatistheauthor'smainpointinthesecondparagraph?

(A)TheneighborsofthePomopeopletriedtoimproveonthePomobasketweavingtechniques.

(B)ThePomopeoplewerethemostskilledbasketweaversintheirregion.

(C)ThePomopeoplelearnedtheirbasketweavingtechniquesfromotherNativeAmericans.

(D)ThePomobasketshavebeenhandeddownforgenerations.

5.Thewordothersinline9refersto

(A)masters

(B)baskets

(C)pendants

(D)surfaces

6.Accordingtothepassage,aweftisa

(A)toolforseparatingsedgeroot

(B)processusedforcoloringbaskets

(C)pliablematernalwovenaroundthewarp

(D)patternusedtodecoratebaskets

7.Accordingtothepassage,whatdidthePomopeopleuseasthewarpintheirbaskets?

(A)bullrush

(B)willow

(C)sedge

(D)redbud

8.Thewordarticleinline17iscloseinmeaningto

(A)decoration

⑻shape

(C)design

(D)object

9.Accordingtothepassage.Therelationshipbetweenredbudandtwiningismostsimilartothe

relationshipbetween

(A)bullrushandcoiling

(B)weftandwarp

(C)willowandfeathers

(D)sedgeandweaving

10.Thewordstaplesinline23isclosestinmeaningto

(A)combinations

(B)limitations

(C)accessories

(D)basicelements

11.Theworddistinctinlime26isclosestinmeaningto

(A)systematic

(B)beautiful

(C)different

(D)compatible

12.WhichofthefollowingstatementsaboutPomobasketscanbebestinferredfromthe

passage?

(A)BasketsproducedbyotherNativeAmericanswerelessvariedindesignthanthoseofthe

Pomopeople.

(B)BasketsproducedbyPomoweaverswereprimarilyforceremonialpurposes.

(C)TherewereaverylimitednumberofbasketmakingmaterialsavailabletothePomopeople.

(D)ThebasketmakingproductionofthePomopeoplehasincreasedovertheyears.

PASSAGE4

ThetermHudsonRiverschoolwasappliedtotheforemostrepresentativesof

nineteenth-centuryNorthAmericanlandscapepainting.Apparentlyunknownduringthegolden

daysoftheAmericanlandscapemovement,whichbeganaround1850andlasteduntilthelate

1860's,theHudsonRiverschoolseemstohaveemergedinthe1870'sasadirectresultofthe

strugglebetweentheoldandthenewgenerationsofartists,eachtoassertitsownstyleasthe

representativeAmericanart.Theolderpainters,mostofwhomwerebornbefore1835,practiced

inamodeoftenself-taughtandmonopolizedbylandscapesubjectmatterandweresecurely

establishedinandfosteredbythereigningAmericanartorganization,theNationalAcademyof

Design.TheyoungerpaintersreturninghomefromtraininginEuropeworkedmorewithfigural

subjectmatterandinaboldandimpressionistictechnique;theirprospectsforpatronageintheir

owncountrywereuncertain,andtheysoughttoattractitbyattainingacademicrecognitionin

NewYork.Oneoftheresultsoftheconflictbetweenthetwofactionswasthatwhatinprevious

yearshadbeenreferredtoastheAmerican,native,or,occasionally,NewYorkschool——themost

representativeschoolofAmericanartinanygenre—hadby1890becomefirmlyestablishedin

themindsofcriticsandpublicalikeastheHudsonRiverschool.

Thesobriquetwasfirstappliedaround1879.Whileitwasnotintendedasflattering,itwas

hardlyinappropriate.TheAcademiciansatwhomitwasaimedhadworkedandsocializedinNew

York,theHudson'sportcity,andhadpaintedtheriveranditsshoreswithvaryingfrequency.

Mostimportant,perhaps,wasthattheyhadallmaintainedwithacertainfidelityamannerof

techniqueandcompositionconsistentwiththoseofAmerica'sfirstpopularlandscapeartist,

ThomasCole,whobuiltacareerpaintingtheCatskillMountainsceneryborderingtheHudson

River.Apossibleimplicationinthetermappliedtothegroupoflandscapistswasthatmanyof

themhad,likeCole,livedonornearthebanksoftheHudson.Further,theriverhadlongserved

astheprincipalroutetoothersketchinggroundsfavoredbytheAcademicians,particularlythe

AdirondacksandthemountainsofVermontandNewHampshire.

1.Whatdoesthepassagemainlydiscuss?

(A)TheNationalAcademyofDesign

(B)PaintingsthatfeaturedtheHudsonRiver

(C)NorthAmericanlandscapepaintings

(D)ThetrainingofAmericanartistsinEuropeanacademies

2.Before1870,whatwasconsideredthemostrepresentativekindofAmericanpainting?

(A)Figuralpainting

(B)Landscapepainting

(C)Impressionisticpainting

(D)Historicalpainting

3.Thewordstruggleinline5isclosestinmeaningto

(A)connection

(B)distance

(C)communication

(D)competition

4.Thewordmonopolizedinline7isclosestinmeaningto

(A)alarmed

(B)dominated

(C)repelled

(D)pursued

5.Accordingtothepassage,whatwasthefunctionoftheNationalAcademyofDesignforthe

paintersbornbefore1835?

(A)Itmediatedconflictsbetweenartists.

(B)Itsupervisedtheincorporationofnewartistictechniques.

(C)Itdeterminedwhichsubjectswereappropriate.

(D)Itsupportedtheirgrowthanddevelopment.

6.Theworditinline12refersto

(A)matter

(B)technique

(C)patronage

(D)country

7.Thewordfactionsinline13isclosestinmeaningto

(A)sides

(B)people

(C)cities

(D)images

8.Thewordflatteringinline18isclosestinmeaningto

(A)expressive

(B)serious

(C)complimentary

(D)flashy

9.Wheredidtheyoungergenerationofpaintersreceiveitsartistictraining?

(A)InEurope

(B)IntheAdirondacks

(C)InVermont

(D)InNewHampshire

PASSAGE5

Perhapsthemostobviouswayartisticcreationreflectshowpeopleliveisbymirroringthe

environment——thematerialsandtechnologiesavailabletoaculture.Stone,wood,treebark,clay,

andsandaregenerallyavailablematerials.Inaddition,dependingonthelocality,otherresources

maybeaccessible:shells,horns,gold,copper;andsilver.Thedifferentusestowhichsocietiesput

thesematerialsareofinteresttoanthropologistswhomayask,forexample,whypeoplechoose

touseclayandnotcopperwhenbothitemsareavailable.Althoughtherearenoconclusive

answersyet,thewayinwhichasocietyviewsitsenvironmentissometimesapparentinitschoice

anduseofartisticmaterials.Theuseofcertainmetals,forexample,maybereservedfor

ceremonialobjectsofspecialimportance.Orthebeliefinthesupernaturalpowersofastoneor

treemaycauseasculptortobesensitivetothatmaterial.

Whatisparticularlymeaningfultoanthropologististherealizationthatalthoughthe

materialsavailabletoasocietymaytosomeextentlimitorinfluencewhatitcandoartistically,

thematerialsbynomeansdeterminewhatisdone.WhydotheartistsinJapanesesocietyrake

sandintopatterns;andtheartistsinRomansocietymeltsandtoformglass?Moreover,even

whenthesamematerialisusedinthesamewaybymembersofdifferentsocieties,theformor

styleoftheworkvariesenormouslyfromculturetoculture.Asocietymaysimplychooseto

representobjectsorphenomenathatareimportanttoitspopulation.Anexaminationoftheart

oftheMiddleAgestellsussomethingaboutthemedievalpreoccupationwiththeological

doctrine.Inadditiontorevealingtheprimaryconcernsofasociety,thecontentofthatsociety's

artmayalsoreflecttheculture'ssocialstratification.

1.Accordingtothepassage,gold,copper;andsilverare

(A)moredifficulttohandlethanwoodand

(B)oftheirstablesocialconditions

(C)oftheuniquestylisticfeaturesoftheirart

(D)availableonlyinspecificlocations

2.Thewordconclusiveinline7isclosestinmeaningto

(A)definitive

(B)controversial

(C)concurrent

(D)realistic

3.Thewordapparentinline8isclosestinmeaningto

(A)attractive

(B)logical

(C)evident

(D)distinct

4.Whydoestheauthormentionthesupernaturalpowersofastoneortreeinline10?

(A)toshowthatsomesculptorsavoidworkingwithspecificmaterials

(B)toemphasizetheunusualpropertiesofcertainmaterials

(C)asanexampleofhowartcanbeinfluencedbyculturalbeliefs

(D)asanillustrationoftheimpactoftheenvironmentonreligiousbeliefs

5.Theworditinline13refersto

(A)realization

(B)society

(C)extent

(D)influence

6.ItcanbeinferredthattheauthormentionstheJapaneseandRomansocietiesbecause

(A)theyinfluencedeachotherstone

(B)commonlyusedbyartistsinallsocieties

(C)essentialtocreateceremonialobjects

(D)theyusedthesameartisticmaterialinverydifferentways

7.Accordingtothepassage,allofthefollowingstatementsaboutsandaretrueEXCEPT

(A)Itisusedtocreateglass.

(B)Romanartistsmixitintotheirpaints.

(C)Itsusevariesfromculturetoculture.

(D)Japaneseartistsuseittocreateartisticpatterns.

8.ThewordMoreoverinline16isclosestinmeaningto

(A)similarly

(B)inaddition

(C)incontrast

(D)frequently

9.Thewordpreoccupationinline20isclosestinmeaningto

(A)involvement

(B)separation

(C)relationship

(D)argument

10.Thewordprimaryinline21isclosestinmeaningto

(A)discrete

(B)preliminary

(C)ideal

(D)fundamental

PASSAGE6

Potash(theoldnameforpotassiumcarbonate)isoneofthetwoalkalis(theotherbeingsoda,

sodiumcarbonate)thatwereusedfromremoteantiquityinthemakingofglass,andfromthe

earlyMiddleAgesinthemakingofsoap:theformerbeingtheproductofheatingamixtureof

alkaliandsand,thelatteraproductofalkaliandvegetableoil.Theirimportanceinthe

communitiesofcolonialNorthAmericaneedhardlybestressed.

Potashandsodaarenotinterchangeableforallpurposes,butforglass-orsoap-makingeither

woulddo.SodawasobtainedlargelyfromtheashesofcertainMediterraneanseaplants,potash

fromthoseofinlandvegetation.HencepotashwasmorefamiliartotheearlyEuropeansettlers

oftheNorthAmericancontinent.

ThesettlementatJamestowninVirginiawasinmanywaysamicrocosmoftheeconomyof

colonialNorthAmerica,andpotashwasoneofitsfirstconcerns.Itwasrequiredforthe

glassworks,thefirstfactoryintheBritishcolonies,andwasproducedinsufficientquantityto

permittheinclusionofpotashinthefirstcargoshippedoutofJamestown.Thesecondshipto

arriveinthesettlementfromEnglandincludedamongitspassengersexpertsinpotashmaking.

Themethodofmakingpotashwassimpleenough.Logswaspiledupandburnedintheopen,

andtheashescollected.Theasheswereplacedinabarrelwithholesinthebottom,andwater

waspouredoverthem.Thesolutiondrainingfromthebarrelwasboileddowninironkettles.The

resultingmasswasfurtherheatedtofusethemassintowhatwascalledpotash.

InNorthAmerica,potashmakingquicklybecameanadjuncttotheclearingoflandfor

agriculture,foritwasestimatedthatasmuchashalfthecostofclearinglandcouldberecovered

bythesaleofpotash.SomepotashwasexportedfromMaineandNewHampshireinthe

seventeenthcentury,butthemarketturnedouttobemainlydomestic,consistingmostlyof

shipmentsfromthenortherntothesoutherncolonies.Fordespitethebeginningofthetradeat

Jamestownandsuchencouragementsasaseriesofactstoencouragethemakingofpotash,

beginningin1707inSouthCarolina,thesoftwoodsintheSouthprovedtobepoorsourcesofthe

substance.

1.Whataspectofpotashdoesthepassagemainlydiscuss?

(A)Howitwasmade

(B)Itsvalueasaproductforexport

(C)Howitdiffersfromotheralkalis

(D)ItsimportanceincolonialNorthAmerica

2.AllofthefollowingstatementsaretrueofbothpotashandsodaEXPECT:

(A)Theyarealkalis.

(B)Theyaremadefromseaplants.

(C)Theyareusedinmakingsoap.

(D)Theyareusedinmakingglass.

3.Theyphrasethelatterinline4refersto

(A)alkali

⑻glass

(C)sand

(D)soap

4.Thewordstressedinline6isclosestinmeaningto

(A)defined

(B)emphasized

(C)adjusted

(D)mentioned

5.Thewordinterchangeableinline7isclosestinmeaningto

(A)convenient

(B)identifiable

(C)equivalent

(D)advantageous

6.ItcanbeinferredfromthepassagethatpotashwasmorecommonthansodaincolonialNorth

Americabecause

(A)thematerialsneededformakingsodawerenotreadilyavailable

(B)makingpotashrequiredlesstimethanmakingsoda

(C)potashwasbetterthansodaformakingglassandsoap

(D)thecolonialglassworksfoundsodamoredifficulttouse

7.Accordingtoparagraph4,allofthefollowingwereneededformakingpotashEXCEPT

(A)wood

(B)fire

(C)sand

(D)water

8.Thewordadjunctinline22isclosestinmeaningto

(A)addition

(B)answer

(C)problem

(D)possibility

9.Accordingtothepassage,amajorbenefitofmakingpotashwasthat

(A)itcouldbeexportedtoEuropeinexchangeforothergoods

(B)ithelpedfinancethecreationoffarms

(C)itcouldbemadewithavarietyofmaterials

(D)stimulatedthedevelopmentofnewwaysofglassmaking

10.Accordingtoparagraph5,thesoftwoodsintheSouthposedwhichofthefollowingproblems

forsouthernsettles?

(A)Thesoftwoodswerenotveryplentiful.

(B)Thesoftwoodscouldnotbeusedtobuildhouses.

(C)Thesoftwoodswerenotverymarketable.

(D)Thesoftwoodswerenotveryusefulformakingpotash.

PASSAGE7

(20)

AsPhiladelphiagrewfromasmalltownintoacityinthefirsthalfoftheeighteenthcentury,it

becameanincreasinglyimportantmarketingcenterforavastandgrowingagriculturalhinterland.

Marketdayssawthecrowdedcityevenmorecrowded,asfarmersfromwithinaradiusof24or

morekilometersbroughttheirsheep,cows,pigs,vegetables,cider,andotherproductsfordirect

saletothetownspeople.TheHighStreetMarketwascontinuouslyenlargedthroughoutthe

perioduntil1736,whenitreachedfromFrontStreettoThird.By1745NewMarketwasopened

onSecondStreetbetweenPineandCedar.ThenextyeartheCallowhillMarketbeganoperation.

Alongwithmarketdays,theinstitutionoftwice-yearlyfairspersistedinPhiladelphiaeven

aftersimilartradingdayshadbeendiscontinuedinothercolonialcities.Thefairsprovideda

meansofbringinghandmadegoodsfromoutlyingplacestowould-bebuyersinthecity.Linens

andstockingsfromGermantown,forexample,werepopularitems.

Auctionswereanotherpopularformofoccasionaltrade.Becauseofthecompetition,retail

merchantsopposedtheseaswellasthefairs.Althoughgovernmentalattemptstoeradicatefairs

andauctionswerelessthansuccessful,theordinarycourseofeconomicdevelopmentwasonthe

merchants'side,asincreasingbusinessspecializationbecametheorderoftheday.Export

merchantsbecamedifferentiatedfromtheirimportingcounterparts,andspecialtyshopsbegan

toappearinadditiontogeneralstoressellingavarietyofgoods.

OneofthereasonsPhiladelphia'smerchantsgenerallyprosperedwasbecausethe

surroundingareawasundergoingtremendouseconomicanddemographicgrowth.Theydidtheir

business,afterall,inthecapitalcityoftheprovince.Notonlydidtheycatertothegovernorand

hiscircle,butcitizensfromalloverthecolonycametothecapitalforlegislativesessionsofthe

assemblyandcouncilandthemeetingsofthecourtsofjustice.

1.Whatdoesthepassagemainlydiscuss?

(A)Philadelphia'sagricultureimportance

(B)Philadelphia'sdevelopmentasamarketingcenter

(C)ThesaleofimportedgoodsinPhiladelphia

(D)TheadministrationofthecityofPhiladelphia

2.ItcanbeinferredfromthepassagethatnewmarketsopenedinPhiladelphiabecause

(A)theyprovidedmoremodemfacilitiesthanoldermarkets

(B)theHighStreetMarketwasforcedtoclose

(C)existingmarketswereunabletoservethegrowingpopulation

(D)farmerswantedmarketsthatwereclosertothefarms.

3.Thewordhinterlandinline3isclosestinmeaningto

(A)tradition

(B)association

(C)produce

(D)region

4.Theworditinline6refersto

(A)thecrowdedcity

(B)aradius

(C)theHighStreetMarket

(D)theperiod

5.Thewordpersistedinline9isclosestinmeaningto

(A)returned

(B)started

(C)declined

(D)continued

6.Accordingtothepassage,fairsinPhiladelphiawereheld

(A)onthesamedayasmarketsays

(B)asoftenaspossible

(C)acoupleoftimes