医学院校硕士研究生英语读与写1

医学院校硕士研究生英语

读与写EnglishforMasterStudentsinMedicalUniversities

UnitOne

TextATheHippocraticOathOutlineBackgroundinformationGlobalanalysisofthetextTextstructureanalysis

DetailedstudyofthetextReferenceanswerstotheexercisesBackgroundinformationIntroductiontotheauthorHippocrateswasaGreekphysicianbornin460BContheislandofCos,Greece.Hebecameknownasthefounderofmedicineandisregardedasthegreatestphysicianofhistime.Hebasedhismedicalpracticeonobservationsandonthestudyofthehumanbody.Heheldthebeliefthatillnesshasaphysicalaswellasarationalexplanation.Herejectedthecommonviewofhistimethatconsideredillnesstobecausedbysuperstitions,possessionbyevilspiritsanddisfavorfromthegods.Hippocratesheldthebeliefthatthebodymustbetreatedasawholeandnotjustaseriesofparts.Heaccuratelydescribeddiseasesymptomsandwasthefirstphysiciantoaccuratelydescribethesymptomsofpneumonia,aswellaschildepilepsy.Hebelievedinthenaturalhealingprocessofrest,agooddiet,freshairandcleanliness.Henotedthattherewereindividualdifferencesintheseverityofdiseasesymptomsandthatsomeindividualswerebetterabletocopewiththeirdiseaseandillnessthanothers.Hewasalsothefirstphysicianthatheldthebeliefthatthoughts,ideas,andfeelingscomefromthebrainandnottheheartasothersofhistimebelieved.HippocratestraveledthroughoutGreecepracticinghismedicine.HefoundedamedicalschoolontheislandofCos,Greeceandbeganteachinghisideas.HesoondevelopedanOathofMedicalEthicsforphysicianstofollow.ThisOathistakenbyphysicianstodayastheybegintheirmedicalpractice.Hediedin377BC.TodayHippocratesisknownasthe"FatherofMedicine."5BackgroundinformationTheHippocraticOath--ModernVersionIsweartofulfill,tothebestofmyabilityandjudgment,thiscovenant:Iwillrespectthehard-wonscientificgainsofthosephysiciansinwhosestepsIwalk,andgladlysharesuchknowledgeasisminewiththosewhoaretofollow.Iwillapply,forthebenefitofthesick,allmeasureswhicharerequired,avoidingthosetwintrapsofovertreatmentandtherapeuticnihilism.Iwillrememberthatthereisarttomedicineaswellasscience,andthatwarmth,sympathy,andunderstandingmayoutweighthesurgeon'sknifeorthechemist'sdrug.Iwillnotbeashamedtosay"Iknownot,"norwillIfailtocallinmycolleagueswhentheskillsofanotherareneededforapatient'srecovery.BackgroundinformationTheHippocraticOath--ModernVersionIwillrespecttheprivacyofmypatients,fortheirproblemsarenotdisclosedtomethattheworldmayknow.MostespeciallymustItreadwithcareinmattersoflifeanddeath.Ifitisgivenmetosavealife,allthanks.Butitmayalsobewithinmypowertotakealife;thisawesomeresponsibilitymustbefacedwithgreathumblenessandawarenessofmyownfrailty.Aboveall,ImustnotplayatGod.

IwillrememberthatIdonottreatafeverchart,acancerousgrowth,butasickhumanbeing,whoseillnessmayaffecttheperson'sfamilyandeconomicstability.Myresponsibilityincludestheserelatedproblems,ifIamtocareadequatelyforthesick.IwillpreventdiseasewheneverIcan,forpreventionispreferabletocure.BackgroundinformationTheHippocraticOath--ModernVersionIwillrememberthatIremainamemberofsociety,withspecialobligationstoallmyfellowhumanbeings,thosesoundofmindandbodyaswellastheinfirm.

IfIdonotviolatethisoath,mayIenjoylifeandart,respectedwhileIliveandrememberedwithaffectionthereafter.MayIalwaysactsoastopreservethefinesttraditionsofmycallingandmayIlongexperiencethejoyofhealingthosewhoseekmyhelp.

--Writtenin1964byLouisLasagna,AcademicDeanoftheSchoolofMedicineatTuftsUniversity,andusedinmanymedicalschoolstoday.

Globalanalysisofthetext

TheoathbeginsbyinvokingancientGreekdeities.ThespecificdeitiesinvokedareApollo(ApolloPhysician),thegodassociatedwithlight,truth,andprophecy;Asclepius,thechildofApollo,thefatherofmedicine;Hygieia,whosenamemeanshealthandlivingwellandPanaceia(healingall),bothdaughtersofAsclepiusandassociatedwithwhatmodernreadersmightcall“prevention”and“treatment.”Theoathconcludeswithaplea,acknowledgingthatthephysician’sfortunesdependontheirfulfillmentoftheoath’sterms.Thetextmainlytellsuswhataphysicianshoulddowithrespecttohisteachers,histeachers’offspring,hisownoffspring,otherstudentsofmedicine,andhispatientsandtheirfamilies.Thisoathisamirrorforallphysicianstoexaminethemselvestoseewhethertheyhavefulfilledtheirjobs.

TextstructureanalysisTheOathdividesintotwoparts:PartIParagraph1servesasanintroductionforthewholepassage,declaringthattheauthorwillobeytheoath.PartIIParagraph2demonstrateseachclauseoftheoath.1)IswearbyApollothephysician,byAsclepiusandHygieiaandPanaceia,andItaketowitnessallthegods,allthegoddesses,tokeepaccordingtomyabilityandmyjudgement,thefollowingoath.(Paragraph1)DetailedstudyofthetextTheoathbeginsbyinvokingancientGreekdeities.ThespecificdeitiesinvokedareApollo(ApolloPhysician),thegodassociatedwithlight,truth,andprophecy;Asclepius,thechildofApollo,thefatherofmedicine;Hygieia,whosenamemeanshealthandlivingwellandPanaceia(healingall),bothdaughtersofAsclepiusandassociatedwithwhatmodernreadersmightcall“prevention”and“treatment.”swearby:Ifyou

swearby

something,youbelievethatitcanbereliedontohaveaparticulareffect.swearin:Whensomeoneisswornin,theyformallypromisetofulfilthedutiesofanewjoborappointment.swearoff:topromisetoabstainfromsomething.e.g.toswearoffdrink2)Toconsiderdeartomeasmyparentshimwhotaughtmethisart;to

liveincommonwithhimandifnecessarytosharemygoodswithhim;…(Paragraph2)DetailedstudyofthetextMeaning:Totreatthepersonwhotaughtmemedicineasdearasmyparents;tosharewithhimallthatIhave,andifnecessary,tosharemywealth.Inthefirstsentence,thedirectobjectof“consider”is“him.”Because“him”isfollowedbyarelativeclause,anambiguitywillresultifitisputdirectlyafter“consider.”Sincetheobjectisputattheendofthesentencethereisnoambiguity.incommonwithsb./sth.:inthesamewayassomeoneorsomethingelse.Example:Incommonwithalotofothercountries,we’reinaneconomicrecession.3)toteachthemthisartiftheysodesirewithoutfeeorwrittenpromise;…(Paragraph2)DetailedstudyofthetextMeaning:Eveniftheydon’thavethemoneytopaymeorarewillingtopromisetopayme,Iwillstillteachthemmedicalskillsiftheywanttolearntheartofmedicine;…Inthissentence“sodesire”hasthesamemeaningas“desireso”.

Example:

IsodesiretovisitthefamousBuckinghamPalace.MybrotherwantedtobeaNobelPrizewinner,andIdesireso,too.4)toimparttomysonsandthesonsofthemasterwhotaughtmeandthediscipleswhohaveenrolledthemselvesandhaveagreedtotherulesoftheprofession,…(Paragraph2)DetailedstudyofthetextMeaning:togiveknowledgetomysonsandthesonsofmyteacherandhisstudents,whohavedecidedtostudymedicineandobservetherulesofbeingadoctor,…

impart:togiveinformation,knowledge,wisdometc.tosomeone

Example:

Sheimpartedthesecrettoherboyfriend.

enroll:toofficiallyarrangetojoinaschool,universityorcourse.

Example:Therewere500peopleenrolledintheWesternCivilizationclass.5)TopleasenoonewillIprescribeadeadlydrugnorgiveadvicewhichmaycausehisdeath…(Paragraph2)DetailedstudyofthetextMeaning:Iwillnotprescribeadeadlydruginordertopleasesomeone,andIwillnotgivemypatientsanyadvicethatmaycausetheirdeath.Thereisa“not…nor”structureinthissentence.Sincethenegativeword“no”isputatthebeginningofthesentence,therestofthesentenceisinvertedas“…willIprescribe…”

Detailedstudyofthetext超级辨析achieve，acquire，attain，earn，gain，get，obtain，procure，win1.achieve强调由于极大的努力,克服困难后达到目标，如取得成功，实现梦想/雄心壮志2.acquire指经过不懈努力才获得的技术,知识等抽象的东西,也指养成习惯等3.attain通过不懈的努力达到一般人不易达到之目的。4.earn指经过劳动或付出而赚得或挣得工资、生计等。5.get是一般用语，属口语化用词,可指以各种方式获得各种东西。6.obtain指经过努力,技能,工作等得到所需要的东西,不含有难以达到之意。7.procure指经过努力和采用一定的手段而获得，尤指难以获得的东西。8.gain指通过努力挣得或赢得给自己带来优势的东西，如利益、好处、经验。9.win指偶然获得或比赛、竞赛中的获胜。

6)NorwillIgiveawomanapessarytoprocureabortion.(Paragraph2)Haveatry！achieveattainearnacquiregainobtainprocure1、Howdidhe____hisreputation？（他的名誉是怎么获得的？）

2、Youcan

knowledgethroughpractice.

(你可以从实践经验中获得知识。)3、Nowadaysitisnoteasyto____aliving.（现在谋生不易。）

4、Myconduct____memuchcredit.（我的品行赢得我许多信用。）

5、Weshouldtryourbestto____goodhabits.（我们应该努力养成好习惯。）

6、Shehas____herend.（她已达到她的目的。）7、Ihaven'tbeenableto

thatbookanywhere.（我到处都没买到那本书。）

DetailedstudyofthetextDetailedstudyofthetextvt.证明，表明；显示vi.显示，出现n.载货单，货单；旅客名单adj.显然的，明显的；明白的1.Thevirusneedstwoweekstomanifestitself.2.Hemanifestseachdayatthesametime.3.Haveyougotapassengermanifest?4.Thefailureofthepolicyismanifest.7)Iwillnotcutforstone,evenforpatientsinwhomthediseaseismanifest.(Paragraph2)8)IneveryhousewhereIcomeIwillenteronlyforthegoodofmypatients,…(Paragraph2)DetailedstudyofthetextMeaning:TheonlyreasonthatIenterahouseisthatIwanttoexaminemypatientsandmakethemfeelbetter…forthegoodof:tohelpsomethingorsomebodyExample:IhateswimmingandIonlygoforthegoodofmyhealth.9)…,betheyfreeorslaves.(Paragraph2)DetailedstudyofthetextMeaning:Thissentenceisanadverbialclauseofconcessionintroducedby“be.”Inthiscase,thesentenceisinverted.Thenormalsentenceshouldbe“…whethertheyarefreeorslaves.”Example:Everybodymustobeythelaw,beheacommoncitizenorahigh-rankingofficial.10)Allthatmaycometomyknowledgeintheexerciseofmyprofessionorindailycommercewithmen,whichoughtnottobespreadabroad,Iwillkeepsecretandwillneverreveal.(Paragraph2)Detailedstudyofthetextcometoone'sknowledge:tobeknownbyotherpeople.indailycommercewith:inmyeverydaycontactwithpeople(especially,thepatients)aroundme…Inthisphrase,“commerce”refersto“relationshipsandcommunicationbetweenpeople.”So“incommercewith”means“inthecommunicationorcontactwith…”Example:Heestablishedselfconfidenceincommercewithhisfriends.超级辨析uncoverexposediscloserevealuncover:主要指移去遮盖物让东西显露出来，也可指揭露阴谋秘密等。eg:Pleaseuncoverthesaucepan.Thepolicehaveuncoveredaplot.

expose:多指揭露丑闻，坏人坏事或各种阴谋,也可指某物暴露在外。eg:Hesmiledsuddenly,exposingasetofamazinglywhiteteeth.Iwillexposehislawlessaction.disclose:侧重指揭露或泄露鲜为人知或保密的事。eg:Sciencecandisclosethemysteriesofnature.Itwassuggestedthatallgovernmentministersshoulddiscloseinformationontheirfinancialinterests.reveal:多指揭露一直隐藏或隐秘的东西。eg:Thesefewwordsfullyrevealedhernoblequality.Detailedstudyofthetext11)IfIkeepthisoathfaithfully,mayIenjoymylifeandpracticemyart,respectedbyallmenandinalltimes;butifIswervefromit,maythereversebemylot.(Paragraph2)DetailedstudyofthetextMeaning:IfIkeeptheoath,Iwillenjoymylife,willbeagooddoctor,andwillberespectedbyallmenandalltime;however,ifIbreaktheoath,Iwillnotenjoymylifeorbeagooddoctor,Iwillbedespised.wish+sb.+n./adj.祝愿某人......e.g.Iwishyousuccess!

Wishyouhappy!may是情态动词,和助动词一样,须后接动词原形构成谓语动词，表达愿望、祝愿时,一般这样表达：Mayyoubehappy!Mayyoulivelong!Mayyousucceed!Goodluck!ReferenceanswerstotheexercisesTextA3.1)tookto2)imparts3)procure4)abortion5)manifest6)seduction7)swerved8)reversed9)lot10)commercial4.WritingexerciseA.TranslationfromChinesetoEnglishTheMedicalStudentOath(VersionOne)AsIenterintothemedicalprofessionchargedwiththeresponsibilityofsustaininghealthandentrustedwiththelivesofmyfellowmen,Isolemnlysweartotheworldasastudentofmedicalsciences:Iwillconsecratemylifetomedicalsciences;willforeverkeepinmyheartmycountryandmypeople.Iwillobservetheethicsandregulationsofthemedicalprofession,aswellasgivetomymastersalloftherespecttheyaredue.Iwillassiduouslys