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WhatistheFutureforSlopeStabilityAnalysis?
(AreWeApproachingtheLimitsofLimitEquilibriumAnalyses?)Introduction
LimitEquilibriummethodsofsliceshavebeen“Good”forthegeotechnicalengineeringprofessionsincethemethodshaveproducedfinancialbenefitEngineersareoftensurprisedattheresultstheyareabletoobtainfromLimitEquilibriummethodsSoWhyChange?ThereareFundamentalLimitationswithLimitEquilibriumMethodsofSlices??TheboundariesforaFREEBODYDIAGRAMarenotknown-TheSHAPEfortheslipsurfacemustbeassumedTheLOCATIONofthecriticalslipsurfacemustbe foundbyTRIALandERRORSHAPEandLOCATIONarethedrivingforceforaparadigmshift
ObjectivesofthisPresentation:ToshowthegradualchangethatisemerginginthewaythatslopestabilityanalysescanbeundertakenToillustratethebenefitsassociatedwithimprovedproceduresfortheassessmentofstressesinaslopeOutlineofPresentationProvideabriefSummaryofcommonLimitEquilibriummethodsalongwiththeirlimitations(2-D&3-D)Takethe
FIRST
stepforwardthroughuseofanindependentstressanalysisTaketheSECONDstepforwardthroughuseofOptimizationTechniquesIsaLimitEquilibriumAnalysisanUpperBoundorLowerBoundSolution?LimitEquilibriumMethodsprimarilysatisfytherequirementsofanupperboundtypeofsolutionReason:theshape
ofslipsurfaceisselectedbytheanalystandtherebyadisplacementboundaryconditionisimposedLimitEquilibriumandFiniteElementBasedMethodsofAnalysesWWWWWWWWNLimitEquilibriumMethodofAnalysisSm=tadldlsndlFiniteElementBased
MethodofAnalysisldtadlQUESTION:HowcantheNormalStressatthebaseofaslicebemostaccuratelycomputed?ConsidertheFreeBodyDiagramsusedtocalculatetheNormalStress?AssumptionforallLimitEquilibriumAnalysisSoilsbehaveasMohr-Coulombmaterials
(i.e.,friction,f',andcohesion,c')Factorofsafety,Fs,forthecohesivecomponentisequaltothefactorofsafetyforthefrictionalcomponentFactorofsafetyisthesameforallslices()[]msnsSFuFc=-+bfsb'tan'SummaryofAvailableEquationsAssociatedwithaLimitEquilibriumAnalysisEquations(knowns): QuantityMomentequilibrium nVerticalforceequilibrium nHorizontalforceequilibrium nMohr-Coulombfailurecriterion n
4nUnknowns:
QuantityTotalnormalforceatbaseofslice nShearforceatthebaseofslice,Sm nInterslicenormalforce,E n-1Intersliceshearforce,X n-1Pointofapplicationofintersliceforce,E n-1Pointofapplicationofnormalforce nFactorofsafety,Fs 1
6n-2SummaryofUnknownsAssociatedwithaLimitEquilibriumAnalysisOneFsperslidingmassForcesActingonEachSliceFocusonSmbyxSmXREREXLSlipsurfaceGround
surfaceWhRN
=snbbfNLPhreaticlineMobilizedShearForce,Sm
for
Saturated-UnsaturatedSoils()[]()swasansmFuuFuFcSbfbfsbbtan'tan'-+-+=Onlynewvariablerequiredforsolvingsaturated-unsaturatedsoilsproblemsistheshearforcemobilizedφb
=Frictionanglewithrespecttomatricsuctionua=Pore-airpressureuw
=Pore-waterpressure[]Momentequilibrium,Fm:Forceequilibrium,Ff:ååå-ïþïýüïîïíì÷÷øöççèæ-+=NfWx'tanR'tantanuNR'cFbwmfffbbååþýüîíì÷÷øöççèæ-+=aafffbabsincos'tan'tantancos'NuNcFbwfPore-airpressuresareassumedtobezerogaugeNormalforceatbaseofslice:LimitEquilibriummethodsdifferintermsofhow(XR-XL)iscomputedandoverallstaticssatisfiedLimitEquilibriumproblemisindeterminate:Canapplyanassumption(Historicalsolution)Canutilizeadditionalphysics(Futuresolution)()FFuFcXXWNbwLR'tansincostansinsin'faafabab++---=sxbaArea=Interslice
normalforce(E)widthofslice,bsxtxysyDistance(m)Elevation
(m)txybaArea=Interslice
shearforce(X)Vertical
sliceDistance(m)Elevation
(m)ò=baxydyXtò=baxdyEsStressesontheBoundaryBetweenSlicesMorgenstern&Price,1965SummaryofLimitEquilibriumMethodsandAssumptionsMethod
EquilibriumSatisfied
Assumptions
Ordinary
Moment,tobase
EandX=0
Bishop’sSimplified
Vertical,Moment
Eishorizontal,X=0
Janbu’sSimplified
Vertical,Horizontal
Eishorizontal,X=0,empiricalcorrectionfactor,f0,accountsforintersliceshearforces
Janbu’sGeneralized
Vertical,Horizontal
Eislocatedbyanassumedlineofthrust
Spencer
Vertical,Horizontal,Moment
ResultantofEandXareofconstantslope
ForcesActingonOneSliceinOrdinaryorConventionalMethodhWbbaN=sb
nNSmForcesActingonOneSliceinBishop’sSimplifiedandJanbu’sSimplifiedMethods
hWbbaN=sb
nNSmERELSummaryofLimitEquilibriumMethodsandAssumptionsDirectionofXandEistheaverageofthegroundsurfaceslopeandtheslopeatthebaseofasliceVerticalHorizontalLoweandKarafiathDirectionofXandEisparalleltothegroundVerticalHorizontalCorpsofEngineersDirectionofEandXisdefinedbyanarbitraryfunction.PercentofthefunctionrequiredtosatisfymomentandforceequilibriumiscalledλVerticalHorizontalMomentMorgenstern-Price,GLEAssumptionsEquilibriumSatisfiedMethod
ForcesActingonOneSliceinSpencer’s,Morgenstern-Price,and
GLE
Methods
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Element
Analysis
for
StressesLimit
Equilibrium
AnalysissntmMo讽hr黑C贷ir振cl钟etmIMP坟ORT只:Act贡ingNo章rm唐al锦S霜tr液es弓sAct科uat男ingShe睡ar耽Str矩essLim限it议Equ宅ili搞bri龟um隶Ana里lys享isFin暖ite框El签eme泳nt勺Ana延lys尾is特for际St切res依sesBi河sh病op分(府19惰52明)擦-剪st馋re喊ss劫es赠f膜ro炕m物Li耕mi号t巴Eq捉ui鸭li点br帐iu段m沟me而th证od巴sdo神not即ag这ree瞒wi葡th鼓act懒ual第so幼il绍str旱ess岛esClo糠ugh既an蹄dW酸ood仆war裕d(单196规7)欠-“mea袜nin撇gfu猴ls续tab技ili洲ty滨ana计lys倚iscan淋be傲ma纲de蔬onl喜yi植ft宋he目str婶ess甩di熄str纱ibu川tio坝nw田ith农in敬the同st池ruc侨tur慨ec剖an罗be弊pre朵dic统ted强re着lia世bly处”Ku成lh宏aw导y(1仔96胸9)见-弦u约se河d怕no婚rm抚al糕a怎nd饶s赔he蜘ar板s期tr会es拍se严s柏fr痕om宁a另l顽in果ea票r优el破as均ti趁c挡an游al赛ys途is纠t劲o弯co索mp柳ut出e峰fa阀ct伏or则o料f散sa兔fe代ty“En找han辛ced昼Li久mit暮St界ren条gth列Me戒tho片d”Ba杜ck杠gr拘ou稳nd侍t册o厦Us砌in歉g畅St舱re多ss傲A露na代ly年se贷s木in密S掀lo蹄pe胀S误ta多bi惑li哥tyStr池ess衣Le早velRe象ze毫nd罗iz197革2Zi纹en宿ki跪ew勾ic撞zet野al19届75Str胜eng子th庄&S旺tre外ss雨Lev悔elAd总ik刘ar胞iand岔Cu盟mmi赞ns例198启5Enh筋anc繁ed律lim对it烘met壮hod翅s(f票in厌it猛e通el蜓em喝en于t锹an械al扑ys腿iswi绸th显a想l铸im戴it模e俘qu厦il床ib京ri饿umFi绘ni荒te荡E臣le巷me描nt墨S揉lo泼pe梯S暮ta赖bi箱li碎ty概M航et某ho勒dsDi丧re五ct祸m顿et事ho必ds(fi端nit钞ee掌lem翠ent举an嫂aly梦sis统on膊ly)Str屯eng薯th课Lev愈elKu衡lh成aw验y196劣9F[]--Z=1313墢¢¢åæèççöø÷÷æèççöø÷÷ìíïïïîïïïüýïïïþïïïDDLLfssss{}F=(c+tan)--c+ta喘nA1313¢¢¢å¢¢¢¢¢¢¢åæèççöø÷÷æèççöø÷÷æèçöø÷ìíïïïîïïïüýïïïþïïïsfsssssfDDLLf*F=(c+ta具n)K墢¢åsftDDLLDef顿ini吃tio笛no摧fF宾act恐or略of叔Saf零etyLo孤ad疗i附nc景re塌as薯eto索f鬼ai犹lu呜reStrengthdecreasetofailureana杠lys额is)Dif伐fer咽enc错esan尊dSi同mi祝la爷ri愧ti详esBet袭wee按nt启he洞Fin订ite灶El源eme递nt桐Slo垄pe痰Sta家bil看ity失an亿dC兴onv仆ent忙ion牵al枝Lim析it蒙Equ籍ili易bri劳umDi断ff签er并en著ce白sSo寄lu羽ti悦on匙i雪s临de局te老rm枝in乘at着eFac孝tor乱of植sa着fet驱ye史qua羊tio哈ni抖sl裂ine上arSi垒mi鱼la食ri施ti苹esSt且il贼l厌ne月ce笔ss校ar刷y弓toas抵su颠me剥t盼he胳s闸ha迎peof嫌the孕sl紧ip弱sur舌fac典ea地nd扔sea泥rch秋by贝tr惕ial许an窑de喇rro谜rt饿olo边ca逃teth成e抖cr炒it摩ic琴al福s惧li隐p箩su劈燕rf触ac印eWhy恩ha朗sn’毅tFin沾ite届El甜eme关nt药Slo顽pe蒸Sta遣bil祸ityMet喷hod悟be璃en速ext详ens蚁ive府ly厕use腔d?Di涨ff房诚ic尤ul榴ti送es冠a雕nd挡p闹er鸣ce息pt吉io青ns缝r师el盾at院ed厌t俘o弹th叨e饥st窗re害ss划a杨na在ly趣si狐sIn弟ab沃il胳it凡y停to岩t阅ra叉ns浓fe律r订la既rg鸭e巩am你ou按nt槐s窗of鲜d突at败a抛an扑d精fi扬nd方n虾ee括de啄d修in莲fo送rm理at匠io猴nNo妖w:Mi幅cr夫oc更om过pu糟te鞋r圈ha愚ve哑d乞ra愉ma则ti驰ca贤ll亿y执ch戒an系ge晋d赏ou挽r璃ab守il猪it疮y柜to且c使om洲bi青neFi巩ni冷te亏E俱le蠢me泼nt抱a粥nd花L狼im当it斥E平qu伯il皂ib垄ri疲umana苍lys曾esDe政fi干ni司ti胡on款o光f葡Fa艇ct纪or欠o龙f剪Sa剩fe氏tyKul佛haw元y(1茎96孔9)whe县re:Sr=r脆esi雷sti蚀ng惰she墙ar锯str鞠eng馆th汽orSm=酒mo页bi独li厦ze挂d猛sh粥ea朱r咽fo旧rc碎eåå=mrFEMSSFbfs}'ta勒n)u('c{Swnr-+=Act偿uat判ing撕Sh催earNo拿rm虎al凶S很tr连es疗sAna损lys底is触Stu捡dy指Und离ert端ake枪nb平yF船red阿lun秒da贼ndSco招ula捞r(19馋99)Ado北pte茶dt伴heKul蝇haw朗y(1陪96纽奉9)pro繁ced倒ureUse旦dS剥igm榆a/W皇an碑dS哨lop珠e/WPo誉is螺so攀n’游s坝ra须ti好o骨ra长ng罢e究=求0.叫33赚t纸o茧0.驳48El谊as妖ti烂c敌mo诵du赤lu然s,们E钢=赛2押0,并00您0幸to酸2躬00油,0丘00kPaCoh翠esi镇on,肆c'缘瑞=商10担to陷40kP网aFri领cti氧on,'=练10谦to灾30漆de狭gre夸esCom锈par舰edcon引ven胖tio纽奉nal敲Li塘mit息Eq燃uil烦ibr炊ium俗re王sul愚ts谎wit禽hF如ini戴te切Ele夜men扔ts存lop嫩es茅tab锐ili披ty组res倦ult抖sLoc取ati璃on液of毯Cen给ter申of律a耗Sec报tio控na纯lon烟gt献he蹄Sli探pS揉urf甚ace栽wi建thi麦na晨Fi谈nit封eE嫁lem油ent蚁An马aly爆sisxyx-C蔬oor魔din晓atey-C徐oor肚din避ateSl鲜ip驻S低ur听fa礼ceFin柱iteEle万men胞t(r藏,星s)srFi付ct披it占io遭us访s异li哪ce帽d亩ef供in俘ed不w粒it犁hthe铅Li卷mit旅Eq公uil材ibr叛ium蓄an诉aly戒sisCen讯ter日of完th桐eb缘瑞ase途of处a都sli杨ce助(x,全y)Pr治es捆en伪ta惯ti位on榜o熊f典Fi某ni俩te待E左le阅me献nt扬S界lo衔pe功S徒ta纷bi腔li蓄ty礼R美es刚ul标tsCo佳nd岗it师io议ns盐A桌na宁ly薄ze嚷d:Dr也y沟sl牢op耐ePi枕ez沃om桌et货ri巡寿cli啦ne皮a苏t思3/际4芬he脆ig脸ht干,堵ex侨it尊in哗g贷at讲t葱oeDr绑y柴sl梦op粪e,霜p畏ar垒ti垄al喜ly符s毯ub绝me泻rg掀edPi窑ez是om台et遭ri虎cli驾ne淋a佳t据1/刘2争he捞ig捏ht功a吹nd燥s挠ub吴me聚rg胳ed鸽t螺o论mi熟d-握he尸ig文htSe河le巴ct迫ed崭2佣:1Fre吨e-S凝tan伸din刷gS凤lop雁ewit袄haPie乌zom婚etr沃icLi敬ne内E简xi岸ti屿ng傲a嫩t侦th到e狠To扎e愉of辈t费he食S剥lo淡pe2040608010供012碌0204060800Cre眨stPiezometricLineToe21x-勤Co驱ord小ina穴te社(m低)Not童e:Dr盲y飞sl跨op桃ewi洽th喜&岛w勿it抓ho没utpi铺ez掉om戚et叹ri慎clin昏ey感-哥Co问or孩di牺na乏te岗(m伍)Se颤le跪ct灶ed荷2房诚:1Pa际rt碧ia坟ll慰y筛Su钢bm夺er论ge酿d永Sl叮op朱ewi道th傍a任H蹈or赖iz抱on赢ta鬼lPie郊zom岂etr海icLi丝式ne楼a禾t快Mi磁d-行Sl朝op栋e2040608010粮012绘0204060800Cr郑es童tTo克e21x量-Co咐or也di谈na叶te(m)Wat辱erPiezometricLiney却-硬C左oo胀rd倍in闻at笋e榨(再m)Not鼓e:Dry爸sl能ope蔽wi议th洗&w家ith槐outpi贼ez袍om生et舟ri阅cli躺ne05010奥015020钻0250300203040506070x-雕Co疾or赛di沙na之te滚(谁m)Ac腐ti型ng岂a蒸nd拥r孟es协tr浸ic苍ti狸ngshe究ar蔽str招ess源(kP银a)Cre幸stTo遵eShe欲ar捏Str兽eng辨thShe葬ar堵For圈cePoi律sso省nR每ati退o,m=0承.33She残ar考Str废eng峰th托and音Sh维ear蠢Fo报rce豪fo猜ra靠2:垒1Dry资Sl险opeCa哈lc永ul泼at盟ed械U觉si嗽ng杠t奏he脏F泪in臂it顷e经El袜em呜en扑t宪Sl叨op惜e描St幼ab赴il邮it表y仗Me泊th皱odLo御ca辩lan忌dGlo忧balFa绝ct哪or卵s疲of倡S怒af屡et优y鸟fo刊r末a情2:料1临Dr洗y派Sl贷op胁e012345672025303540455055606570x-腹Co蔬or阻di戚na富teFa跟ct哨or畅o袋f民Sa类fe箱tyCr渣es滔tTo洋eLoc昏al牙F(mLo皆ca刃l赢F(m=0纱.33岸)Bi问sh某op专M裁et发ho炎d,掘F=2困.36侵0=2茧.17往3Gl滑ob真al番F鲁ac宅to煮rs笑o天f斯Sa狂fe顺tyBis发hop慨2.3屈60Jan星bu2.1铲73GL鼻E讽(F获.E昼.寸fu本nc伞ti作on耗)壶2贱.3睬56Fs(m=遇0.肺33)铜2.踏34滨2Fs(m=抚0.等48)谷2.贼33百9Ord靠ina监ry饶2.酒226sJan隶buMet变hod腾,FsssFs=辆2.磁34匆2Fs=眯2.狭33如9=菜0.骑48半)Fa拒ct绞or悲s矮of兄S盾af远et估y归Ve雹rs笛us坑S锈ta真bi呈li剩ty芒N伙um寻be艰r狐fo服r辛a溜2:仓1Dry释Sl闲opeas寨aFu僚nc滨ti惧on凳o愁f凯c'0.00.悬51.全01.盗52.绒02.狮50510152025StabilityNumber,[gHtanf¢/c¢]Fac姓tor榴of磨Sa荷fet蚁yc¢=2面0kP倡ac¢=1唉0kP充ac=4去0kP贩aFs(m=努0.愉33畜)Fs(m=六0.低48娇)Fs(GLE)2:1茄Dr珠yS焦lop戒e¢Fac谎tor缎of柄Sa姓fet谢yV校ers蚕us遵Sta无bil景ity绿Co没eff予ici乘ent卧fo衫ra微2:艳1Dr豆y邀Sl鹅op优eas畏aFu馒nc表ti研on避o析f0.00.51.项01.强52.蹲02.影50.两000.爱020.铜040.0垂60.缓080.1煎00.过12Sta屠bil令ityCo拖ef子fi选ci呜en猛t,棕[c¢/gH]Fac散tor价ofSaf银etyf¢=乐30弓°f¢=酿10犹°f¢=2龙0°2:粮1化Dr爷y迈Sl剂op波esFs(m=育0.访33舰)F(m=币0.都48峡)Fs(GL扎E)sFa傻ct增or声o昌f肿Sa衔fe甲ty端V淹er舒su自s挂St听ab茶il里it秘y板Co览ef哨fi觉ci香en博t规as述aFun咬cti铺on扛offor隆2:蒜1S智lop众ew针ith井aPi赵ez住om萌et阶ri心cLin股e0.00.40.旱81.王21.炼62.矿00.0要00.川020.0皮40.0与60.0端80.肚100.桥12St将ab颤il揉it题y蜻Co片ef骑fi励ci艳en如t,衫[c指'/gH]Fac跳tor抹of很sa充fet访yf=3恒0°f=子20欢°f=转10输°2:1摇Sl婚ope烘wi掏thpi滩ez奶om谱et圈ri卵cli奸neFs(m=0.33)Fs(m=0.48)Fs(GLE)Loc培ati响on炼of臣the棕Cr淘iti议cal担Sl必ip吼Sur彼fac猫ef栽or劳aS本lop裹ew呆ith打aPi谈ez达om欲et傍ri曾cLin殃ewi蒜th喷S蓬oi番l桃Pr析op桶er工ti婚es乒o朋fc'群=某4亿0kPaandf'胳=口30马°70102010060504030908070110506040102030x
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Coordinate
(m)80GLE
(F.E.
function)Fs
(m
=
0.33)Fs
(m
=
0.48)Me论th部odXYRFac禾tor袭of锈sa汇fet肉yGLE(F.E.Fu划nc瞧ti珍on育)58.556.037.91.741Fs(m=0.33)57.549.534.71.627Fs(m=0.48)57.553.037.81.661Y-暮C晨oo葱rd凡in丝式at哑e饮(m捞)Lo旅ca臂ti歌on梳o箱f炊th欺e愁Cr紫it铁ic狗al劲S亿li仿p布Su湿rf盘ac逮e源fo耻r揉a筹Sl港op膊e扔w捕it顾h渴aPi寨ez丙om悲et税ri么cLi嚼newh旬er宽e拉th饲e肿Fa愁ct佩or梦o篇f猛Sa慈fe口ty刘i客s册Cl沈os纠es岸t陷to具1历.070102010060504030908070506040102030110x
-
Coordinate
(m)80Fs
(m
=
0.48)Fs(m=0.33)GLE
(F.E.
function)sMet开hodXYRFac女tor碎of仙sa杂fet裙yGLE(F.E短F涨un吐ct芦io坊n.63.559.039.61.102Fs(m=0.33)63.059.041.51.076F(m=0.48)61.559.542.31.100y-浪C盒oo荒rd高in临at弃e兆(m免)Fac咱tor差of鞠Sa洒fet苹yV老ers醋us衰Sta毙bil危ity火Co蜂eff咽ici前ent夹as坑aFun率cti球on灶offo愧r代2:搜1Dr恨y所Sl手op杠e,与1渔/2描S扩ub蜂me膏rg率ed0.00.室51.溪01.52.暑02.祸53.03.50.0累00.叹020.0浸40.纯060.举080.1滑00.丘12St贱ab风il按it舍yCoe日ffi东cie鱼nt,涨[聋c¢/gH]Fac盾tor划of费Sa惜fet迎yf¢=屋20爪°f¢=约10铅°2:鼠1粱Dr将y馒sl暖op新e,距o煮ne贸-h短al烤f卫su砍bm匪er购ge咱df¢=鞭30独°Fs(m=臣0.窜33妈)Fs(m=绒0.戒48涨)Fs(GL歇E)Fac昌tor掌of涂Sa警fet箱yV争ers贷us待Sta恋bil拌ity显Co育eff锡ici愈ent向as裂aFun怎cti征on灭offo先r剪2:盐1愿Sl瞒op秋eHa粥lf放S猫ub姿me务rg掉ed室w抱it常hPi辱ez艳om猴et敢ri冲cLin斗e0.00.51.01.52.02.50.松000.辩020.0济40.咐060.葛080.1当00.锦12Sta轨bil誓ityCo秤ef骨fi笼ci笨en凯t,抹[c¢/H]Fac普tor停of轮Sa碗fet沿yf¢=3草0°f¢=已10榨°f¢=距20轻°2:末1朵Sl垂op化e,涉o谢ne宾-h淘al航f贴su谢bm匪er绸ge谎dgFs(m=扣0.染33谊)Fs(m=0香.48树)Fs(GL躲E)1020100605040309080701107050604010203080Fs(m=0.温33剧)Fs
(m
=
0.48)GL磁E部(F访.E激.倾Fu蝴nc爪ti糖on掘)sMet敬hodXYRFa军ct茂or会o热f兆sa亭fe谢tyGLE(F.E.Fun眼cti真on58.058.540.22.303Fs(m=0.33)52.550.531.82.259F(m=0.48)51.551.531.02.273Loc库ati跳on梢of屿the毅Cr尽iti拜cal该Sl罗ip揪Sur伪fac鼻ef得or足aHa咱lf抛S壶ub公me菌rg琴edSlo域pe马whe僻re妖the神So删il盆Pro佳per酷tie幼sa须rec'宜=4雕0kP卡aandf'=蛙30遗°x始-Coo号rdi竞nat纤e(m价)y-恒Co善ord挤ina队te樱(m)Con从clu被sio奴nsfro贵mSte鹅p1For炎war色dNor嘉malan鼓dAc设tu落at唐in床g仔Sh科ea酿rst假re品ss恩es励f傍ro仙m抗a松fi客ni乓te悦e钞le霜me破nt交a助na誉ly求si圾s局ap轰pe熄ar柿t导o温pr兰ov沿id斩e羞a末mo粒re钩r蚕ea梢so杯na术bl配e冠re御pr守es督en伏ta的ti词on旺o蚀f泊th验e羡st夜re简ss犹s誉ta醉te时i棵n夫a沿sl单op第eTh练eEnh纱anc最ed胖Lim涛itme姻th旅od支b原yKu突lh甩aw苹y(19浩69)ap搬pe伏ar严s鄙to棚o梯pe灭n奔th功e挡wa译y轿to夸s否im奔ul以at可e攀mo丙re博c铅om略pl略ex桨s碧lo叼pe乎s漂ta晕bi值li扔ty谢p茎ro雁bl学em回sEnh废anc胸ed招Lim崭itmet匹hod轮sc复an兔rea洲dil梳yb逼eu叮sed睛inro定ut族in测e颠en恨gi傅ne架er科in千g梯pr目ac沿ti漫ceGlo皂bal拢fa健cto洁rs销of威saf疫ety念ap么pea跌rt鱼ob坦ee车sse面nti捷all鞭yt颂he
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