2022年河南省新乡市大学英语6级大学英语六级真题(含答案)

2022年河南省新乡市大学英语6级大学英语六级真题(含答案)学校:________班级:________姓名:________考号:________

一、2.ReadingComprehension(SkimmingandScanning)(20题)1.AlargesumofmoneymustbespentonLyubomirsky'sresearchbecauseitneedstotracealotofpeople______.

2.

MarkTwainactuallymeans______.

3.TheHydrogenEconomy

Itseemsthateverydaythereisanewannouncementinthenewsaboutautomobilespoweredbyfuelcells.Thepromisesaregreat,sincefuelcellshavethepotentialtoveryquicklydoubletheefficiencyofcarswhilesignificantlyreducingairpollution.

Atthesametime,therehavebeennewsstoriesfordecadesabouttheproblemsassociatedwithpetroleum.Everythingfromoilspillstoozone(臭氧)alertstoglobalwarminggetsblamedonourdependenceonfossilfuels.

Thesetwoforcesareleadingthewormtowardwhatisbroadlyknownasthehydrogeneconomy.Ifthepredictionsaretrue,overthenextseveraldecadeswewillallbegintoseeanamazingshiftawayfromthefossilfueleconomywehavetodaytowardamuchcleanerhydrogenfuture.

ProblemswiththeFossilFuelEconomy

Whilefossilfuelshaveplayedanimportantroleingettingsocietytothepointitisattoday,therearefourbigproblemsthatfossilfuelscreate.

Airpollution—Whencarsburngasoline,theinternalcombustionenginealsoproducescarbonmonoxide,apoisonousgasNitrogenoxides(氮氧化物),themainsourceofurbansmogunburnedhydrocarbons,themainsourceofurbanozone.

Environmentalpollution—Theprocessoftransportingandstoringoilhasabigimpactontheenvironmentwheneversomethinggoeswrong.Anoilspill,pipelineexplosionorwellfirecancreateahugemess.

Globalwarming—Thecarbondioxidecomingoutofeverycar'stailpipeisagreenhousegasthatisslowlyraisingthetemperatureoftheplanet.Theultimateeffectsareunknown,butitisastrongpossibilitythat,eventually,therewillbedramaticclimatechangesthataffecteveryoneontheplanet.

Dependence—TheUnitedStates,andmostothercountries,cannotproduceenoughoiltomeet

demand,sotheyimportitfromoil-richcountries.Thatcreatesaneconomicdependence.WhenMiddleEastoilproducersdecidetoraisethepriceofoil,therestoftheworldhaslittlechoicebuttopaythehigherprice.

AdvantagesoftheHydrogenEconomy

Thehydrogeneconomypromisestoeliminatealloftheproblemsthatthefossilfueleconomycreates.Therefore,theadvantagesofthehydrogeneconomyinclude.

Theeliminationofpollutioncausedbyfossilfuels—Whenhydrogenisusedinafuelcelltocreatepower,itisacompletelycleantechnology.Theonlybyproductiswater.Therearealsonoenvironmentaldangerslikeoilspillstoworryaboutwithhydrogen.

TheeliminationofgreenhousegasesIfthehydrogencomesfromtheelectrolysisofwater,thenhydrogenaddsnogreenhousegasestotheenvironment.Thereisaperfectcycle-electrolysisproduceshydrogenfromwater,andthehydrogenrecombineswithoxygentocreatewaterandpowerinafuelcell.

Theeliminationofeconomicdependence—TheeliminationofoilmeansnodependenceontheMiddleEastanditsoilreserves.

Distributedproduction--Hydrogencanbeproducedanywherethatyouhaveelectricityandwater.Peoplecaneven,produceitintheirhomeswithrelativelysimpletechnology.

Theproblemswiththefossilfueleconomyaresogreat,andtheenvironmentaladvantagesofthehydrogeneconomyaresosignificant,thatthepushtowardthehydrogeneconomyisverystrong.

TechnologicalHurdles(障碍)

Thebigquestionwiththehydrogeneconomyis,"Wheredoesthehydrogencomefrom?"Afterthatcomesthequestionoftransporting,distributingandstoringhydrogen.Hydrogentendstobelargeandtrickyinitsnaturalgaseousform.

Oncebothofthesequestionsareansweredinaneconomicalway,thehydrogeneconomywillbeinplace.

Wheredoesthehydrogencomefrom?Therearetwopossiblesourcesforthehydrogen:electrolysis(电解)ofwater—Usinge

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4.

Takingenoughcaffeinecanhelptorelievethepainwhenyouaresufferingamigraineheadache.

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5.FortheentireIditarodrace,asleddogteamhastoeatsomuchasto______.

6.BetterKnownasMarkTwain

Thisremarkablemanwenttoalog-cabinschooluntilhewastwelveyearsold.Thatwastheendofhisformaleducation.Inspiteofthis,hebecamethemostfamousliteraryfigureofhisgeneration.HereceivedhonorarydegreesfromOxfordUniversityandYaleUniversity.Peoplespeakofhimasthebestknownhumorouswriterofalltimes.HealsobroughtrealismandwesternlocalcolortoAmericanfiction.Hemademillionsofdollarsbywritingarticles,shortstories,andbooks.HisrealnamewasSamuelLanghorneClemens,butheisbetterknownallovertheworldasMarkTwain.

MarkTwainwasborninasmallMissourivillageneartheMississippiRiverin1835.Atthattime,AndrewJacksonwasthepresidentofthecountry.AbrahamLincolnwasstillayoungfarmlaborerinIllinois.Thefirstrailroadhadbeenbuiltsevenyearsbefore.TheIndustrialRevolutionwasathand.TheeconomiccollapseofAmericanprosperity,calledthePanicof1837,stilllayahead.Thiswasalsotheliteraryperiodlatercalledthe"NewEnglandRenaissance".

MarkTwainwasnotahealthybaby.Infact,hewasnotexpectedtolirethroughthefirstwinter.Butwithhismother'stendercare,hemanagedtosurvive.Hehadbeenborninatinytwo-roomcabin.Eightpeoplelivedtogetherthere.Hehadfourbrothersandsisters.Aslavegirllivedwiththemtoo.

Asaboy,MarkTwaincausedmuchtroubleforhisparents.Heusedtoplaypracticaljokesonallhis'friendsandneighbors.Thenatureofhisjokesoftenledtoviolence.Hehatedtogotoschool,andheconstantlyranawayfromhome.HealwayswentinthedirectionofthenearbyMississippi.Hewasfascinatedbythatmightyriver.Helikedtositonthebankoftheriverforhoursatatimeandjustgazeatthemysteriousislandsandpassingboatsandrafts.Hewasnearlydrownedninedifferenttimes.Helearnedmanythingsabouttheriverduringthosedays.Helearnedallaboutitshistoryandtheunusualpeoplewhorodeupanddownit.Heneverforgotthosescenesandthosepeople.Helatermadethempartof'thehistoryofAmericainhisbooksTomSawyerandHuckleberryFinn.

MarkTwaininheritedhisgeniusforhumorfromhismother.Obviously,hedidnotinherititfromhisfather.Heoncestatedthathehadneverseenasmileonhisfather'sface.Ontheotherhand,hismotherhadtherareabilitytosayhumorousthingswithperfectinnocence.ThissameabilitymadeMarkTwainallextremelyhumorouspublicspeaker.

Afterhisfather'sdeathin1847,MarkTwainleftschoolandbecameaprinter'sapprentice.Hismotherfeltthathecouldmakealivingandgetsomeeducationinthisway.Heworkedfortheprinterasanapprenticefortwoyears.Duringthattimehereceivedonlyhisboardandclothesaspay.

By1853,MarkTwainwastiredofMissouri.Hegotanurgetoseetheworldandstartedoutwithemptypockets.HeworkedasaprinterinSt.Louis,NewYork,andPhiladelphia.Then,asaresultofreadingabook,hedecidedtogototheupperpartoftheAmazonRiver.Heplannedtomakeafortunebycollectingandsellingcocoa.Hisonlyproblemwasmoneyforthetrip.Thatproblemwassolvedinanunusualway.HefoundafiftydollarbillonthesidewalkandleftforBrazilthenextday.HegotasfarastheMississippiRiverandthenranoutofmoney.

NextMarkTwaindecidedtobecomeariver-boatpilotontheMississippi.Hefollowedhisnewprofessionforfifteenmonths.Hememorizedalltheturns,shallowspots,anddangerousrocksinthe1200milesfromSt.LouistoNewOrleans.Helearnedabouttheprideandresponsibilitiesofthepilots.Hebecameanexcellentpilot.However,hislifeasapilotcametoasuddenend.TheriverwasclosedtonavigationattheoutbreakoftheCivilWar.ThenhejoinedtheConfederateArmy,butshortly

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7.

Perhapsweuse"everybody","nobody","noone"tomakethingsseembetterknownthantheyare.

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8.

TherearesixtaxbracketsintheU.S.andwhichcanapplytoanindividualisdeterminedby______.

9.

______diedinofficeofpneumonia.

10.

ANavycourtofinquiryruledthatthisaccidentwasattributedto______.

11.

Enteringriversby______,phosphatesandnitratesasfertilizerscanresultineutrophication.

12.

Whenthewritervisitedthevillageoftheoldestprojecttheweathertherewascold.

A.NB.YC.NG

13.

Thepreconditionoftheappearanceofanthocyaninsisthereissugarintheleafcells.

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14.

Theauthorholdstheopinionthatclimatechangeshavestartedwiththedawnofagriculture.

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15.OrganicFood

OrganicfarmingwasamongthefastestgrowingsegmentsofU.S.agricultureduringthe1990s.Thevalueofretail.salesoforganicfoodwasestimatedtobe$16billionin2004.AccordingtotheFoodMarketingInstitute,morethanhalfofAmericansnowbuyorganicfoodatleastonceamonth.Whyisorganicfoodbecomingsopopular?

WhatisOrganicFood?

InDecember2000,theNationalOrganicStandardsBoardoftheU.S.DepartmentofAgriculture(USDA)establishedanationalstandardfortheterm"organic".Organicfood,definedbyhowitcannotbemaderatherthanhowitcanbemade,mustbeproducedwithouttheuseofsewer-sludgefertilizers,mostsyntheticfertilizersandpesticides,geneticengineering(biotechnology),growthhormones,irradiationandantibiotics.Avarietyofagriculturalproductscanbeproducedorganically,includingproduce,grains,meat,dairy,eggs,andprocessedfoodproducts.

"Organic"doesnotmean"natural".Thereisnolegaldefinitionastowhatconstitutesa"natural"food.However,thefoodindustryusestheterm"natural"toindicatethatafoodhasbeenminimallyprocessedandispreservative-free.Naturalfoodscanincludeorganicfoods,butnotallnaturalfoodsareorganic.Onlyfoodslabeled"organic"havebeencertifiedasmeetingUSDAorganicstandards.

OrganicFarming

Thephrase'organicfarming'—firstappearedinLordNorthbourne'sbookLooktotheLand,publishedin1940.Butthetruthis,organicfarmingistheoldestform.ofagriculture.BeforetheendofWorldWarⅡ,farmingwithouttheuseofpetroleum-basedchemicals(syntheticfertilizersandpesticides)wastheonlyoptionforfarmers.Technologiesdevelopedduringthewarwerefoundtobeusefulforagriculturalproduction.Forexample,thechemicalammoniumnitrate(硝酸铵),whichwasusedasmunitions(军需品),becameusefulasfertilizer,andorganophosphates(有机磷酸盐)usedfornervegaswerelaterusedasinsecticide.

Thesedays,farmersareswitchingtoorganicagricultureonceagain,butnowwithanecologicallybased,systematicapproachthatincludeslong-termplanning,detailedrecordkeepingandmajorinvestmentinequipmentandsupplies.Althoughitisstillonlyasmallindustry,thenumberoforganicfarmersisgrowingbyabout12percentperyearandnowstandsatmorethan12,000nationwide.

OrganicFarmingintheU.S.Today

TheUSDA'sEconomicResearchServicereportsthatin1997,thelatestyearforwhichdataareavailable,farmersin49statesusedorganicproductionmethodsandthirdVpartyorganiccertificationserviceson1.35millionacresoutofatotalof828millionacresoffarmland.Approximatelytwo-thirdsofthecertifiedU.S.organicfarmlandwasusedforcrops,andone-thirdwasusedaspasture.

Largefarms,mostlylocatedintheMidwestandWest,producedprocessedtomatoes,organicwinegrapesandotherhigh-valuecropsonacommercialscale,whereasnumeroussmallfarms,concentratedintheNortheast,specializedinmixedvegetableproductionfordirectmarketingtoconsumersandrestaurants.

Whileorganicfoodcanbefoundthroughoutthecountry,Californiawastheleaderinproductionoforganicfruitsandvegetablesin1997,followedcloselybyArizona,Florida,Texas,andWashingtonindecreasingorderoftotalyield.Farmersandranchersin23statesraisedasmallnumberofcertifiedorganiccows,hogsandsheep.NewYork,WisconsinandMinnesotawerethetopproducersoforganicdairycows.

Production:Organicvs.Conventional

Asyoucanimagine,organicagriculturalpracticesarequitedistinctfromthoseof"conventional"fanning.

Organicfarmers:

feedsoilandbuildsoilmatterwithnaturalfertilizertogrowtheircropsuseinsectpredators,matingdisruption,trapsandbarrierstoprotectcropsfrom

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16.

Theteenagerswhoconductbullyinginschoolwillcommitcrimesintheiradulthoods.

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17.

Oilinthisworldwillbeexhaustedoneday,inthefuture,butthatmaynotcomesosoonaswewouldsuppose.

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18.

Manypeoplenowpreferthesaying"earlyripe,earlyrich"tothesaying"earlyripe,earlyrot."

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19.

AccordingtoFreud,tosome______________certainwordsbecomemagical,symbolsofwholetrainsofthoughtcondensed.

20.

Intheeyesofanadult,sportsinhighschoolareactually,______ratherthansimpleextensionsoftheclassroom.

二、3.ListeningComprehension(20题)21.(34)

A.Humanbeingscannotbeabletoadaptphysicalandculturalchanges.

B.Humanbeingsareingenious,imaginativeandhavestrongfaithinlife.

C.Somechangesarebeyondhumanbeings'control.

D.Humanbeingscannotmeetthedemandsofchangesbroughtaboutitself.

22.(13)

A.Itlooksquitenew.

B.Itneedstoberepaired.

C.Itlooksold,butitrunswell.

D.Itsengineneedstobepainted.

23.(32)

A.Itishardfortheoldergenerationtounderstandtheyoung.

B.Itispossibleforyoungpeopletoliveahealthierlife.

C.Alifestyle.freefromthepoisonsoflifeisworthstrivingfor.

D.Youngpeoplewillliveahealthierlifeiflefttomaketheirownchoices.

24.听力原文：W:Dr.Cassidy,I'mactuallyfine.It'sjustthatI'vebeenalittletiredthelastfewdays,andmystomachiskindofupset.

M:Well,thatdoesn'tsurpriseme.Ihavesomenewsthatyoumightfindexciting.You'repregnant.

Q:Whatdoyouknowaboutthewoman?

(15)

A.She'sgotastomachache.

B.Shefeelsperfectlyfine.

C.She'sgoingtogetmarried.

D.She'sgoingtohaveababy.

25.(19)

A.Liftingupthissideofthedesk.

B.Waitingforaminute.

C.Movingthelamponthedesk.

D.Helpingherwithpleasure.

26.

【B11】

27.听力原文：W:TheplaceI'veheardsomuchaboutisLosAngeles.Theclimateisprettygood.Year-roundflowers,yearroundswimming.Howdoyoulikeit?

M:Well,thebeachesarebeautiful.Butpeoplethereareterriblyannoyedbythedirtyair.Imean,thecombinationoffog,smokeandautomobileexhaust.Thereisnotenoughwindtoblowitaway.

Q:WhatdoesthemanthinkofLosAngeles?

(15)

A.Theairiscontaminated.

B.Peoplethereareexhausted.

C.It'stoowindyforswimming.

D.Thebeachesaredirty.

28.(24)

A.Jobless.

B.Wrongideaabouttheworktheydo.

C.Choosetheircareersundertheinfluenceofthesefalseimages.

D.Voidcertaincareers.

29.(35)

A.Physician.B.Fictionalwriter.C.Psychologist.D.Historian.

30.(40)

31.(21)

A.Itbillsthecustomeronceamonth.

B.It'sakindofATMcards.

C.It'sakindofcreditcards.

D.Ittakesoutthemoneyfromthecustomer'sbankaccount.

32.(25)

A.Thecandidatewouldbegivenabigsalarytostartwith.

B.Thecandidate'sincreasesinsalarywouldbedependentonhiseffectiveness.

C.Thecandidatewouldgetabonusthoughhehasnoovertimepayinitially.

D.Thecandidateexpectshighsalarythoughhewouldnothavetheability.

33.(15)

A.He'snotsurehowmuchaprintercosts.

B.He'llbuyacomputerlaterthisweek.

C.Helostmoneyhewassaving.

D.Hedoesn'thaveenoughmoneytobuyaprinternow.

34.听力原文：W:CanIhelpyou?

M:Yes,I'dliketolookatsomearticlesthatareonreserveinthelibraryforAnthropology311.

W:Prof.Gill'sclass?

M:That'sright.Howcouldyouknow?

W:Let'sjustsayyouarenotthefirstpersoncomingaskingforthosearticles.

M:Oh,well,sinceIhaven'treadanyofthemyet,itdoesn'treallymatterwhichoneyougivemefirst.

W:I'mafraidIcan'tgiveyouanyofthematthemoment.They'veallbeencheckedout.

M:You'rekidding,allofthem?

W:Everylastone.I'veaskedProfGilltwicealreadytobringinadditionalcopiesofthearticles,butnosoonerdoIplacethemontheshelfthantheyaregone.Seethatgirlintheblacksweater?She'sbeenwaitingforhalfanhourforthosesamearticlestobereturned.

M:Oh,great.AndhereIwentoutofmywaytofreeoutthewholeafternoontoread.

W:I'msorry,butthereisnotawholelotIcandoaboutit.AllIcansuggestisthatyoucomeinfirstthingtomorrowmorningandtryagain.Weopenat8.

(23)

A.Sheisstudyinganthropology.

B.Sheiswearingablacksweater.

C.Shesometimesmisplacesthings.

D.Sheworksinalibrary.

35.【B11】

36.(28)

A.Itisfromsecond-handinformation.

B.Itisfromtheargumentsaboutthecountry.

C.Itisdifferentfromwhatonehadbeforethetravel.

D.Itisgatheredfromothersourcesthanfromitsinhabitants.

37.(14)

A.HethinksDavidisnotreliable.

B.He'swillingtotrustDavid.

C.HehastoldhisdoubtstoDavid.

D.HethinksDavidwillbenefitfromthisexperience.

38.

【B3】

39.(36)

A.Massachusetts.B.Texas.C.California.D.Connecticut.

40.

【B9】

三、4.ReadingComprehension(ReadinginDepth)(20题)41.

Theword"seductions"(Line1,Para4)isclosestinmeaningto"______".

A.effortstoconquer

B.attemptstowinover

C.exertionstounderstand

D.endeavorstoincreaseprofits

42.

Itcanbelearntfromthepassagethatthecurrentmethodofearthquakeprediction______.

A.providesmoreaccuratedatathanthenewone

B.costslessthanthenewone

C.costsmorethanthenewone

D.warnspeopleonlyafewsecondsbeforetheearthquake

43.SectionB

Directions:Thereare2passagesinthissection.Eachpassageisfollowedbysomequestionsorunfinishedstatements.ForeachofthemtherearefourchoicesmarkedA,B,CandD.Youshoulddecideonthebestchoice.

Lowself-esteempopsupregularlyinacademicreportsasanexplanationforallsortsofviolence,fromhatecrimesandstreetcrimestoterrorism.Butdespitethepopularityoftheexplanation,notmuchevidencebacksitup.InarecentissueofPsychologicalReview,threeresearchersexaminethisliteratureatlengthandconcludethatamuchstrongerlinkconnectshighself-esteemtoviolence."Itisdifficulttomaintainbeliefinthelowself-esteemviewafterseeingthatthemoreviolentgroupsaregenerallytheoneswithhigherself-esteem."writeRoyBaumeisterofCaseWesternReserveUniversityandLauraSmartandJosephBodenoftheUniversityofVirginia.

Theconventionalviewisthatpeoplewithoutself-esteemtrytogainitbyhurtingothers.Theresearchersfindthatviolenceismuchmoreoftentheworkofpeoplewithunrealisticallyhighself-esteemattackingotherswhochallengetheirself-image.Underthisumbrellacomebullies,rapists,racists,psychopathsandmembersofstreetgangsandorganizedcrime.

Thestudyconcludes:Certainformsofhighself-esteemseemtoincreaseone'spronenesstoviolence.Anuncriticalendorsementoftheculturalvalueofself-esteemmaythereforebecounterproductiveandevendangerous.Thesocietalpursuitofhighself-esteemforeveryonemayliterallyendupdoingconsiderableharm."Asforprisonprogramsintendedtomakeviolentconvictsfeelbetteraboutthemselves,"perhapsitwouldbebettertotryinstillingmodestyandhumility."theresearcherswrote.

InaninterviewwiththeBostonGlobe,Baumeistersaidhebelievedthe"self-promotingestablishment"wasstartingtocrumble."Whatwouldworkbetterforthecountryistoforgetaboutself-esteemandconcentrateonself-control."hesaid.Intheschools,thiswouldmeanturningawayfrompsychicboosterismandemphasizingself-esteemasaby-productofrealachievement,notasanendinitself.Theself-esteemmovement,stillentrenchedinschoolsofeducation,isdeeplyimplicatedinthedumbingdownofourschools,andinthedisguisedequalitybehindtheideathatitisaterriblepsychicblowifonestudentdoesanybetteroranyworsethananother.Let'shopeitisindeedcrumbling.

Theresearchersfindthattherearestrongerconnectionsbetween______.

A.lowself-esteemandviolence

B.lowself-controlandviolence

C.highself-imageandviolence

D.highself-controlandviolence

44.

Aftersomeshipmentsarerefusedtobeimported,______.

A.tradeisgoingdownalltheway

B.peoplesigntradeontime

C.goodsaregettingmoreexpensive

D.merchantstryriskingtradingagain.

45.

FromthepassagewecanconcludethattheUShascometorealize______.

A.theweakeningoftheUSdollarcanresultintradedeficits

B.thelowertheretailprices,thegreaterinprofits

C.tourismcanmakegreatcontributionstoitseconomy

D.visitorstotheUSarewealthierthanUStouristsabroad

46.Theauthorstates"politiciansassertbutdonotargue"attheendofParagraph3inordertosuggestthatpoliticians______.

A.makeclaimswithoutprovidingreasonsfortheclaims

B.takestrongerpositionsonissuesthaninthepast

C.enjoyexplainingtheissuestobroadcasters

D.dislikehavingtoexplaintheirownpositionsonissuestocitizens

47.

Thepresidentconsidersareinforcedbordernecessaryto______.

A.stopthelargenumberofimmigrantsfromMexico

B.deportalltheillegalimmigrantslivingintheUS

C.leadtoabettermanagementofimmigrantsintheUS

D.protectAmericancitizensfromillegalimmigrants

48.

Thephrase"catchon"(Line1,Para.3)mostprobablymeans______.

A.interfereB.prevailC.perceiveD.continue

49.

Accordingtotheauthor,howwouldanAmericanfamilywithacarandahouseinthesuburbsprobablyfeelaboutthemselvestoday?

50.

The"lowestcommondenominator"refersto______.

A.thepoorerclasses

B.themesandattitudesthatwouldbeacceptedbythegreatestnumberofpeople

C.attitudesacceptedbytheAmericanintellectuals

D.thecharacteroftheauthorsofthedimenovel

51.

AdenSpectermostprobablythoughtthat______.

A.somesenatorswouldbecomeundeterminedintheprocessofvoting

B.theeconomicproblemsshouldbesolvedimmediately

C.deficitandnationaldebtshouldn'thavebeenneglected

D.themeasuresintheagreementwouldnotbeaseffectiveasexpected

52.

Accordingtothepassage,whichofthefollowingmaybethecauseofdistressatpresent?

A.Theeconomicandenergyproblems.

B.Lackofadaptability.

C.Unpleasantmedicalserviceanddiseases.

D.Beingshortofprovisions.

53.

Jerryhelpedthosecomplainingpeople______.

54.Anassumptionthatunderliesmostdiscussionsofelectricfacilitysittingisthattheinitialselectionofasiteistheresponsibilityoftheutilityconcerned-subjecttogovernmentalreviewandapprovalonlyafterthesitehasbeenchosen.Thisassumptionmustbechangedsothatsiteselectionbecomesajointresponsibilityoftheutilitiesandtheappropriategovernmentalauthoritiesfromtheoutset.Sittingdecisionswouldbemadeinaccordancewitheitheroftwostrategies.

Themetropolitanstrategytakestheexistingdistributionofpopulationandsupportingfacilitiesasgiven.Anattemptisthenmadetochoosebetween,scatteredorconcentratedsittingandtolocategeneratingfacilitiesinaccordancewithsomeeconomicprinciple.Forexample,theeconomicobjectivesofleast-costconstructionandrapidstart-upmaybeachieved,inpart,byametropolitanstrategywhichtakesadvantageofexistingelementsofsocialandphysicalinfrastructureinthebigcities.Underthefrontierstrategy,theenergyparkmaybetakenasanindependentvariable,subjecttomanipulationpolicy-makersasameansofachievingdesireddemographic(人口统计学的)orsocialgoals,suchasrural-town-citymix.Thus,populationdistributionistakenasagoalofnationalsocialpolicy,notasagivenofanationalenergypolicy.InthefrontierStrategy,theoptionofdispersedsittingisirrelevanttothestandpointofcommunityimpactbecausethereisnopre-existingcommunityofanysize.

Traditionally,theresource-environmentofalocation-andespeciallyitssituationrelativetotheprimaryindustryoftheinlandareas-hashadaspecialimportanceinAmericanhistory.Intheearlyagriculturalperiod,themostvaluednaturalendowmentwasarablelandwithgoodclimateandavailablewater.American'soldestcitiesweremercantileoutpostsofsuchagriculturalareas.Deep-waterportsdevelopedtoservetheagriculturalinlandareas,whichproducedstaplecommoditiesindemandontheworldmarket.Fromthe1840sonward;theAmericanmanufacturingheartlanddevelopedwestwardstoencompassLakeSuperiorironores,thePennsylvaniacoalfields,andtheNortheast'sfinancial,entrepreneurial,andmanufacturingroles.Subsequentmetropolitangrowthhasbeenorganizedaroundthisnationalcore.

Thefrontierstrategyimplementstheprincipleofcreatedopportunity;andthishelpsexplainwhysomeenvironmentalistsperceivetheenergyparkideaasathreattonature.Buttheproblems,ofmodernsociety,nomatterwithorwithoutenergyparks,requireevermorecomprehensiveplanning.AndenergyparksareameansofadvancingAmericansocialhistoryratherthanmerelyrespondingtopowerneedsinanunplanned,aimlessmanner.

Itisimpliedinthepassagethatinselectingasiteforpastelectricfacilities______.

A.governmentauthorityexercisedareviewfunction

B.decisionsweremadewithoutregardtotheeffectthefacilitywouldhaveontheenvironment

C.sitesselectedbyutilitieswereoftenopposedbyenvironmentalistgroups

D.sitesselectedbyutilitieswereoftensupportedbyenvironmentalistgroups

55.

Accordingtothetext,onefactorthatcausesunemploymentandearningsfigurestoover-predicttheamountofeconomichardshipisthe______.

A.recurrenceofperiodsofunemploymentforagroupoflowwageworkers

B.factthatunemploymentcountsdonotincludethosewhoworkforlowwages

C.establishmenterasystemofrecordkeepingthatmakesitpossibletocompilepovertystatistics

D.prevalence,amonglowwageworkersandtheunemployed,ofmembersoffamiliesinwhichothersareemployed

56.

【C8】

57.

【C9】

58.

Theunderlinedword"hone"inparagraph4mostprobablymeans______.

A.sharpenB.grindC.boostD.acquire

59.

【C4】

60.

Theauthorregardstheaveragecitizen'scomprehensionoftheprinciplesofdemocracyas______.

A.criticaldismay

B.jealousr