大学英语毕业论文(全英文)Discussion-of-tropes

Discussion

of

tropesA

trope

is

any

departure

from

ordinary

language

in

a

text.

The

term

implies

a

turning

away

from

common

uses

of

words.

That

means

“trope”

is

the

use

of

a

word

or

expression

in

a

different

sense

from

that

which

properly

belongs

to

it,

the

use

of

a

word

or

expression

as

changed

from

the

original

signification

to

author,

for

the

sake

of

giving

life

or

emphasis

to

an

idea,

a

figure

of

speech,

etc.Tropes

are

chiefly

of

four

kinds:

smile,

metaphor,

metonymy

and

synecdoche.SmileSmile

is

a

comparison

between

two

different

things

that

resemble

each

other

in

at

least

one

way.

In

formal

prose

the

simile

is

a

device

both

of

art

and

explanation,

comparing

an

unfamiliar

thing

to

some

familiar

thing

(an

object,

event,

process,

etc.)

known

to

the

reader.A

variety

of

ways

exists

for

invoking

the

simile.

Here

are

a

few

of

the

possibilities:x

is

like

y

x

is

not

like

y

x

is

the

same

as

y

x

is

more

than

y

x

is

less

than

y

x

does

y;

so

does

z

x

is

similar

to

y

x

resembles

y

x

is

as

y

as

z

x

is

y

like

z

x

is

more

y

than

z

x

is

less

y

than

z

For

example:l

And

money

is

like

muck,

not

good

except

it

be

spread.

--Francis

Baconl

My

mistress#39;

eyes

are

nothing

like

the

sun.

.

.

.

–ShakespeareMetaphor

Metaphor

compares

two

different

things

by

speaking

of

one

in

terms

of

the

other.

Unlike

a

simile

or

analogy,

metaphor

asserts

that

one

thing

is

another

thing,

not

just

that

one

is

like

another.

Very

frequently

a

metaphor

is

invoked

by

the

to

be

verb.

E.g.l

Then

Jesus

declared,

"I

am

the

bread

of

life."

–John

The

comparison

assumes

different

forms:l

This

first

beam

of

hope

that

had

ever

darted

into

his

mind

rekindled

youth

in

his

cheeks

and

doubled

the

luster

of

his

eyes.

--Samuel

JohnsonMetonymy

Metonymy

is

another

form

of

trope,

very

similar

to

synecdoche

(and,

in

fact,

some

rhetoricians

do

not

distinguish

between

the

two),

in

which

the

thing

chosen

for

the

metaphorical

image

is

closely

associated

with

(but

not

an

actual

part

of)

the

subject

with

which

it

is

to

be

compared.

The

orders

came

directly

from

the

White

HouseIn

this

example

we

know

that

the

writer

means

the

President

issued

the

orders,

because

"White

House"

is

quite

closely

associated

with

"President,"

even

though

it

is

not

physically

a

part

of

him.Synecdoche

Synecdoche

is

a

type

of

trope

in

which

the

part

stands

for

the

whole,

the

whole

for

a

part,

the

genus

for

the

species,

the

species

for

the

genus,

the

material

for

the

thing

made,

or

in

short,

any

portion,

section,

or

main

quality

for

the

whole

or

the

thing

itself

(or

vice

versa).Farmer

Jones

has

two

hundred

head

of

cattle

and

three

hired

hands.Here

we

recognize

that

Jones

also

owns

the

bodies

of

the

cattle,

and

that

the

hired

hands

have

bodies

attached.

This

is

a

simple

part-for-whole

synecdoche.All

the

four

kinds

of

tropes

have

significant

effects

on

advertising.

Let’s

discuss

them

in

real

advertisements!Smile

in

English

Advertising

As

mentioned

above,

smile

is

the

simplest

trope

we

usually

see

in

English

advertising.

When

you

compare

a

noun

to

a

noun,

the

simile

is

usually

introduced

by

like;

when

a

verb

or

phrase

is

compared

to

a

verb

or

phrase,

as

is

used.

Often

the

simile--the

object

or

circumstances

of

imaginative

identity

(called

the

vehicle,

since

it

carries

or

conveys

a

meaning

about

the

word

or

thing

which

is

likened

to

it)-precedes

the

thing

likened

to

it

(the

tenor).

The

vehicle

and

the

tenor

are

objects

that

belong

to

different

categories

while

they

have

some

similarities

that

are

their

abstract

common

grounds!

In

advertisements,

simile

not

only

provides

clear

and

vivid

image,

it

also

brings

the

products

closer

to

customers!

Therefore,

simile

is

often

used

to

create

attraction

in

advertising!

Examples

are

too

many

to

count.

Let

us

just

analyze

a

few:l

Light

as

a

breeze,

soft

as

a

cloud.

(Ads

for

clothes)

(1)l

Cool

as

a

mountain

stream…cool

fresh

Consulate.

(Consulate

cigarette)

(2)l

Ride

like

a

feather

in

your

pocket.

(Ads

for

cars)

(3)l

Breakfast

without

orange

juice

is

like

a

day

without

sunshine.

(Ads

for

orange

juice)

(4)

l

Like

your

baby,

kittens

need

more

nutrition

than

adult

cats.

(Ads

for

kitten’s

food)

(5)

The

advertisements

above

all

use

simile!

Some

of

them

use

“like”,

others

use

“as”!

In

example

(1)

there

are

two

smiles

in

the

single

sentence,

since

it

is

an

advertisement

for

clothes,

the

most

obvious

two

features

of

clothes

are

lightness

and

softness,

which

are

also

the

features

of

breeze

and

cloud.

The

similes

used

here

are

appropriate

for

they

stress

the

quality

of

the

product!

The

same

is

true

of

examples

(1)

and

(2)

also

takes

the

common

ground

of

mountain

stream

and

Consulate

cigarette:

giving

people

the

cool

feeling!

We

all

know

that

stream

always

gives

impression

of

carefree

and

happy

feeling,

the

simile

skillfully

links

it

with

cigarettes,

change

our

common

images!

In

example

(3)

we

see

that

riding

a

car

is

so

relaxing

that

you

will

have

the

feeling

of

taking

a

feature

in

your

pocket!

The

advertisement

uses

simile

to

describe

gently

what

high

quality

the

car

has

and

the

pleasure

it

can

offer

you!

Example

(4)

is

very

vivid!

Maybe

you

have

omitted

orange

juice

in

breakfast

before,

but

after

reading

this

advertisement,

you

will

involuntarily

associate

an

awful

day

without

sunshine

in

your

mind!

Then

why

not

spent

one

or

two

minutes

on

a

glass

of

orange

juice

in

the

morning

to

have

a

whole

day’s

good

mood?

The

function

of

smile

lies

in

the

readers’

images

and

feelings

and

has

incredible

effects

on

customers!

Look

at

example

(5),

your

kitten

is

linked

to

your

baby,

aren’t

they

all

your

sweethearts?

The

people

who

raise

kittens

as

pets

are

most

females!

So

the

advertisement

cleverly

seizes

the

sentimental

hearts!

One

might

sometimes

forget

to

prepare

food

for

her

kitten,

but

no

wonder

he

will

never

forget

such

things

related

to

her

baby!

So

when

a

female

sees

the

advertisement

and

she

happens

to

have

a

kitten,

she

might

buy

this

product

when

she

is

wandering

in

the

supermarket

with

the

sweet

feeling

of

being

her

small

cat’s

considerate

mother!Now

we

can

see

clearly

that

the

appropriate

and

suitable

use

of

smile

can

describe

the

product’s

or

service’s

typical

features

or

their

unique

functions

and

create

the

specific

imagination

and

mood

for

the

readers

besides

making

the

advertising

language

vivid

and

colorful.Metaphor

in

English

Advertising

A

metaphor

is

a

comparison

between

two

unlike

objects

that

does

not

use

"like"

or

"as."

It

can

also

be

considered

an

assertion

of

identity.

Like

simile,

metaphor

is

a

profoundly

important

and

useful

device

in

English

Advertising.

Aristotle

says

in

his

Rhetoric,

"It

is

metaphor

above

all

else

that

gives

clearness,

charm,

and

distinction

to

the

style”

And

the

fact

that

two

very

unlike

things

can

be

equated

or

referred

to

in

terms

of

one

another

comments

upon

them

both.

No

metaphor

is

"just

a

metaphor."

All

have

significant

implications,

and

they

must

be

chosen

carefully,

especially

in

regard

to

the

connotations

the

vehicle

(image)

will

transfer

to

the

tenor.As

discussed

above,

very

frequently

a

metaphor

is

invoked

by

the

to

be

verb,

in

advertisements,

metaphor

is

more

used

than

smile!

Examples

as

follow:l

The

inside

story

is

leaking

out.

(Ads

for

nappy)

(6)l

A

woman

expresses

herself

in

many

languages,

Vimal

is

one

of

them.

(Ads

for

clothes)

(7)l

Your

lungs

are

an

incredible

piece

of

Machinery.

(Ads

for

a

health

organization)

(8)l

What

is

your

choice

when

inflation

is

slowly

but

surely

eroding

the

value

of

your

nest

eggs?

(Ads

for

an

investment

company)

(9)l

You

are

the

traveler.

Your

investments

are

the

terrain.

We

are

the

maps.

(Ads

for

an

investment

company)

(10)l

Over

200years

of

careful

breeding

produced

this

champion.

(Ads

for

XO)

(11)l

Our

flights

get

the

green

light

six

times

a

week

from

JFK

to

Johannesburg.

(Ads

for

a

flight

company)

(12)

All

the

seven

examples

listed

above

contain

metaphor.

While

they

have

some

differences,

some

of

the

advertisements

use

the

word

“

is”

to

complete

the

metaphor,

and

others

use

the

vehicles

directly!

Let’

s

begin

our

discussion

with

example

(7),

(8)

and

(10).

In

these

three

advertisements,

metaphor

is

in

a

“X

is

Y”

form.

Let

us

first

focus

on

Example

(8):

since

it

is

a

advertisement

for

a

health

organization,

it

must

focus

on

the

advantages

of

joining

this

organization.

What

is

the

most

dangerous

and

common

disease

in

today’s

world?

It

is

cancer,

and

lung

cancer

is

the

most

threatening

one!

So

the

creator

of

this

advertisement

uses

“

an

incredible

piece

of

Machinery”

---something

permanent---

as

the

vehicle;

the

lungs

of

its

members

as

the

tenor,

tell

the

reader

the

benefits

they

can

get

if

they

join

this

health

organization!

It

has

some

hyperbole

parts

here,

but

we

can

clearly

see

the

hyperbole

is

reflected

through

metaphor!

In

example

(10),

another

very

typical

metaphor,

the

relationship

of

the

investors

and

their

money

and

the

investment

company

is

transferred

to

the

relationship

of

the

travelers

and

terrain

and

the

maps

.As

we

all

know,

investment

company

is

aim

to

guide

the

investors,

just

as

the

map

for

a

traveler!

The

common

ground

of

the

two

relationships

is

cleverly

expressed

by

using

metaphor!

The

readers

will

have

some

image

that

the

company

can

be

a

good

choice

for

them

to

manage

their

money,

especially

the

readers

who

are

not

good

at

dealing

with

money

affairs!

Then

example

(7),

it

is

an

advertisement

aiming

at

women

market.

The

plot

of

this

sentence

is

very

wonderful

since

it

is

believed

by

almost

all

the

women

that

clothes

is

the

important

means

to

express

themselves.

Then

the

abstract

object:

body

language

is

taken

here

to

suggest

the

clothes

of

Vimal!

The

advertisement

gives

some

beautiful

images

to

its

readers!

While

in

example

(6),

(9),

(11),

(12)

the

word

“is”

is

not

used

as

a

bridge

connecting

the

tenor

and

the

vehicle!

Instead,

the

vehicles

appear

directly

in

the

sentences.

For

instance,

XO

wine

is

transferred

to

the

concept

“

champion”

in

example

(11),

neither

the

brand

XO

nor

the

word

“wine”

appeare

in

this

single

sentence,

but

the

readers

will

not

misunderstand

about

the

meaning!

Because

the

word

“

breeding”

suggests

the

similarity

between

the

wine

and

the

champion,

both

of

them

need

careful

attention

and

long

period

waiting!

Look

at

example

(12).

Maybe

the

readers

will

be

a

little

confused

about

the

meaning

of

“green

light”.

Does

this

mean

the

traffic

lights?

Think

it

over

and

you

will

discover

that

here

the

“green

light”

means

“permission”.

That

is

to

say,

the

flight

company

has

six

flights

in

a

week

from

JFK

to

Johannesburg.

I

think

the

advantage

of

using

metaphor

here

is

that

the

reader

may

get

some

deeper

impression

of

the

company

after

thinking

over

the

advertisement

for

a

minute

or

two.

Example

(9)

is

also

an

advertisement

for

an

investment

company,

unlike

example

(10),

there

is

no

“is”

in

the

whole

sentence,

but

the

skillful

use

of

the

image

“

nest

egg”

will

affect

the

readers

too.

Many

people

like

raising

their

hard-earned

money

day

by

day

to

assure

themselves

that

if

they

meet

certain

emergencies,

they

can

be

out

of

trouble

with

their

savings.

The

advertisement

accurately

shows

the

thoughts

of

such

people,

while

it

also

warns

that

with

the

high

inflation

rate,

the

savings

will

devalue

day

by

day.

What

can

you

do

with

it?

The

answer

is

very

clear:

choose

the

investment

company

and

make

your

money

raise

money!

The

sentence

is

in

a

question

form.

By

answering

the

question,

you

make

the

advertisement

work!

Example

(6)

is

the

one

I

like

best

for

it

is

the

most

interesting

and

unforgettable

one.

“The

inside

story”

means

the

urine

of

a

baby.

The

whole

sentence

describes

a

specific

situation:

a

baby’s

urine

is

oozing

out

from

his

pants,

probably

he

is

crying

loudly.

What

should

his

mother

do?

Certainly,

give

him

the

nappy!

The

nappy

appears

to

be

something

very

important

and

essential.

The

metaphor

adds

some

humorous

effect

to

this

advertisement

and

makes

its

readers

remember

it!

You

can

see

from

the

examples

that

you

can

use

abstract

concepts

to

mean

some

real

objects,

or

vice

versa.In

fact,

there

are

many

ways

to

express

metaphor,

besides

the

two

ways

discussed

above;

we

can

use

some

other

ways!

Let

us

study

the

examples

below:l

The

Boeing

777---A

new

expression

of

time-honored

Asian

Traditions.

(Ads

for

plane)

(13)l

Louis

Vuitton.

The

sprite

of

travel!

(Ads

for

traveling

bags)

(14)In

example

(13)

and

(14),

the

punctuation

marks

play

the

role

of

the

bridges

across

the

tenors

and

the

vehicles!

When

you

read

these

advertisements,

you

will

not

feel

confused,

instead,

you

will

tend

to

image

the

relationships

between

the

tenors

and

the

vehicles.

In

addition,

the

sentences

are

sound

harmonious

and

easy

to

remember!Whenever

a

smile

or

a

metaphor

turns

up,

it

helps

to

build

your

appropriate

image

of

the

product.基于C8051F单片机直流电动机反馈控制系统的设计与研究基于单片机的嵌入式Web服务器的研究MOTOROLA单片机MC68HC（8）05PV8/A内嵌EEPROM的工艺和制程方法及对良率的影响研究基于模糊控制的电阻钎焊单片机温度控制系统的研制基于MCS-51系列单片机的通用控制模块的研究基于单片机实现的供暖系统最佳启停自校正（STR）调节器单片机控制的二级倒立摆系统的研究基于增强型51系列单片机的TCP/IP协议栈的实现基于单片机的蓄电池自动监测系统基于32位嵌入式单片机系统的图像采集与处理技术的研究基于单片机的作物营养诊断专家系统的研究基于单片机的交流伺服电机运动控制系统研究与开发基于单片机的泵管内壁硬度测试仪的研制基于单片机的自动找平控制系统研究基于C8051F040单片机的嵌入式系统开发基于单片机的液压动力系统状态监测仪开发模糊Smith智能控制方法的研究及其单片机实现一种基于单片机的轴快流CO〈,2〉激光器的手持控制面板的研制基于双单片机冲床数控系统的研究基于CYGNAL单片机的在线间歇式浊度仪的研制基于单片机的喷油泵试验台控制器的研制基于单片机的软起动器的研究和设计基于单片机控制的高速快走丝电火花线切割机床短循环走丝方式研究基于单片机的机电产品控制系统开发基于PIC单片机的智能手机充电器基于单片机的实时内核设计及其应用研究基于单片机的远程抄表系统的设计与研究基于单片机的烟气二氧化硫浓度检测仪的研制基于微型光谱仪的单片机系统单片机系统软件构件开发的技术研究基于单片机的液体点滴速度自动检测仪的研制基于单片机系统的多功能温度测量仪的研制基于PIC单片机的电能采集终端的设计和应用基于单片机的光纤光栅解调仪的研制气压式线性摩擦焊机单片机控制系统的研制基于单片机的数字磁通门传感器基于单片机的旋转变压器-数字转换器的研究基于单片机的光纤Bragg光栅解调系统的研究单片机控制的便携式多功能乳腺治疗仪的研制基于C8051F020单片机的多生理信号检测仪基于单片机的电机运动控制系统设计Pico专用单片机核的可测性设计研究基于MCS-51单片机的热量计基于双单片机的智能遥测微型气象站MCS-51单片机构建机器人的实践研究基于单片机的轮轨力检测基于单片机的GPS定位仪的研究与实现基于单片机的电液伺服控制系统用于单片机系统的MMC卡文件系统研制基于单片机的时控和计数系统性能优化的研究基于单片机和CPLD的粗光栅位移测量系统研究单片机控制的后备式方波UPS提升高职学生单片机应用能力的探究基于单片机控制的自动低频减载装置研究基于单片机控制的水下焊接电源的研究基于单片机的多通道数据采集系统基于uPSD3234单片机的氚表面污染测量仪的研制基于单片机的红外测油仪的研究96系列单片机仿真器研究与设计基于单片机的单晶金刚石刀具刃磨设备的数控改造基于单片机的温度智能控制系统的设计与实现基于MSP430单片机的电梯门机控制器的研制基于单片机的气体测漏仪的研究基于三菱M16C/6N系列单片机的CAN/USB协议转换器基于单片机和DSP的变压器油色谱在线监测技术研究基于单片机的膛壁温度报警系统设计基于AVR单片机的低压无功补偿控制器的设计基于单片机船舶电力推进电机监测系统基于单片机网络的振动信号的采集系统基于单片机的大容量数据存储技术的应用研究基于单片机的叠图机研究与教学方法实践基于单片机嵌入式Web服务器技术的研究及实现基于AT89S52单片机的通用数据采集系统基于单片机的多道脉冲幅度分析仪研究机器人旋转电弧传感角焊缝跟踪单片机控制系统基于单片机的控制系统在PLC虚拟教学实验中的应用研究基于单片机系统的网络通信研究与应用基于PIC16F877单片机的莫尔斯码自动译码系统设计与研究基于单片机的模糊控制器在工业电阻炉上的应用研究基于双单片机冲床数控系统的研究与开发基于Cygnal单片机的μC/OS-Ⅱ的研究基于单片机的一体化智能差示扫描量热仪系统研究基于TCP/IP协议的单片机与Internet互联的研究与实现变频调速液压电梯单片机控制器的研究基于单片机γ-免疫计数器自动换样功能的研究与实现基于单片机的倒立摆控制系统设计与实现\t"_blank