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TheEnglishRenaissance

&WilliamShakespeare

thetwogreattreasuresofEnglishlanguage.TheEnglishRenaissanceI.

BackgroundofEnglishRenaissance.1.Religiousinfluence:2.theEnglishBible:3.theeconomicdevelopmentII.TheRenaissanceandHumanism.1.BirthinItaly2.StretchingtoEngland3.TheFlourishingofliterature4.Drama-thehighestgloryofEnglishRenaissance1337-1453:theHundredYears’War(btwEngland&France)1455-1485:theWarsoftheRoses(btwLancaster&York)(theirbadgesareroses)1485-1509:HenryVIIfoundedTudorDynasty,monarchywhichmettheneedsoftherisingbourgeoisie.1509-1547:HenryVIIItheReformation(religiousguise,politicalessence)whichbrokewithRome,newdogmaknownasProtestantism.

1553-1558:QueenMary–Counter-Reformation–hundredsofProtestantsgotburnedasheretics.1558-1603:QueenElizabethendedthebloodyreligiousperse-cution.Shemadesuchreformsasmorecompatiblewiththemonarchyandaswouldbeacceptedbyasmanypeopleaspossible,whilesheavoidedthemoreuncompromisinganddemocraticformsofProtestantism.“churchsettlement”ofElizabeth.LatinBible,usedbyCatholicchurches.

TranslationtoEnglish,duringstrugglebetweenProtestantismandCatholicism,the1stcompleteEnglishBible,trs.ByJohnWycliffe(1324?-1384)

In1611,theKingJamesBible,authorizedversion,spreadingfast,theAuthorizedEnglishBiblecoloredthestyleoftheEnglishprosefor300yearsormore,theEnglishBiblehasrootedintotheEnglishlanguage,EnglishliteratureandEnglishlife.TheEnglishBibleTheeconomicdevelopment3.theeconomicdevelopment:(1)theEnclosureMovement(15thcentury)seizeland

(2)thecommercialExpansion(16thcentury)establishcolonies[in1588,routoftheSpanishfleetArmadatheEnglishbourgeoisietooktheplaceoffeudalism.

(3)theIndustrialRevolution(17Thcentury)BirthinItalyItsprangfirstinItalyin14thcenturyandgraduallyspreadalloverEurope.Feature1:athirstingcuriosityfortheclassicalliterature.ThereroseacurrentofthestudyofGreekandLatinauthors,indoingwhichpeoplecaughtsomethinginspiritverydifferentfromthemedievalCatholicdogma.TheloveofclassicswasbutanexpressionofthegeneraldissatisfactionattheCatholicandfeudalideas.Feature2:akeeninterestintheactivitiesofhumanity.

Peopledidn’tthinktheyshouldliveonlyforGod.Thinkers,artistsandpoetsarosetoadmirehumanbeautyandhumanachievement,whichraninoddwiththeology.HensearosethethoughtofHumanism.HumanismisthekeynoteoftheRenaissance.HumanistsheldthatMancouldmouldtheworldaccordingtohisdesires,andattainhappinessbytheexerciseofreason.StretchingtoEnglandAfterChaucer’svisittoItalyin14thcentury,in1476,printingwasintroducedtoEnglandthusbroughtclassicalworkswithinreach.HumanistsappearedinEngland.ThomasMore(1478-1535)wrotehismasterpiece“Utopia”:Book1,thesocialconditionsofEngland.Book2,anidealcommunistsociety.[utopiainGreekmeansnoplace.]TheflourishingofliteratureThe1sthalfof16thcentury,theEnglishRenaissancedevelopingintoflourishingliterature.translationimportant:“LivesofGreekandRomanHeroes”;“DonQuixote”;“Iliad”;“Odyssey”andbooksofadventures.poetryandsonnetSONNET,anexactformofpoetryin14linesofiambicpentameterintricatelyrhymed.IntroducedtoEnglandfromItalybySirThomasWyatt,HenryHowardandEarlofSurrey.BLANKVERSE,writtenfirstinEnglishbySurreytoo.MasterlyhandledbyShakespeareandMilton.

dramaMiracleplay—rootofEnglishdrama.[basedonBiblestories]荒诞剧Moralityplay–allegoricalrolesInterlude(4)ClassicalDrama(5)TheLondonTheatre–ElizabethTheatre[16thcentury,noactresses](6)Theaudience:allstandingwatch;benchesorboxeschargedhigherprice;onlymenspectators;womenattendedlater;theLondonerswereall“theatremad”,crazyondramas.(7)Theplaywrights:humblebirth,hardworkers.Thethreegreatrepresentativeachievementsinliterature1.EdmundSpencer’sTheShepherd’sCalendarandFaerieQueen2.FrancisBacon’sEssays

3.WilliamShakespeare’sdramasWilliamShakespeare1.lifestory2.Hisplays3.Hispoems4.FmentsonShakespeare.ReferencewebsitesSelectedreadingsLifestoryfather,awell-to-dotraderinwool,onceheldtheofficeofchief,likeamayor.at7,grammarschool,for6years.at14,fatherindebt,leftschool,becameacountryschool-master.in1582,marriedAnneHathaway,farmer’sdaughter,8yearsolderthanShakespeare.3kidslater.beingsuspectedofstealingrabbits,putintoprisonavenge,writingballad->compelledtoleaveStratford,refugetoLondon.(6)arrivedinLondonin1586or1587.[dramapopularthen.Keephorseforspectators.Becameanactorforminorparts.Becameaplaywright.Triumphinwriting.Retiredin1611,backtohometown.Diedin1616.buriedinStratfordChurch.]Shakespeare’splays38plays+154sonnets+2longpoems.

HisGreatComedies:“AMidsummerNight’sDream”“TheMerchantofVenice” “AsYouLikeIt”“TwelfthNight”

HisGreatTragedies:“Othello”“KingLear”“MacBeth”“Hamlet”Featuresofhisdramaa.realism

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