2023-年全国硕士研究生招生考试英语二真题考研英语二

2023年全国硕士研究生招生考试英语(二)试题SectionIUseofEnglishDirections:Readthefollowingtext.Choosethebestword(s)foreachnumberedblankandmarkA,B,CorDontheANSWERSHEET.(10points)Here'sacommonscenariothatanynumberofentrepreneursfacetoday：you'retheCEOofasmallbusiness,andthoughyou'remakinganice1,youneedtofindawaytotakeittothenextlevel.Whatyouneedtodois2growthbyestablishingagrowthteam.Agrowthteamismadeupofmembersfromdifferentdepartmentswithinyourcompany,anditharnessesthepowerofcollaborationtofocus3onfindingwaystogrow.Let'slookatareal-world4.Priortoformingagrowthteam,thesoftwarecompanyBitTorrenthad50employeesworkinginthe5departmentsofengineering,marketingandproductdevelopment.Thisbroughtthemgoodresultsuntil2012,whentheirgrowthplateaued.The6wasthattoomanycustomerswereusingthebasic,freeversionoftheirproduct.And7improvementstothepremium,paidversion,fewpeopleweremakingtheupgrade.Thingschanged,8,whenaninnovativeproject-marketingmanagercameaboard,9agrowthteamandsparkedthekindof10perspectivetheyneeded.Bylookingatengineeringissuesfromamarketingpointofview,itbecameclearthatthe11ofupgradeswasn'tduetoaqualityissue.Mostcustomersweresimplyunawareofthepremiumversionandwhatitoffered.Armedwiththis12,themarketingandengineeringteamsjoinedforcestoraiseawarenessbyprominently13thepremiumversiontousersofthefreeversion14,upgradesskyrocketed,andrevenueincreasedby92percent.Butinorderforyourgrowthteamtosucceed,itneedstohaveastrongleader.Itneedssomeonewhocan15theinterdisciplinaryteamandkeepthemoncourseforimprovement.Thisleaderwill16thetargetarea,setcleargoalsandestablishatimeframeforthe17ofthesegoals.Thegrowthleaderisalso18forkeepingtheteamfocusedonmovingforwardandsteeringthemclearofdistractions.19attractivenewideascanbedistracting,theteamleadermustrecognizewhentheseideasdon't20thecurrentgoalandneedtobeputonthebackburner.1.[A]purchase[B]profit[C]connection[D]bet2．[A]define[B]predict[C]prioritize[D]appreciate3．[A]exclusively[B]temporarily[C]potentially[D]initially4．[A]experiment[B]proposal[C]debate[D]example5．[A]identical[B]marginal[C]provisional[D]traditional6．[A]rumor[B]secret[C]myth[D]problem7．[A]despite[B]unlike[C]through[D]besides8．[A]moreover[B]however[C]therefore[D]again9．[A]inspected[B]created[C]expanded[D]reformed10．[A]cultural[B]objective[C]fresh[D]personal11．[A]end[B]burden[C]lack[D]decrease12．[A]policy[B]suggestion[C]purpose[D]insight13．[A]contributing[B]allocating[C]promoting[D]transferring14．[A]Asaresult[B]Atanyrate[C]Bytheway[D]Inasense15．[A]unite[B]finance[C]follow[D]choose16．[A]share[B]identify[C]divide[D]broaden17．[A]announcement[B]assessment[C]adjustment[D]accomplishment18．[A]famous[B]responsible[C]available[D]respectable19．[A]Before[B]Once[C]While[D]Unless20．[A]serve[B]limit[C]summarize[D]altereadingComprehensionDirections:Readthefollowingfourtexts.AnswerthequestionsbeloweachtextbychoosingA,B,CorD.MarkyouranswersontheANSWERSHEET.(40points)Inthequestfortheperfectlawn,homeownersacrossthecountryaretakingashortcut-anditistheenvironmentthatispayingtheprice.Abouteightmillionsquaremetresofplasticgrassissoldeachyearbutoppositionhasnowspreadtothehighestgardeningcircles.TheChelseaFlowerShowhasbannedfakegrassfromthisyear'sevent,declaringittobenotpartofitsethos.TheRoyalHorticulturalSociety(RHS),whichrunstheannualshowinwestLondon,saysithasintroducedthebanbecauseofthedamageplasticgrassdoestotheenvironmentandbiodiversity.EdHorne,oftheRHS,said:“Welaunchedoursustainabilitystrategylastyearandfakegrassisjustnotinlinewithourethosandviewsonplastic.Werecommendusingrealgrassbecauseofitsenvironmentalbenefits,whichincludesupportingwildlife,alleviatingfloodingandcoolingtheenvironment.”TheRHS'sdecisioncomesascampaignerstrytoraiseawarenessoftheproblemsfakegrasscauses.ATwitteraccount,whichclaimsto“cutthroughthegreen-wash”ofartificialgrass,alreadyhasmorethan20,000followers.Itistryingtoencouragepeopletosigntwopetitions,onecallingforabanonthesaleofplasticgrassandanothercallingforan“ecologicaldamage”taxonsuchlawnsTheyhavegatheredand82signaturesHowever,supportersoffakegrasspointoutthatthereisalsoanenvironmentalimpactwithnaturallawns,whichneedmowingandthereforeusuallyconsumeelectricityorpetrol.Theindustryalsopointsoutthatrealgrassrequiresconsiderableamountsofwater,weedkillerorothertreatmentsandthatpeoplewholayfakegrasstendtousetheirgardenmore.Theindustryalsoclaimsthatpeoplewholayfakegrassspendanaverageof£500ontreesorshrubsfortheirgarden,whichprovideshabitatforinsects.Inresponsetoanotherpetitionlastyearaboutbanningfakelawns,whichgathered30,000signatures,thegovernmentrespondedthatithas“noplanstobantheuseofartificialgrass.Itadded:"Weprefertohelppeopleandorganizationsmaketherightchoiceratherthanlegislatingonsuchmatters,Howevertheuseofartificialgrassmustcomplywiththelegalandpolicysafeguardsinplacetoprotectbiodiversityandensuresustainabledrainage,whilemeasuressuchasthestrengthenedbiodiversitydutyshouldservetoencouragepublicauthoritiestoconsidersustainablealternatives.”21.TheRHSthinksthatplasticgrass________.environmentingardeningcirclesedintheannualshowheviewofwestLondon22.ThepetitionsmentionedinParagraph3revealthecampaigners’________.iththeRHSakegrassuseheproposedtaxalgrasssupply23.InParagraph4,supportersoffakegrasspointout________.itytolowerthecostsoffakegrasstagesofgrowingrealgrassecareofartificiallawnssofinsecthabitatprotection24.WhatwouldthegovernmentdowithregardtoartificialAUrgelegislationtorestrictitsuse.rstoobeyexistingrulesDReplaceitwithsustainablealternatives.Itcanbelearnedfromthetextthatfakegrass______.dcontinuouslytsharedeclinelyaffordableversialproductIt'seasytodismissasabsurdthefederalgovernment'sideasforpluggingthechronicfundinggapofournationalparks.Cananyonereallythinkit'sagoodideatoallowAmazondeliveriestoyourtentinYosemiteorfoodtruckstolineupundertheredwoodtreesatSequoiaNationalPark?Butthegovernmentisrightaboutonething:U.S.nationalparksareincrisis.Collectively,theyhaveamaintenancebacklogofmorethan$12billion.Roads,trails,restrooms,visitorcentersandotherinfrastructurearecrumbling.Butprivatizingandcommercializingthecampgroundswouldnotbeacure-all.Campgroundsareatinyportionoftheoverallinfrastructurebacklog,andbusinessesintheparkshandover,onaverage,onlyabout5%oftheirrevenuestotheNationalParkService.Moreover,increasedprivatizationwouldcertainlyundercutoneofthemajorreasonswhy300millionvisitorscometotheparkseachyear:toenjoynatureandgetabreakfromthecommercialdrumbeatthatoverwhelmsdailylife.Therealproblemisthattheparkshavebeenchronicallystarvedoffunding.Aneconomicsurveyof700U.S.taxpayersfoundthatpeoplewouldbewillingtopayasignificantamountofmoneytomakesuretheparksandtheirprogramsarekeptintact.Some81%ofrespondentssaidtheywouldbewillingtopayadditionaltaxesforthenext10yearstoavoidanycutstothenationalparks.ThenationalparksprovidegreatvaluetoU.S.residentsbothasplacestoescapeandassymbolsofnature.Ontopofthis,theyproducevaluefromtheirextensiveeducationalprograms,theirpositiveimpactontheclimatethroughcarbonsequestration,theircontributiontoourculturalandartisticlife,andofcoursethroughtourism.TheparksalsohelpkeepAmerica'spastalive,workingwiththousandsoflocaljurisdictionsaroundthecountrytoprotecthistoricalsitesandtobringthestoriesoftheseplacestolife.Theparksdoallthisonashoestring.Congressallocatesonly＄3billionayeartothenationalparksystem-anamountthathasbeenflatsince2001(ininflation-adjusteddollars)withtheexceptionofaonetimeboostin2009.Meanwhile,thenumberofannualvisitorshasincreasedbymorethan50%since1980,andnowstandsat330millionvisitorsperyear.whatproblemareU.S.nationalparksfacedwith?ssprofitsalizationtionservicesinfrastructureIncreasedprivatizationofthecampgroundsmay________.ienceurealpressureostvisitstoparks28.Accordingtoparagraph5mostrespondentsinthesurveywouldAgotothenationalparksonaregularbasisBadvocateabiggerbudgetforthenationalparksCagreetopayextraforthenationalparkstionalparksreceivereformsTheInternetmaybechangingmerelywhatweremember,notourcapacitytodoso,suggestsColumbiaUniversitypsychologyprofessorBetsySparrow.In2011,Sparrowledastudyinwhichparticipantswereaskedtorecord40factoidsinacomputer(“anostrich'seyeisbiggerthanitsbrain,”forexample).Halfoftheparticipantsweretoldtheinformationwouldbeerased,whiletheotherhalfweretolditwouldbesaved.Guesswhat?Thelattergroupmadenoefforttorecalltheinformationwhenquizzedonitlater,becausetheyknewtheycouldfinditontheircomputers.Inthesamestudy,agroupwasaskedtorememberboththeinformationandthefoldersitwasstoredin.Theydidn'tremembertheinformation,buttheyrememberedhowtofindthefolders.Inotherwords,humanmemoryisnotdeterioratingbut“adoptingtonewcommunicationstechnology,”Sparrowsays.Inaverypracticalway,theInternetisbecominganexternalharddriveforourmemories,aprocessknownas“cognitiveoffloading.”Traditionally,thisrolewasfulfilledbydatabanks,libraries,andotherhumans.Yourfathermayneverrememberbirthdaysbecauseyourmotherdoes,forinstance.Someworrythatthisishavingadestructiveeffectonsociety,butSparrowseesanupside.Perhaps,shesuggests,thetrendwillchangeourapproachtolearningfromafocusonindividualfactsandmemorizationtoanemphasisonmoreconceptualthinkingsomethingthatisnotavailableontheInternet.“Ipersonallyhaveneverseenallthatmuchintellectualvalueinmemorizingthings,”Sparrowsays,addingthatwehaven’tlostourabilitytodoit.Stillotherexpertssayit’stoosoontounderstandhowtheInternetaffectsourbrains.Thereisnoexperimentalevidenceshowingthatitinterfereswithourabilitytofocus,forinstance,wrotepsychologistsChristopherChabrisandDaniel.J.Simons.Andsurfingthewebexercisedthebrainmorethanreadingdidamongcomputer-savvyolderadultsina2008studyinvolving24participantsattheSemelInstituteforNeuroscienceandHumanBehaviorattheUniversityofCalifornia,LosAngeles.“TheremaybecostsassociatedwithourincreasedrelianceontheInternet,butI’dhavetoimaginethatoverallthebenefitsaregoingtooutweighthosecosts,”observespsychologyprofessorBenjaminStorm.“Itseemsprettyclearthatmemoryischanging,butisitchangingforthebetter?Atthispoint,wedon'tknow.”31.Sparrow’sstudyshowsthatwiththeInternet,thehumanbrainwilltionindetailicientlyfmemoryyduration32.Theprocessof“cognitiveoffloading”________.fyfalseinformationyfromfailingnablesustoclassifytrivialfactsryburdensWhichofthefollowingwouldSparrowsupportabouttheInternet?rlearningapproachrsocietynegativelyeouradaptabilitytotechnologyerewithourconceptualthinking34.ItisindicatedinParagraph3thathowtheInternetaffectsourbrainsacademicresearchdinolderadultsourreadingspeedwebsurfinghabitsNeitherSparrownorStormwouldagreethat________.ceontheInternetwillbecostlykeningourmemoryiseisamustforourbrainsfocusdeclineswithage36.AccordingtoParagraph,childrengrowingintoadolescencetendtoepersonalitytraitsunreasonablewayriesoftheirpastaffectionfortheirparentsItcanbelearnedfromthatCrone'sstudy________.erssocialresponsibilitiesemotionalproblemsnsightintoadolescenceativeadolescentbehaviorWhatdoescronesstudyfindaboutprosocialbehavior?mthewishtocooperatedthrougheducationfamilyinfluencenadolescence39.Itcanbelearnedfromthelasttwoparagraphsthatteenagers________.uenceonotherssocialrecognitionouttheirfuture[D]Endeavortoliveajoyfullife40.Whatisthetextmainlyabout________.sksensitiveevelopprosocialityDHowteenagersbecomeindependent.rtBDirections:Readthefollowingtextandmatcheachofthenumbereditemsintheleftcolumntoitscorrespondinginformationintherightcolumn.Therearetwoextrachoicesintherightcolumn.MarkyouranswersontheANSWERSHEET.(10points)NetzerorulessettosendcostofnewhomesandextensionssoaringNewbuildingregulationsaimedatimprovingenergyefficiencyaresettoincreasethepriceofnewhomes,aswellasthoseofextensionsandloftconversionsonexistingones.Therules,whichcameintoeffectonWednesdayinEngland,arepartofgovernmentplanstoreducetheUK'scarbonemissionstonetzeroby2050.Theysetnewstandardsforventilation,energyefficiencyandheating,andstatethatnewresidentialbuildingsmusthavechargingpointsforelectricvehicles.Themovesarethemostsignificantchangetobuildingregulationsinyears,andindustryexpertssaytheywillinevitablyleadtohigherpricesatatimewhenashortageofmaterialsandhighlabourcostsarealreadydrivingupbills.BrianBerry,chiefexecutiveoftheFederationofMasterBuilders,saysthemeasureswillrequirenewmaterials,testingmethods,productsandsystemstobeinstalled.“Allthiscomesatanincreasedcostduringatimewhenpricesarealreadyskyhigh.Inevitably,consumerswillhavetopaymore,"hesays.GarethBelsham,ofsurveyorsNaismiths,sayspeoplewhoareupgrading,orextendingtheirhome,willbedirectlyaffected.“Thebiggestchangesrelatetoheatingandinsulation,”heexplains.“Therearenewrulesconcerningtheamountofglazingusedinextensions,andanynewwindowsordoorsmustbehighlyinsulated.”Windowsanddoorswillhavetoadheretohigherstandards,whiletherearenewlimitsontheamountofglazingyoucanhavetoreduceunwantedheatfromthesun.ThomasGoodman,ofMyJobQuote,saysthiswillbringinnewrestrictionsforextensions.“Glazingonwindows,doorsandrooflightsmustcovernomorethan25%ofthefloorareatopreventheatloss,"hesays.AstherulescameintoeffectlastWednesday,propertydeveloperswererushingtofileplansjustbeforethedeadline.Anyplanssubmittedbeforethatdateareconsideredtobeunderthepreviousrules,andcangoaheadaslongasworkstartsbefore15Junenextyear.Builderswhichhavecostedprojects,buthavenotfiledthepaperwork,mayneedtogobackandsubmitfreshestimates,saysMarcusJeffordofMaterialspricesarealreadyup25%inthelasttwoyears.Howmuchoverallpriceswillincreaseasaresultoftherulechangesisnotclear."Whilstadmirableintheirintentions,theywilladdtothecostofhousebuildingatatimewhenmanyalreadyfeelthattheyarepricedoutofhomeownership,"saysJonathanRolandeoftheNationalAssociationofPropertyBuyers.“Anaverageextensionwillprobablyseearound£3,000additionalcostthankstothenewregs."JohnKelly,aconstructionlawyeratFreethslawfirm,believespriceswilleventuallycomedown.Butnotintheimmediatefuture."Asthemarketplaceadaptstothenewrequirements,andthetechnologiesthatsupportthem,thescalingupofthesetechnologieswilleventuallybringcostsdown,butintheshortterm,wewillallhavetopaythepriceofthenecessarytransition.”hesays.However,thelong-termeffectsofthechangeswillbemorecomfortableandenergy-efficienthomes,addsAndrewMellor,ofPRParchitects.“Homeownerswillprobablyrecoupthatcostovertimeinenergybillsavings.Itwillobviouslybeveryvolatileatthemoment,b