《社会语言学》课程教案武汉大学

社会语言学第十讲

社会方言：阶层与职业西方社会分层的两大理论传统

KarlMarxMaxWeber主导观点阶级斗争阶级调和理论模型历史唯物主义生产力与生产关系经济、声誉、权力三位一体的分层模式职业与阶层紧密关联中国美国WilliamLabov生平Professor,DepartmentsofLinguistics,UniversityofPennsylvania,Born:Dec4,1927,Rutherford,NJColumbiaUniversity,M.A.,1963;Ph.D.1964Industrialchemist,UnionInkCo.,Ridgefield,NJ,1949-1960AssistantProfessor,ColumbiaUniversity,1964-1970AssociateProfessor,Professor,UniversityofPennsylvania,1971-Director,LinguisticsLaboratory,UniversityofPennsylvania,1976-WilliamLabov主要著作Thesocialmotivationofasoundchange,1963TheSocialStratificationofEnglishinNewYorkCity.,1966SociolinguisticPatterns,1972LanguageintheInnerCity,1972PrinciplesofLinguisticChange.Volume1:InternalFactors,1994.PrinciplesofLinguisticChange.Volume2:SocialFactors.2001.PrinciplesofLinguisticChange,Volume3:CognitiveandCulturalFactors,2010withU.Weinreich&M.Herzog,Empiricalfoundationsforatheoryoflanguagechange,1968.Casestudy1:Martha’sVineyard(1963)Theislandwaschosenasalaboratoryforaninitialinvestigationofsocialpatternsinlinguisticchange.（1）hastheadvantageofbeingaself-containedunit,separatedfromthemainlandbyagoodthreemilesoftheAtlanticOcean.（2）hasenoughsocialandgeographiccomplexitytoprovideampleroomfordifferentiationoflinguisticbehavior.（3）WearealsofortunateinhavingtherecordsoftheLinguisticAtlasofNewEngland1931-1972(henceforthabbreviatedLANE)asabackgroundfortheinvestigation.ThesocialmotivationofasoundchangeThesocialmotivationofasoundchange（1）词汇调查Alexicalquestionnaire,usingtheregionalmarkersshownasmostsignificantinthemapsoftheLANE,supplementedwithrecentobservations,andconcentratingonthefollowingwordscontaining(ay)and(aw):spider dyingoutSliding swipe flatteningoutwhite outhouseeggpie fryingpan crouchThesocialmotivationofasoundchange（2）诱导提问"Whenwespeakoftherighttolife,libertyandthepursuitofhappiness,whatdoesrightmean?...Isitinwriting?...Ifamanissuccessfulatajobhedoesn'tlike,wouldyoustillsayhewasasuccessfulman?“Thesequestionsweregenerallysuccessfulinelicitingtheinformant'sversionsoftheitalicizedwords.Thesocialmotivationofasoundchange（3）请高中生读课文"AfterthehighwindslastThursday,wewentdowntothemooringtoseehowtheboatwasmakingout....Myfatherstartedtopumpoutthebottom,andhetoldmetofindoutiftheoutboardwouldstart.Ifoundoutallright.Igaveheracoupleofrealhardpullsbutitwasnodice.'Letmetryher,'myfathersaid.'Notonyourlife,'Itoldhim.'I'vegotmypride.'"Thesocialmotivationofasoundchange（4）公共场所录音Inadditiontotheformalinterview,observationsweremadeinagreatmanycasualsituations:onthestreetsofVineyardHavenandEdgartown,indiners,restaurants,bars,stores,docks,andmanyplaceswherethegeneralsoundofpublicconversationcouldbenoted,ifnoteffectivelyrecorded.Thesocialmotivationofasoundchange样本情况69人约占总人口的百分之一，可以作为全岛居民的代表性取样。样品的结构与全岛总人口的结构接近。40areup-islanders,andonly29arefromdownisland,thoughover70percentofthepeoplelivedown-island.职业结构Themostimportantoccupationalgroupsarerepresented:14infishing,8infarming,6inconstruction,19inservicetrades,3professionals,5housewives,14students.民族结构Thethreemainethnicgroupsarerepresented:42ofEnglishdescent,16Portuguese,and9Indian.总数据Asaresultofthese69interviews,wehaveabout3,500instancesof(ay)and1,500instancesof(aw)asthebasicdataforthisstudy.ThesocialmotivationofasoundchangeThesocialmotivationofasoundchange实验语音学概要ThesocialmotivationofasoundchangeTh图e鼓So跑ci模al气M呢ea收ni所ng祖o峡f养Ce暴nt第ra惠li屑za姻ti苹onTh渴e合so旨ci壁al吐m雾ot培iv触at陪io崖n利of曾a霸s您ou筐nd璃c留ha赖ng著eTh垃e押so介ci蛮al折m核ot善iv爬at柔io伟n凝of汇a每s吴ou皂nd迹c愈ha枕ng昏eCa庙se慕st割ud站y厚2:NY挑C稀De嫩pa启rt严me岔nt熄s任to池re遮(充19司66牛)Hi僚gh偷es绘t白ra猾nk柳in谜g:北Sa叔ks略F尽if彩th滋A暗ve济nu舍eat硬5妄0t棍h俱St秩.名an雹d嘉Fi施ft坟h类Av渣e.告,蕉ne裳ar依t尊he召c勇en羞te放r贴of览t贫he只h蝇ig掘h能fa性sh缠io环nsh翁op在pi上ng年d你is催tr旗ic迟t,秃a质lo父ng放w共it张h巨ot筝he告r齿hi椅gh部p迅re袍st究ig正e即st症or擦es途s汪uc份h宅asBo秒nw甘it和T碰el令le肿r,凝H舱en俊ri佛B陶en惜de陆l,婆L充or雪d棍an酷d刃Ta驴yl艘or嫁.Mi蚕dd趣le桐r泳an摊ki炕ng:燥Ma脱cy’s约He忆ra掠ld织S扬qu述ar洁e34蒙th圣S诊t.支a辽nd挽S俗ix席th昂A旋ve游.,许n枯ea魔r拖th必e拜ga唱rm轨en轧t蜜di打st拼ri椅ct哨,al案on慨g沫wi渠th内G鱼im喊be份ls陷a多nd才S这ak庆s-宏34蒸th酸S印t.从,衣ot谋he溉r六mi安dd圆le庭r灾an究gest声or吊es昆i德n沈pr济ic降e肌an鞭d允pr际es美ti更ge范.Lo过we泰st材r屿an勺ki园ng:哈S.亿K雾le阵in泊U擦ni忽on离S投qu孕ar集e14熔th弄S雹t.像a缸nd明B竭ro售ad莫wa割y,胞n裂ot再f睡ar案f渐ro缸m挤th呆e萄Lo剑we驾rEa耽st赶S狭id稳e;核t吃he茧o厉th崖er脊l说ar现ge焦s窗to白re蹦i妻n芝th奖e饥ar个ea资,膀Oh页rb猾ac璃hs辉,阳re捉ce暮nt叙lyra瞒is甩ed著i巡寿ts强p改ri警ce肿a探nd明a控dv挖er肆ti醉si方ng健l棕ev冶el驶a阔nd蹲m完ov易ed哑u离pt案ow袄n.ThesocialstratificationofEnglishinNewYorkCity调查随方法Th灯e丈in跨te气rv销ie曾we卫r常ap悉pr怕oa盆ch延ed辱t析he是i卖nf俯or币ma退nt调i罪n相th侧e流ro绣le敌o看f腿a廉cu肤st蹦om悼er朴a吵sk铃in躬g硬fo爽r泳di减re会ct六io砌ns纤t别o响a耐pa壁rt间ic罢ul轧ar抵d扫ep婶ar摘tm脸en脏t.护T咏he异d码ep地ar锋tm枣en肃t逮wa比s矿on脚e隙wh娃ic需h逢wa筋s追lo就ca翻te肌d炉on阵t吸he盆f特ou完rt纵h谊fl爹oo牧r.Wh墓en敬t昆he语i嘱nt摧er窜vi柴ew名er核a蛇sk封ed驳,“Ex第cu凯se要m司e,清w粒he写re沈a允re例t呀he义w诞om蒸en’s花sh草oe或s?”th帝e般an凭sw减er昼w缺ou券ld续n感or使ma熊ll铸y障be坟,“Fo罚ur债th风f壶lo示or尊.”Th毙e徒in促te历rv宪ie干we毯r厦th哥en允l否ea促ne赶d尺fo捞rw垒ar确d搂an冤d胁sa混id瘦,“Ex走cu宵se痕m牛e?”He邮w京ou绣ld例u域su疯al摸ly占t削he盛n恢ob成ta笔in蓄a锈no伶th愈er哲u置tt料er穴an揉ce浪,“Fo商ur呈th攻f墓lo明or催,”sp虚ok旧en与i筛n协ca制re亩fu敌l醒st范yl暖e岛un浮de扁r航em吉ph鹊at社ic支s读tr帅es县s.Th装e悦in要te都rv烘ie桥we唯r坡wo惭ul镇d珠th顽en胃m初ov涂e小al钥on役g担th浑e迅ai拦sl粥e船of体t揭he肥s悟to尼re汉t亦o哭a桌po宫in肉t雨im叶me泰di麦at踏el月y叙be唇yo龟nd震t验he司i诵nf训or蜻ma辣nt’s膛vi竟ew抢,易an泉d巨ma虹ke筛a疏w丈ri户tt便en森n桐ot娱e猪of眠t科he郑d殖at付a.ThesocialstratificationofEnglishinNewYorkCity调查烧方法Th蠢is蓄m闭et则ho笋d牲of弄i向nt倒er异vi霸ew劣in抱g宗wa桨s全ap知pl首ie渔d欺in集e店ac柿h多ai直sl滥e曲on安t旅he所f咳lo惭or话a曲s陪ma闷ny阀t潜im穷es姿a戒s名po喘ss茅ib烛le细b流ef凑or姥e盛th钓e京sp魔ac末in盾g唉of炊t千he集i移nf垄or子ma姿nt连s圈be吩ca船me齐s粗o虎cl旅os废e两th芽at振i羞t原wa共s美no滥ti吨ce性d席th嫩at之t代he惕s昆am剖e术qu罪es弯ti岂on恐w色as论a浩sk耕ed倍b郑ef啦or虹e.Ea槐ch羡f眼lo撤or摘o既f蔬th补e希st邪or碑e歇wa泽s呆in猫ve摄st住ig役at绿ed渣i恼n牛th降e逃sa吊me旦w虚ay炮.炮On戏t愉he犬f准ou饰rt惰h过fl候oo响r,雨t导he摩f敬or艳m活of站t剃he押q倦ue流st驱io反n纠wa打s畅ne众ce然ss浅ar妇il喘y渴di粥ff居er斑en巧t:“Ex吃cu触se剃m鸦e,辈w等ha悟t坏fl叨oo种r组is真t躁hi是s?”Fo彩ll钻ow蹈in疼g拌th卵is采m躁et死ho翼d,68肝i东nt热er称vi饼ew合s疤we他re胖o津bt贺ai厨ne衰d富in备S魔ak墓s,成1雹25浪i榆n只Ma饶cy’s,骆a牢nd抱7诊1拿in掠K浆le异in射.莫To债ta通l棉in寻te访rv虹ie将wi乏ng孝t榴im趣e杀fo辽r抱th宴e屠26旧4齐su集bj旱ec贡ts夕w吓as雾a准bo饼ut队