非谓语动词运用与比较

GrammarandusageOverview:infinitive,verb-ingandverb-ed(1)什么是非谓语动词？动词的一种形式，不能独立的在句子中做谓语，必须与系动词或者助动词一起充当谓语成分。不定式：to-verb动名词：verb-ing分词：verb-ing/verb-ed非谓语动词1非谓语动词的词性及句法功能a.动词：Torunfast

状语Tosmokeacigarette

宾语Feelinghungry

表语b.非谓语动词的词性及在句子中的作用：词性在句中成分名形副主宾表宾补定状不定式分词动名词√√√√√√√√√√√√√√√√√√√√√XXXX2非谓语动词的各种形式：（以动词do为例）主动被动一般完成进行完成进行一般完成不定式分词TodoTobedoneTohavedoneTohavebeendoneTobedoingTohavebeendoingdoingBeingdoneHavingdoneHavingbeendone3.句法功能的区别：1主语动名词不定式⑴Inmanycountries,shakingone’sheadmeans“no”andnoddingmeans“yes”.⑵Towriteasciencefictionishiswish.It’sdangeroustoplay/playingwithfire.1.两者作主语一般可以通用，意义没有多大差别。2.不定式一般表示特定的，具体的行为，特别是表将来的一次行为；动名词常表示抽象的，一般的行为。Itisnouse_______(argue)withhimaboutthat.arguing3.在含有no,-less，常用动名词短语作主语。Eg.Itisnousedoing….;Itisuselessdoing…Itisnogooddoing…;Itisnohelpdoing…4.定语动名词分词不定式①DoyouknowthemantalkingwithBlackthere?②Thisisoursleepingcar

③Ineedsomepeopletohelpme.④thelaughingboy⑤HaveyoureadthebookwrittenbySmith?=whoistalking…=Acarforsleeping现在分词－表主动、正在进行的动作过去分词—表被动、完成的动作不定式－表尚未实现的将来的行为或表示一般性叙述而无一定的时间性。动名词－表示被修饰词的目的或用途Thelabtobebuiltbeingbuiltbuiltlastyear比较e.g:Thehouse

(build)nowisahospital.（表将来、被动）（表进行、被动）（表完成、被动）beingbuiltTherisingsun---thesunthatisrisingAbrokenglass---aglassthatisbrokenfallingleavesfallenleavesexitingnewsexitedboys3.现在分词和过去分词-ing令人…;-ed表示因什么而怎样adisappointingvoice;adisappointedvoice2.不定式作定语Hethoughtoutaplan_____(punish)Tom.Heisalwaysthelast_____(come)toofficePleasegivemeaknife_____(cut)with.作定语的不定式如是不及物动词，不定式后面须有相应的介词。5。宾语补足语不定式现在分词过去分词使役动词：make,have,let,hear,listento,see,watch,notice,observe,lookat,etc.感觉动词：find,see,watch,notice,hear,feel,etc.①It’scoldoutside,wehadthefireburningallnight.②Mumhadhimwashtheplates.③Isawhimgoupstairs.④Isawhimgoingupstairs（已经上去了，全过程）（此刻的行为）⑤Motherfoundtheboysmokinginthecorner.⑥Theteatheraskedhimtocleantheroom..⑦Ifindhimsittingbythewindow.⑧Wefindthewallpaintedalready.不定式---表主动、将来或完成。使役、感官动词省to。现在分词---表主动、进行。过去分词---表被动、完成。动词不定式to-verb表示未发生的或后发生的动作动名词verb-ing表示经常发生、抽象的动作现在分词verb-ing表示主动、进行的动作过去分词verb-ed表示被动、完成的动作conclusion3.宾语动名词不定式根据习惯搭配和语义区分习惯接动名词作宾语的有：mind,finish,enjoy,avoid,risk,consider,practise,suggest,advise,miss,appreciate,imagine,putoff,keep(on),giveup,insist,beusedto,lookforwardto,stickto,devoteone’slifeto,bebusy,beworth,can’thelp,excuse,escape,admit(承认)，delay,keep,risk,objectto（反对）,payattentionto,etc.习惯于后接动词不定式而不接动名词作宾语的动词有：want,wish,hope,expect,promise,pretend,decide,manage,refuse,learn,agree,plan,offer,long,demand,help,manage,prepare,learn,determine,prefer,intend,etc.2.表语不定式动名词分词Thestoryismoving.Awayofsaying“Iamhungry”ispattingthestomachbeforeameal.Mytaskthisclassistoteachyouhowtograspthegrammar.现在分词作表语表示主语的特征，相当于形容词，因此它前面可用very,quite或表示比较意义的more,most来修饰；动名词作表语说明主语的内容，可以与句中的主语交换位置。由于动名词具有明显的名词特征，故不能用以上表示程度或比较意义的词修饰。不定式则表示某一次具体的行为，类似于作主语。Hishobbyisplayingfootball.Or:Playingfootballishishobby.Thevolleyballmatchwewatchedwasveryexciting.2.动名词作表语时，该句的主语有很大的局限性，主要是job,work,task,duty,wish,happiness,等；现在分词作表语时的主语范围广泛得多。HeTheThescientificnovelToreadanovelatthemomentWhathesaidisinteresting.6。状语不定式分词1.Everydayheclimbedtoahighrocknearhiscavetokeepwatch.2.Twoyearslater,herfatherdisappeared,nevertoreturn.3.I’mverygladtohavethisstampagain.4.Itistoodarkforustoseeanythingintheroom.5.Heisoldenoughtolookafterhimself.目的结果原因程度程度不定式主要作目的，结果和程度状语1.OncefleeingGermany,EinsteinwentfirsttoFrance,thentoBelgium…2.Beingashyman,Einsteindidn’tattendthegreatcelebration.3.Thetrainerappeared,followedbysixlittledog.4.Givenmoretime,Icandoitbetter.5.Weighingalmost100jin,thestonewasmovedbyhimalone.6.Theboystoodup,obligingmetorise,too.时间原因方式，伴随条件让步结果1。分词在句中主要作时间，原因，方式或伴随，条件，让步，结果状语。分词和不定式作结果状语MygrandfatherlivedtoseetheliberationofChina.Tony’sfatherdied,leavinghimalotofmoney.Hewenthome,onlytofindhismoneystolen.（动作行为）（状态）2。不定式强调动作发生的过程或未曾料到的不愉快的结果；分词主要表示动作发生后所引起的结果状态或必然产生的结果。现在分词和过去分词作状语Manypeoplecometothemeparks,lookingforthrillsandentertainment.Oncepublished,hisworkbecamefamousfortheabsenceofrhymeattheendofeachline.主语是分词所表示动作的执行者分词用doing/havingdone，如果是分词所表示动作的承受者，分词用done/havingbeendone。注1：分词作状语时，其逻辑主语须与句子的主语一致，构成主动或被动的关系。注2：表示时间关系的分词短语有时可由连接词while或when引导。注3：有时，”with