大学英语自学教程

大学英语自学教程（上册）WORD文本

Unit1

TextA

Newwords

successfula.成功的adultn.成年人a.成年的；成熟的

disagreevi.有分歧的；不同意statementn.声明；陈述

guaranteen.保证；担保；保修intelligenta.聪明的；明智的

converselyad.相反地similara.相似的；类似的

independenta.独立的；自主的

patlernn.l.型；模式；样式；2.花样；图样

guessern.猜测者cluen.线索；提示conclusionn.结论；推论

communicatevi.通讯;交流；交际vt.传达；传播

communicationn.L通讯，交流；2传达；3通讯联系；交通工具

inexacta.不正确的，不精确的incompletea.不完整的

purposen.1目地，意图；2用途，

regularlyad.整齐地，经常地，定期地

purposefullyad.有目的地；蓄意地

techniquen.l技术；2技巧，手艺

outlinevt.概括；提出要点n.轮廓；大纲，提纲

PhrasesandExpressions

todisagreewith与…有分歧；不一致firstofall首先；第一

todependon依赖；依靠；依而定bewillingto愿意；乐意

beinterestedin对…感兴趣ontheotherhand另一方面

HowtoBeaSuccessfulLanguageLearner?

''Learningalanguageiseasy.Evenachildcandoit!"

Mostadultswhoarelearningasecondlanguage

woulddisagreewiththisstatement.

Forthem,learningalanguageisverydifficulttask.

Theyneedhundredsofhoursofstudyandpractice,

andeventhiswillnotguaranteesuccess

foreveryadultlanguagelearner.

Languagelearningisdifferentfromotherkindsoflearning.

Somepeoplewhoareveryintelligent

andsuccessfulintheirfieldsfinditdifficulttosucceedinlanguagelearning

Conversely,somepeoplewhoaresuccessfullanguagelearners

finditdifficulttosucceedinotherfields.

Languageteachersoftenofferadvicetolanguagelearners:

"Readasmuchasyoucaninthenewlanguage.'1

Practicespeakingthelanguageeveryday."

“Livewithpeoplewhospeakthelanguage."

"Don'ttranslate-trytothinkinthenewlanguage.*'

"Learnasachildwouldleam;playwiththelanguage."

Butwhatdoesasuccessfullanguagelearnerdo?

Languagelearningresearch

showsthatsuccessfullanguagelearnersaresimilarinmanyways.

Firstofall,successfullanguagelearnersareindependentlearners

Theydonotdependonthebookortheteacher;

theydiscovertheirownwaytolearnthelanguage.

Insteadofwaitingfortheteachertoexplain

theytrytofindthepatternsandtherulersforthemselves.

Theyaregoodguessers

wholookforcluesandformtheirownconclusions.

Whentheyguesswrong,theyguessagain.

Theytrytolearnfromtheirmistakes.

Successfullanguagelearningisactivelearning.

Therefore,successfullearnersdonotwaitforachancetousethelanguage;

theylookforsuchachance.

Theyfindpeoplewhospeakthelanguage

andtheyaskthesepeopletocorrectthemwhentheymakeamistake.

Theywilltryanythingtocommunicate.

Theyarenotafraidtorepeatwhattheyhearortosaystrangethings;

theyarewillingtomakemistakesandtryagain.

Whencommunicationisdifficult,

theycanacceptinformationthatisinexactorincomplete.

Itismoreimportantforthem

tolearntothinkinthelanguagethantoknowthemeaningofeveryword.

Finally,successfullanguagelearnersarelearnerswithapurpose.

Theywanttolearnthelanguagebecausetheyareinterestedinthelanguage

andthepeoplewhospeakit.

Itisnecessaryforthemtolearnthelanguage

inordertocommunicatewiththesepeopleandtolearnfromthem.

Theyfinditeasytopracticeusingthelanguageregularly

becausetheywanttolearnwithit.

Whatkindoflanguagelearnerareyou?

Ifyouareasuccessfullanguagelearner,

youhaveprobablybeenlearningindependently,actively,

andpurposefully.

Ontheotherhand,ifyourlanguagelearninghasbeenlessthansuccessful

youmightdowelltotrysomeofthetechniqueoutlinedabove.

TextB

Newwords

instancen.^fj,实例deafa.聋的；听力不佳的

dumba.哑的；无信的Englishmann.英国人

Italiann.意大利人；意大利语waitern.侍者；服务员

beern.啤酒soda-watern.苏打水，汽水

travelern.旅客，旅游者macaronin.通心粉primitivea.原始的

exact精确的；正确的consistvi.组成simplyad.仅；只

parrotn.鹦鹉

PhrasesandExpressions

notonly...butalso不但…而且neither...nor既不…也不

toconsistof由...组成

Language

Whenwewanttotellotherpeoplewhatwethink,

wecandoitnotonlywiththehelpofwords,butalsoinmanyotherways.

Forinstance,wesometimesmoveourheadsupanddown

whenwewanttosay"yes”

andwemoveourheadsfromsidetosidewhenwewanttosay"no."

Peoplewhocanneitherhearnorspeak(thatis,deafanddumbpeople)

talktoeachotherwiththehelpoftheirfingers.

Peoplewhodonotunderstandeachother'slanguagehavetodothesame.

Thefollowingstoryshowshowtheysometimesdoit,

AnEnglishmanwhocouldnotspeakItalianwasoncetravelinginItaly.

Onedayheenteredarestaurantandsatdownatatable.

Whenthewaitercame,theEnglishmanopenedhismouth,puthisfingersinit,

tookthemoutagainandmovedhislips.Inthiswayhemeanttosay.

“Bringmesomethingtoeat.’Thewaitersoonbroughthimacupoftea.

TheEnglishmanshookhisheadandthewaiterunderstood

thathedidn'twanttea,Sohetookitawayandbroughthimsomecoffee.

TheEnglishman,whowasveryhungrybythistimeandnotatallthirsty,

lookedverysad.

Heshookhisheadeachtimethewaiterbroughthimsomethingtodrink.

Thewaiterbroughthimwine,thenbeer,thensoda,waler,

butthatwasn'tfood,ofcourse.

Hewasjustgoingtoleavetherestaurantwhenanothertravelercamein.

Whenthismansawthewaiter,heputhishandsonhisstomach.

Thatwasenough：inafewminutestherewasalargeplateofmacaroni

andmeatonthetablebeforehim.

Asyousee,theprimitivelanguageofsignsisnotalwaysveryclear.

Thelanguageofwordsismuchmoreexact.

Wordsconsistofsounds,

buttherearemanysoundswhichhaveameaningandyetarenotwords.

Forexample,wemaysay“Sh-sh-sh"whenwemean4tkeepsilent.”

Whenbabieslaugh,weknowtheyarehappy,

andwhentheycry,weknowtheyareillorsimplywantsomething.

Itisthesamewithanimals.

Whenadogsays"G-r—r9,oracatsays"F—f—f'weknowtheyareangry.

Butthesesoundsarenotlanguage.

Languageconsistsofwordswhichweputtogetherintosentences.

Butanimalscannotdothis：

adogcansay"G—r-r^whenhemeans'Tamangry”

buthecannotsayfirsfT'andthen"am”andthen“angry.”

Aparrotcantalklikeaman；

itcanrepeatwholesentencesandknowswhattheymean.

Wemaysaythatapairottalks,butcannotsaythatitreallyspeaks,

becauseitcannotformnewsentencesoutofthewordsitknows.

Onlymanhasthepowertodothis.

Unit2

TextA

NewWords

taxn.税(款)vt.对…征税generallyad.一般的，通常，大体上

federala.联邦的typen.类型，种类，品种vt./vi.打字

salarieda.拿薪水的，领工资的

salaryn.工资vt.

earnvt.L挣得，赚得；2.获得，赢得

percentagen.百分比，百分率

varyvi.变化，有不同，呈差异vt.改变，使不同

graduateda.l.(税)累进的；2.分等级的；3.刻度的；4.毕业的

salen.出售，卖；廉价出售

chargevt.l索价，2指控n.l费用；2控告，指控；3负责，主管；

itemn.条；条款，项目

packetn.小包，小盒vt.打包，装行李；包装

cigaretten.香烟，纸烟

figuren.l.数字；2.人物；3.外形，轮廓vt.(out)演算出；想出；理解

additionn.l.加，力口法；2.附加物

revenuen.l.(国家的)税收；2.收入，收益

diversea.1.不同的，相异的；2.多种多样的

confusevt.使混乱，混淆propertyn.l财产，资产，所有物；2性质，物性

excisen.国产税；本国消费税

fundn.l.基金，专款2.储备，贮存vt.供以款项，提供资金

departmentn.部，部门，系municipala.市的，市政的

complainvt./vi.抱怨(of,about)protestvt./vi.抗议，反对

uselessa.1.无用的；2.无价值的；3.无效的

impracticala.不切实际的，不能实行的

program(me)n.1.计划，规划；2.程序3.节目，节目单vt.为…编程序

viewn.l.看法，见解观点2.视野，眼界；3.景色，风景vt.看待，考虑，估量

issuen.l.问题，争论点；2.发行；3.(书刊的)期号vt.发行，颁布，出版

tendvi.(to)易于，往往会；倾向于vt.照管，护理

PhrasesandExpressions

besureof确信…;确定…

tohavea(the)corner(on)垄断(某物)

similarto跟…类似的；与…同样的

inadditionto加之；又；除之外；并且

tendto倾向；有…的趋势;趋于

Taxes,Taxes,andMoreTaxes

Americansoftensaythatthereareonlytwothings

apersoncanbesureofinlife：deathandtaxes.

Americansdonothaveacomeronthe"death^market,

butmanypeoplefeelthattheUnitedStates

leadstheworldwiththeworsttaxes.

Taxesconsistofthemoneywhichpeoplepaytosupporttheirgovernment.

TherearegenerallythreelevelsofgovernmentintheUnitedStates：

federal,state,andcity；therefore,therearethreetypesoftaxes.

Salariedpeoplewhoearnmorethanafewthousanddollars

mustpayacertainpercentageoftheirsalariestothefederalgovernment.

Thepercentagevariesfrompersontoperson.

Itdependsontheirsalaries.

Thefederalgovernmenthasagraduatedincometax,thatis,

thepercentageofthetax

(14to70percent)increasesasaperson'sincomeincreases.

Withthehighcostoftaxes,peoplearenotveryhappyonApril15,

whenthefederaltaxesaredue.

Thesecondtaxisforthestategovernment：

NewYork,CaliforniaNorthDakota,oranyoftheotherforty-sevenstates

Somestateshaveanincometaxsimilartothatofthefederalgovernment.

Ofcourse,thepercentageforthestatetaxislower-

Otherstateshaveasalestax,

whichisapercentagechargedtoanyitem

whichyoubuyinthatstate.

Forexample,

apersonmightwanttobuyapacketofcigarettesfortwenty—fivecents.

Ifthereisasalestaxofeightpercentinthatstate,

thenthecostofthecigarettesistwenty—sevencents.

Thisfigureincludesthesalestax.

Somestatesuseincometaxinadditiontosalestax

toraisetheirrevenues.

Thestatetaxlawsarediverseandconfusing.

Thethirdtaxisforthecity.

Thistaxcomesintwoforms：

propertytax(peoplewhoownahomehavetopaytaxesonit)andexcisetax,

whichischargedoncarsinacity.

Thecitiesusethesefundsforeducation,policeandfiredepartments,

publicworksandmunicipalbuildings.SinceAmericanspaysuchhightaxes,

theyoftenfeelthattheyareworkingonedayeachweekjusttopaytheirtaxes.

Peoplealwayscomplainabouttaxes.

Theyoftenprotestthatthegovernmentusestheirtaxdollars

inthewrongway.

Theysaythatitspendstoomuchonuselessandimpracticalprograms

AlthoughAmericanshavedifferentviewsonmanyissues,

theytendtoagreeononesubject;taxesaretoohigh.

TextB

NewWords

advertisevt.为…做广告；登广告

attractvt.吸引，引起…的注意

designvt./vi.1.设计；2.预定，指定

mailn.邮件，由B递vl.邮寄

constantlyad.经常地；不断地；时常地

productn.产品，产物

persuadevt.1.说服，劝服;2.使相信

leisure1.空闲时间，空暇；2.悠闲，安逸

activity1.活动，活跃；2.行动

classifieda.l.分类的，被归为一类的；2.保密的，机密的

editionn.版，版本

sectionn.l.章节，部分；2.部门，科；3.截面，剖面

announcementn.通告,布告，告示availablea.可利用的,可获得的

amountn.数量，数额，总数vi.合计，共计(to)

displayn./vt.1.陈列，展览；2.显示

entertainmentn.l.(戏院，马戏团等的)娱乐，游艺，技艺表演；2.招待，款待

audiencen.听众，观众,读者limiteda.有限的

attractivea.有吸引力的，引起注意的

characteristica.特有的，典型的；为...特有的(of)n.特性，特征

slogann.标语，口号identifyvt.认出，鉴定；认为…等同于(wilh)

commerciala.商业的，商务的；n.商业广告

departmentn.部，部门，系

responsiblea.1.需负责的，承担责任的(for)

companyn.1.公司；2.同伴，陪伴

particulara.1.特定的，某一的2.特殊的，特别的

estimates估计，估价；评价vt.估计，估价

managementn.1.管理，经营；2.管理部门；3.资方

approvevt.1.赞成，同意；2.批准，核准

involvevt.l.使卷入，使参与(in)；2.牵涉；3.包含，含有

PhrasesandExpressions

forthemostpart在很大程度上，多半

becharacteristicof为...所特有，是...的特征

tocatchtheeye引人注目nomorethan仅仅

toidentify...with把...和…等同起来locarryover继续下去，遗留下来

aswellas除…之外(也)；和overandover(again反复

toputupwith忍受，容忍

beresponsiblefor对…负责任的；对...承担责任的

todecideon决定，选定

beinvolvedin与…有关联，参与，介入

Advertising

Advertisingisonlypartofthetotalsaleseffort,

butitisthepartthatattractsthemostattention.

Thisisnaturalenough

becauseadvertisingisdesignedforjustthatpurpose.

Innewspapers,inmagazines,inthemail,onradioandtelevision,

weconstantlyseeandhear

themessagesforhundredsofdifferentproductsandservices.

Forthemostpart,

theyarethekindsofthingsthatwecanbepersuadedtobuy-foodanddrinks

carsandtelevisionsets,furnitureandclothing,

travelandleisuretimeactivities.

Thesimplestkindofadvertisingistheclassifiedad.

Everydaythenewspaperscarryafewpagesoftheseads；

inthelargeSundayeditionstheremaybeseveralsectionsofthem.

Aclassifiedadisusuallyonlyafewlineslong.

Ilisreallyanoticeorannouncement

thatsomethingisavailable.

Newspapersalsocarryalargeamountofdisplayadvertising.

Mostofitisforstoresorforvariousformsofentertainment.

Newspapersgenerallyreachanaudienceonlyinalimitedarea.

Tobringtheirmessagetoalargeraudience,

manywhowanttoputouttheiradsusenationalmagazines.

Manyofthetechniquesofmodernadvertisingweredeveloped

inmagazineads.

Theuseofbrightcolors,attractivepictures,

andshortmessagesisallcharacteristicofmagazineads.

Themostimportantpurposeistocatchtheeye.

Themessageitselfisusuallyshort,

oftennomorethanasloganwhichthepublicidentifieswiththeproduct.

Thesametechniqueshavebeencarriedoverintotelevisionadvertising.

Voicesandmusichavebeenaddedtocolorandpictures

tocatchtheearaswellastheeye.

Televisionadsareshort-usuallyonly15,30,or60seconds,

buttheyarerepeatedoverandoveragain

sothattheaudienceseesandhearsthemmanytimes.

Commercialtelevisionhasmixedentertainmentandadvertising.

Ifyouwanttheentertainment,youhavetoputupwiththeadvertising一

—andmillionsofpeoplewanttheentertainment.

Themenandwomeninthesalesdepartment

areresponsibleforthecompany'sadvertising.

Theymustdecideontheaudiencetheywanttoreach.

Theymustalsodecideonthebestwaytogettheirmessage

totheirparticularaudience.

Theyalsomakeanestimateofthecosts

beforemanagementapprovestheplan.

Inmostlargecompanies

managementisdirectlyinvolvedinplanningtheadvertising.

Unit3

TextA

Newwords

sailorn.水手,海员unwillinga.不情愿的，不愿意的

equatorn.赤道km（=kilometer）n.公里；千公尺

bulgen.不规则突起；鼓起之处

unusuala.不寻常的，与众不同的

saltya.含盐的，咸的

averages平均数，平均a.l.平均的；2.平常的，普通的v.平均

spoln.l.地点，处所；2.点，斑点vt.

rangen.山脉；幅度，范围vi.（在某范围内）变动变化

peakn.l.山峰；2.顶点

mid一Atlantica.大西洋中部的eastwarda.向东的ad.向东

Vesseln.l.船，舰；2.容器，器皿

crewn.全体船员，全体机务人员

becalmvl.l.（常用被动）（指帆船）因无风而停止前进；2.使平静

gulfn.海湾streamn.小河，溪流，流，涌

currentn.l.（空气，水等的）流，潮流；2.潮流；3,当前的，通行的

affectvt.影响，打动climaten.气候

flowvi.流动n.流

furnishvt.1.供应，提供；2.装备，（用家具）布置

fishingn.捕鱼，钓鱼regionn.地区，区域highwayn.公路；（水陆）交通干线

icebergn.冰山floatvt.（使）漂浮steamshipn.汽船，轮船

airplanen.飞机

PhrasesandExpressions

toseparate...from使从…分离（分开，隔开）

on（the）average根据平均标准；平均而言

topileup累积；（指若干车辆）碰撞在一起

TheAtlanticOcean

TheAtlanticOceanisoneoftheoceans

thatseparatetheoldWorldfromtheNew.

ForcenturiesitkepttheAmericas

frombeingdiscoveredbythepeopleofEurope.

ManywrongideasabouttheAtlantic

madeearlysailorsunwillingtosailfaroutintoit.

Oneideawasthatitreachedoutto"theedgeoftheworld.”

Sailorswereafraidthattheymightsailrightofftheearth.

Anotherideawasthatattheequatortheoceanwouldbeboilinghot.

TheAtlanticOceanisonlyhalfasbigasthePacific,

butitisstillverylarge.

Itismorethan4,000miles(6,000km)widewhereColumbuscrossedit.

Evenatitsnarrowestitisabout2,000miles(3,200km)wide.

ThisnarrowestplaceisbetweenthebulgeofsouthAmericaandthebulgeofAfrica.

TwothingsmaketheAtlanticOceanratherunusual.

Forsolargeanoceanithasveryfewislands.

Also,itistheworld'ssaltiestocean.

ThereissomuchwaterintheAtlantic

thatitishardtoimaginehowmuchthereis.

Butsupposenomorerainfellintoit

andnomorewaterwasbroughttoitbyrivers.

Itwouldtaketheoceanabout4,000yearstodryup.

Ontheaveragethewaterisalittlemorethantwomiles(3.2km)deep,

butinplacesitismuch,deeper.ThedeepestspotisnearPuertoRico.

This"deep"measures30,246feet—almostsixmiles(9.6km).

Oneofthelongestmountainrangesoftheworld

risesfromtheflooroftheAtlantic.

Thismountainrangerunsnorthandsouthdownthemiddleoftheocean.

Thetopsofafewofthemountainsreachupabovetheseaandmakeislands.

TheAzoresarethetopsofpeaksinthemid—Atlanticmountainrange.

SeveralhundredmileseastwardfromFlorida

thereisapartoftheoceancalledtheSargassoSea.

Herethewaterisquiet,forthereislittlewind.

Inthedaysofsailingvessels

thecrewwereafraidtheywouldbebecalmedhere.Sometimestheywere.

Oceancurrentsaresometimescalled"riversinthesea.1'

Oneofthese“rivers''intheAtlanticiscalledtheGulfStream.

Itisacurrentofwarmwater.AnotheristheLabradorCurrent一

coldwatercomingdownfromtheArctic

Oceancurrentsaffecttheclimatesofthelandsnearwhichtheyflow.

TheAtlanticfurnishesmuchfoodforthepeopleonitsshores.

Oneofitsmostfamousfishingregions,theGrandBanks,

isnearNew-tbundland.

TodaytheAtlanticisagreathighway.

Itisnot,however,alwaysasmoothandsafeone.

Stormssweepacrossitandpileupgreatwaves.

IcebergsfloatdownfromtheFarNorthacrossthepathsofships.

Wenowhavesuchfastwaysoftraveling

thatthisbigoceanseemstohavegrownsmaller.

Columbussailedformorethantwomonthstocrossit.

Afastmodemsteamshipcanmakethetripinlessthanfourdays.

AirplanesflyfromNewYorktoLondoninonlyeighthours

andfromSouthAmericatoAfricainfour!

TextB

NewWords

remainvi.1.仍然是，依旧是；2.剩下，余留

observationn.注意，观察；观察物continuallyad.不停地，频频地

gravitationalad.吸引作用的，万有引力的，地心引力的

diametern.直径discn.l.圆盘；2.唱片，磁盘

artistn.艺术家，美术家merelyad.仅仅，只不过

reflectvt.反射，反映vi.思考，考虑(on,upon)

absolutelyad.1.完全地,绝对地2.肯定地

uncomfortablyad.不舒适地，不安地

inhabitantn.居民，住户earthlightn.地球光

moonlightn.月光lunarn.月亮的occasionallyad.偶尔地，间或

sunlightn.日光，太阳光

PhrasesandExpressions

exceptfor除了...外；除去；撇开

tokeep...inmind记住

tolightup使明亮，发亮tospeakof谈起，提到

Themoon

Wefindthatthemoonisabout239,000miles(384,551km)

awayfromtheearth,and,towithinafewthousandmiles,

itsdistancealwaysremainsthesame.

Yetaverylittleobservationshowsthatthemoonisnotstandingstill.

Itsdistancefromtheearthremainsthesame,

butitsdirectioncontinuallychanges.

Wefindthatitistravelinginacircle-orverynearlyacircle一

roundtheearth,goingcompletelyroundonceamonth,or,moreexactly,

onceevery271/3days.

Itisournearestneighbourinspace,andlikeourselves

itiskepttiedtotheearthbytheearth*sgravitationalpull.

Exceptforthesun,themoonlooksthebiggestobjectinthesky.

Actuallyitisoneofthesmallest,

andonlylooksbigbecauseitissoneartous.

Itsdiameterisonly2,160miles(3,389km),

oralittlemorethanaquarterofthediameteroftheearth.

Onceamonth,or,moreexactly,onceevery291/2days,

atthetimewecallMfullmoon,"itswholedisclooksbright.

Atothertimesonlypartofitappearsbright,

andwealwaysfindthatthisisthepartwhichfacestowardsthesun,

whilethepartfacingawayfromthesunitappearsdark.

Artistscouldmaketheirpicturesbetteriftheykeptthisinmind一

onlythosepartsofthemoonwhicharelightedupbythesunarebright.

Thisshowsthatthemoongivesnolightofitsown.

Itmerelyreflectsthelightofthesun,

likeahugemirrorhunginthesky.

Yetthedarkpartofthemoon'ssurfaceisnotabsolutelyblack；

generallyitisjustlightenoughforustobeabletoseeitsoutline,

sothatwespeakofseeing<4theoldmooninthenewmoon'sarms.”

Thelightbywhichweseetheoldmoondoesnotcomefromthesun,

butfromtheearth.

Weknowwellhowthesurfaceoftheseaorofsnow,orevenofawetroad,

mayreflectuncomfortablymuchofthesun'slightontoourfaces.

Inthesamewaythesurfaceofthewholeearth

reflectsenoughofthesun'slightontothefaceofthemoon

forustobeabletoseethepartsofitwhichwouldotherwisebedark.

Iftherewereanyinhabitantsofthemoon,

theywouldseeourearthreflectingthelightofthesun,

againlikeahugemirrorhunginthesky.

Theywouldspeakofearthlightjustaswespeakofmoonlight.

“Theoldmooninthenewmoon'sarms”

isnothingbutthatpartofthemoon'ssurfaceonwhichitisnight,

lightedupbyearthlight.

Inthesameway,thelunarinhabitants

wouldoccasionallyseepartofourearthinfullsunlight,

andtherestlightedonlybymoonlight：

theymightcallthis^theoldearthinthenewearth*sarms/*

Unit4

TextA

NewWords

psychologicala.心理（学）的

focusvt./vi.（on）（使）聚焦（使）集中n.焦点，（注意，兴趣等的）中心

basica.基本的，基础的

principlen.l.原理，原则；2.主义，信念

meaningfulnessn.富有意义

organizationn.l.组织；2.团体，机构

associationn.1.联合，结合，交往2.协会，社团；

visualizationn.想像，设想

meaningfula.富有意义的，意味深长的

rhymen.韵,押韵abilityn.能力,能耐

randoma./ad.胡乱的，任意的，随便的n.无目的或目标

organizevt.组织jumblevt./vi.混杂

chunkn.一大块，一厚块vt.分块，组块

easilyad.容易地categorizen.分类followingn.接着的，下列的

categoryn.l.门类，种类；2.范畴；3.（整个系统或组合中的）部门

needlessa.不需要的，不必要的

refervi.(to)l.提到，涉及2.参考，查阅vt.(...to)l.把…归到…上2.把…归类于

relatevi.(to)有关联vt.l.叙述，讲述；2.使互相关联(…to)

accuratelyad.准确地，精确地memorizevt.熟记，记住

associatevt.把…联系在一起，使结合在一起；交往n.同事，合伙人

improvementn.改进，增进visualizevt.想像，设想

imageryn.写作中直喻或比喻的使用；像或肖像的总称；意象

repetitionn.l.重复，反复;2,背诵

integratedn.成整体的，完全的完整的

imagen.像，形象，映象，图像

mentala.1.智力的，脑力的2.精神的，思想上的

preservevl.1.保护，维持；2.保存，保藏

PhrasesandExpressions

tofocuson集中tomakesense有意义tomakeadifference有影响，起(重要)作用

needlesstosay不用说toreferto提到，涉及；参考,

torelate...to与…有关系

toassociate...with把…联系在一起；与…常在一起，与…为友

ImprovingYourMemory

Psychologicalresearchhas

focusedonanumberofbasicprinciplesthathelpmemory：meaning!ulness,

organization,association,andvisualization.

Itisusefultoknowhowtheseprincipleswork.

Meaningfulnessaffectsmemoryatalllevels.

Informationthatdoesnotmakeanysensetoyou

isdifficulttoremember.

Thereareseveralwaysinwhichwecanmakematerialmoremeaningful.

Manypeople,forinstance,learnarhymetohelpthemremember.

Doyouknowtherhyme'ThirtydayshasSeptember,April,June,andNovember...

Ithelpsmanypeoplerememberwhichmonthsoftheyearhave30days.

Organizationalsomakesadifferenceinourabilitytoremember.

Howusefulwouldalibrarybeifthebookswerekeptinrandomorder?

Materialthatisorganizedisbetterrememberedthanjumbledinformation.

Oneexampleoforganizationischunking.

Chunkingconsistsofgroupingseparatebitsofinformation.

Forexample,thenumber4671363

ismoreeasilyrememberedifitischunkedas467,13,63.

Categorizingisanothermeansoforganization.

Supposeyouareaskedtorememberthefollowinglistofwords：

man,bench,dog,desk,woman,horse,child,cat,chair.

Manypeoplewillgroupthewordsintosimilarcategories

andrememberthemasfollows：man,woman,child;cat,dog,horse

bench,chair,desk.Needlesstosay,

thesecondlistcanberememberedmoreeasilythanthefirstone.

Associationreferstotakingthematerialwewanttoremember

andrelatingittosomethingwerememberaccurately.

Inmemorizinganumber,

youmighttrytoassociateitwithfamiliarnumbersorevents.

Forexample,theheightofMountFujiinJ叩an12,389feet—

mightberememberedusingthefollowingassociations：

12isthenumberofmonthsintheyear.

and389isthenumberofdaysinayear

（365）addedtothenumberofmonthstwice（24）.

Thelastprincipleisvisualization.

Researchhasshownstrikingimprovements

inmanytypesofmemorytasks

whenpeopleareaskedtovisualizetheitemstoberemembered.

Inonestudy,

subjectsinonegroupwereaskedtolearnsomewordsusingimagery,

whilethesecondgroupusedrepetitiontolearnthewords.

Thoseusingimageryremembered80to90percentofthewords

comparedwith30to40percentofthewords

forthosewhomemorizedbyrepetition.

Thusforminganintegratedimage

withalltheinformationplacedinasinglementalpicture

canhelpustopreserveamemory.

TextB

NewWords

short-terma.短期的long-terma.长期的

recallvt.1.回忆，回想；2.召回；3,撤消，收回

contrastn.对比，对照vi.（with）形成对比vt.把…与…对比（with

dialvi.拨（电话号码），打电话（给）

interruptvt.打断，打扰；终止阻碍谢.打断，打扰

unablea.（后接动词不定式）不能的，不会的

psychologism.心理学家humana.人的，人类的

apparatusn.器械，器具，设备ratn.鼠

releasevi./vt.1.释放，解放；2.发布，发行；3.放开，松开

rewardvi./vt.1.酬劳，奖赏；2.报答

intervaln.间隔，间距；幕间（或工问）休息

representvt.l.作为…代表（或代理）；2.表示，象征3.描绘,表现

intermediatea.中间的；中级的advanceda.先进的，高级的

native-speakinga.说本族语的，讲本国话的

recordingn.录制（尤指广播，电视等）节目

speakern.l.说话者，演讲者讲某种语言的人；2.扬声器

paragraphn.（文章的）段落，节aliken.同样的，相像的

withervt./vi.（使）枯萎，凋谢

methodn.方法，办法systemn.l.系统，体系；2.制度，体制

unrelateda.无关的,不相关的proficiencyn.

PhrasesandExpressions

incontrast成对比tolookup在字典、参考书中查找

beunableto不能做某事

toturnon开，接通（水源，电源煤气等）

toturnoff关，关断（水源，电源煤气等）

tobegin首先,开始

Short-termMemory

Therearetwokindsofmemory;short—termandlong—term

Informationinlong—termmemory

canberecalledatalatertimewhenitisneeded.

Theinformationmaybekeptfordaysorweeks.

Sometimesinformationinthelong-termmemoryishardtoremembero

Studentstakingexamsoftenhavethisexperience.

Incontrast,informationinshort-termmemoryiskeptforonlyafewseconds,

usuallybyrepeatingtheinformationoverandover.

Forexample,youlookupanumberinthetelephonebook,andbeforeyoudial,

yourepeatthenumberoverandover.

Ifsomeoneinterruptsyou,youwillprobablyforgetthenumber.

Inlaboratorystudies,

subjectsareunabletorememberthreelettersaftereighteenseconds

iftheyarenotallowedtorepeattheletterstothemselves.

Psychologistsstudymemoryandlearningwithbothanimalandhumansubjects.

Thetwoexperimentshereshowhowshort-termmemoryhasbeenstudied.

Dr.Hunterstudied