文勇的新托福黄金阅读真题

文勇的新托福黄金精选阅读真题［11。版本］

【2012年8月23日】

所有收录的文章都附有精心准备的翻译

俺常常收到同学们的邮件，要我推荐各种各样阅读材料，问我iBT的复习资料中Barron,Longman,Delta等等

哪个更好。我其实很无奈——因为尽管这些机构很大牌，但大牌丝毫都不意味着文章“质量高”（比如你可以想想三鹿

奶粉）——说这些机构的文章质量不高,并不是说文字写得不好.而是说这些文章的句子结构,论述方式,出题思路与

ETS的并不一致（有时候甚至大相径庭）：用这样的材料训练，实在是事倍功半。

于是，我们实在应该去找找由ETS出的iBT文章来做：（我们能够找到的|由ETS编纂的标准iBT文章有）

1.0G之中的13篇文章；（其中3篇为第三版0G之中的文章）；

2.24次（套）TPO之中的3*23=69篇文章（由于TP02的文章和0G的文章重合）；

3.早期报名之时ETS赠送的3篇在线测试题；

4.ETS官方给出的模考软件之中抽出的1篇文章；

于是这个文档在我的一时兴起之下，出现了：

0G拿在手上，可以一个个字的敲成电子版；TPO的所有考试都是在自己的计算机进行，于是可以一边花钱参

加考试，一边截图与录像一再利用截下来的图片，逐个的敲下来：早期的ETS赠送的3篇在线测试题，我也恰好有电

子版本：官方的模考软件稍微用点功夫，就能将文章提取并复制出来。虽然工作有些繁杂，但总算完成了所有文章

的敲打工作。再花了些时间，把这86篇文章都做了答案，附在文章的后面。（由于TPO之中有3篇文章与0G中完

全重复，于是减去3篇，只剩下86篇。）同时我还更正了0G上儿个明显的错误（详见文后附录）当然，我还做出

了方便大家理解文章的参考译文，附在文章的后面。

在这86篇由ETS出的文章没有做完之前，我们实在不应该花忖间在任何其他的题目之上。我有时候甚至会对

着我的弟兄们高呼：“没有把这86篇做3遍，你好意思上考场么？你好意思花钱在任何一本垃圾书上面么？”

另外，如果你正在准备iBT-SAT-GRE的作文部分或者写留学文书，也应该仔细的琢磨一下这些文章：经过ETS

打磨的文章，无一不是精妙绝伦，极具模仿价值。常常有同学拜托我帮她（他）写PS,也说起自己的句子怎么看都

像是小学生写的（尽管用上了GRE里面的单词），于是会随口问我“勇哥，您的写作能力是怎么训练出来的。”我说,

“看呗，看呗：托福文章看多了，写作能力自然就提高了。”

“这ETS的这些文章真的那么好？”每当听到这个问题，我都会装做赵本山的样子来一句“谁用谁知道〜〜”

文勇

欢迎进行未删节的转载I且不必告诉我你转载到哪里去I都是一个战壕里面的弟兄啊...

一开始做这件事情的时候，文档之中有不少的typo,还好获得了弟兄们的支持和理解，这个文档的错误才慢慢

的越变越少。很感激大家对这个文档的关心和帮助，这个文档还是会一直地做下去，为大家提供第一手的托福阅读

复习资料。

既然这些文章都是托福真题，那么它们的出处具体是怎么样的呢？

TPO1来自网上公布的题目，TPO2来自OG,TPO3来自2006年8月12日，

TPO4来自2006年10月8日，TPO5来自2008年3月8日，TPO6来自2007年12月10日

TPO7来自2007年2月24日/2007年12月14日

TPO8来自2008年2月9日/2008年12月21日

TPO9来自2008年5月4日，TPO10来自2008年6月7日，

TPOH来自2006年12月8日（阅读+口语）/2006年12月15日（听力+写作）

TPO12来自2006年12月8日（听力+独立写作）/2006年12月15日（阅读+口语）/2007年12月1日（综合写作）

TPO13来自2006年6月9日/2007年6月30日

以上统计来自于康老师

欢迎同学们发邮件给我指出任何的关于这个文档的意见和建议！XXX@XXX/XXX@XXX

本文槽由刘文勇出于个人兴趣制作，由陈睿|李想|等协助制作,该行为并不代表任何机构；

注意:文章源自ETS,

版权啥的自然都来自ETS,

这一点毫无疑问，

由于教务繁忙，

估计各种错误是少不了的,

如果你发现了错误旦有空的话，

就拜托你发邮件告诉我一下吧）

（xxx@xxx/XXX@XXX）

我都会在文档的附录中标记你的贡献，

若找到五处以上的错误，免费电话答疑;

若找到十处以上直接请吃饭：）

和本资料相关的英语学习资料（托福机经等），美国大学的简介，以及申请美国的信息等，请大家关注:

1.乐闻携尔官方网站

2.人人网公共主页：刘文勇

3.新浪微博：乐闻携尔，刘文勇，陈小睿乐闻携尔。

Introduction

ManystudentshavesentmeE-mailsaskingmetorecommendsomereadingmaterials.OfassortediBT

preparingmaterials,Barron,Longman,Delta,etc,whichwouldbethebest?Asoftenasnot,Ifeelatalo

参考答案：

1.02

ThisisaVocabularyquestion.Thewordbeingtestedisthreatened.Itishighlightedinthepassage.To

threatenmeanstospeakoractasifyouwillcauseharmtosomeoneorsomething.Theobjectofthethreatis

indangerofbeinghurt,sothecorrectanswerischoice2,"endangered."

2.02

ThisisaFactualInformationquestionaskingforspecificinformationthatcanbefoundinparagraph3.The

correctanswerischoice2,reducedwaterabsorption.Theparagraphexplicitlystatesthatthereductionof

vegetationgreatlyreduceswaterabsorption.Choice4,reducedwaterrunoff,explicitlycontradictsthe

paragraph,soitisincorrect.The"spacesinthesoil"arementionedinanothercontext:theparagraphdoes

notsaythattheyincrease,sochoice3isincorrect.Theparagraphdoesnotmentionchoice1.

3-°1

ThisisaVocabularyquestion.Thewordbeingtestedisdelicate.Itishighlightedinthepassage.Thecorrect

answerischoice1,"fragile,Mmeaning“easilybroken."Delicatehasthesamemeaningas“fragile.”

4.01

ThisisaFactualInformationquestionaskingforspecificinformationthatcanbefoundinparagraph5.The

correctanswerischoice1:borderareashavedifficulty"adjustingtostressescreatedbysettlement.MThe

paragraphsaysthat"expandingpopulations,"orsettlement,subjectborderareasto"pressures,"orstress,

thatthelandmaynot"beabletorespondto."Choice2isincorrectbecausetheparagraphdoesnotdiscuss

"fertility"afterdesertification.Choice3isalsoincorrectbecause^irrigation"isnotmentionedhere.The

paragraphmentions"increasingpopulations*,butnotthedifficultyof"attractingpopulations,"sochoice4is

incorrect.

5.04

ThisisaVocabularyquestion.Thewordbeingtestedisprogressively.Itishighlightedinthepassage.The

correctanswerischoice4,"increasingly."Progressivelyasitisusedheremeans"more,"and"more”of

somethingmeansthatitisincreasing.

6.03

ThisisaFactualInformationquestionaskingforspecificinformationthatcanbefoundinparagraph6.The

correctanswerischoice3,"removaloftheoriginalvegetation."Sentence4ofthisparagraphsaysthat"the

raisingofmostcropsnecessitatesthepriorremovalofthenaturalvegetation,"anexplicitstatementof

answerchoice3.Choice1,lackofproperirrigationtechniques,isincorrectbecausetheparagraphmentions

onlyHoverirrigationnasacauseofdesertification.Noirrigation“techniques”arediscussed.Choices2and4,

failuretoplantsuitablecropsanduseofanimalwaste,arenotdiscussed.

7.04

ThisisaVocabularyquestion.Aphraseisbeingtestedhere,andalloftheanswerchoicesarephrases.The

phraseis"devoidof."Itishighlightedinthepassage."Devoidofmeans"without/*sothecorrectansweris

choice4,"lackingin."Ifyoulacksomethingthatmeansyouarewithoutthatthing.

8.04

ThisisaFactualInformationquestionaskingforspecificinformationthatcanbefoundinparagraph9.The

correctanswerischoice4,"bringsaltstothesurface."Theparagraphsaysthatthefinalhumancauseof

desertificationissalinizationresultingfromoverirrigation.Theparagraphgoesontosaythatthe

overirrigationcausesthewatertabletorise,bringingsaltstothesurface.Thereisnomentionoftheprocess

“interfering“withor“limiting“irrigation,orofthe"amountofair"thesoilisrequiredtoabsorb,sochoices

1,2,and3areallincorrect.

9.。3

ThisisaNegativeFactualInformationquestionaskingforspecificinformationthatcanbefoundinthe

passage.Choice3,"insufficientirrigation,"isthecorrectanswer.Choice1,"soilerosion,"isexplicitly

mentionedinparagraph2asoneoftheprimarycausesofdesertification,soitisnotthecorrectanswer.

Choice2,"globalwarning/1ismentionedasacauseofdesertificationinparagraph4,soitisincorrect.Choice

4,“raisingoflivestock/*isdescribedinparagraph7asanothercauseofdesertification,soitisincorrect.The

passageincludesexcessiveirrigationasacauseofdesertification,butnotitsopposite,insufficientirrigation,

sothatisthecorrectanswer.

10.01

ThisisaSentenceSimplificationquestion.Aswithalloftheseitems,asinglesentenceinthepassageis

highlighted:

Theextremeseriousnessofdesertificationresultsfromthevastareasoflandandthe

tremendousnumbersofpeopleaffected,aswellasfromthegreatdifficultyofreversingor

evenslowingtheprocess.

Thecorrectanswerischoice1.Thatchoicecontainsalloftheessentialinformationinthehighlighted

sentenceanddoesnotchangeitsmeaning.Theonlysubstantivedifferencebetweenchoice1andthetested

sentenceistheorderinwhichheinformationispresented.Twoclausesinthehighlightedsentence,HThe

greatdifficultyofreversingtheprocess"and"thenumbersofpeopleaffected,"havesimplybeenreversed;no

meaninghasbeenchanged,andnoinformationhasbeenremoved.Choices2,3,and4areallincorrect

becausetheychangethemeaningofthehighlightedsentence.

11.03

ThisisanInferencequestionaskingforaninferencethatcanbesupportedbythepassage.Thecorrect

answerischoice3;thepassagesuggeSteamengineswillexplodeiftheirsteambuildsupThesameistrueof

people,aschoice3indicates.Theotherchoicesarenotnecessarilytrueofbothpeopleandsteamengines,so

theyareincorrect.

8.02

ThisisaSentenceSimplificationquestion.Aswithalloftheseitems,asinglesentenceinthepassageis

highlighted:

Forexample,peoplewhobelievethataggressionisnecessaryandjustified-asduringwartime-arelikelyto

actaggressively^whereaspeoplewhobelievethataparticularwaroractofaggressionisunjust,orwho

thinkthataggressionisneverjustified,arelesslikelytobehaveaggressively.

Thecorrectanswerischoice2.Itcontainsalloftheessentialinformationinthehighlightedsentence.The

highlightedsentencecomparespeoplewhobelieveparticularactsofaggressionarenecessaryandthosewho

don*t,intermsoftheirrelativelikelihoodtoactaggressivelyundercertainconditions.Thisispreciselywhat

choice2says:"Peoplewhobelievethataggressionisnecessaryandjustifiedaremorelikelytoact

aggressivelythanthosewhobelievedifferently.nItcomparesthebehaviorofonetypeofpersontothatof

anothertypeofperson.Nothingessentialhasbeenleftout,andthemeaninghasnotbeenchanged.Choice1

changesthemeaningofthesentence;itsayscategoricallythat"those(people)whobelievethattheyare

fightinganunjustwardonot(actaggressively)."Thehighlightedsentencemerelysaysthatsuchpeopleare

"lesslikely”toactaggressively,notthattheyneverwill;thischangesthemeaning.Choice3says,"Peoplewho

normallydonotbelievethataggressionisnecessaryandjustifiedmayactaggressivelyduringwartime.nThis

isincorrectbecauseitleavesoutcriticalinformation:itdoesnotmentionpeoplewhodobelieveaggressionis

necessary.Thischoicedoesnotmakethesamecomparisonasthehighlightedsentence.Choice4,“People

whobelievethataggressionisnecessaryandjustifieddonotnecessarilyactaggressivelyduringwartime,"

alsochangesthemeaningofthesentencebyleavingoutessentialinformation.Inthischoice,nomentionis

madeofpeoplewhodonotbelieveaggressionisnecessary.Thischoicedoesnotmakethesamecomparison

asthehighlightedsentence.

9.。3

ThisisaNegativeFactualInformationquestionaskingforspecificinformationthatcanbefoundinparagra

partycouldwinanelectionbyappealingexclusivelytotherichorthepoor.TheWhigs,however,enjoyed

disproportionatestrengthamongthebusinessandcommercialclasses.Whigsappealedtoplanterswhoneeded

credittofinancetheircottonandricetradeintheworldmarket,tofarmerswhowereeagertoselltheirsurpluses,

andtoworkerswhowishedtoimprovethemselves.Democratsattractedfarmersisolatedfromthemarketor

uncomfortablewithit,workersalienatedfromtheemergingindustrialsystem,andrisingentrepreneurswho

wantedtobreakmonopoliesandopentheeconomytonewcomerslikethemselves.TheWhigswerestrongestin

thetowns,cities,andthoseruralareasthatwerefullyintegratedintothemarketeconomy,whereasDemocrats

dominatedareasofsemisubsistencefarmingthatweremoreisolatedandlanguishingeconomically.

Paragraph1:ThedevelopmentofthemodempresidencyintheUnitedStatesbeganwithAndrewJackson

whoswepttopowerin1829attheheadoftheDemocraticPartyandserveduntil1837.Duringhisadministration,

heimmeasurablyenlargedthepowerofthepresidency."ThePresidentisthedirectrepresentativeofthe

Americanpeople/*helecturedtheSenatewhenitopposedhim.nHewaselectedbythepeople,andisresponsible

tothem/*Withthisdeclaration,Jacksonredefinedthecharacterofthepresidentialofficeanditsrelationshipto

thepeople.

1.Theword“immeasurably”inthepassageisclosestinmeaningto

□frequently

ogreatly

orapidly

oreportedly

2.Accordingtoparagraph1,thepresidencyofAndrewJacksonwasespeciallysignificantforwhichofthe

followingreasons

oThePresidentgrantedaportionofhispowertotheSenate.

oThePresidentbegantoaddresstheSenateonaregularbasis.

oltwasthebeginningofthemodernpresidencyintheUnitedStates.

oltwasthefirsttimethattheSenatehadbeenknowntoopposethePresident.

Paragraph2:DuringJackson*ssecondterm,hisopponentshadgraduallycometogethertoformtheWhig

party.WhigsandDemocratshelddifferentattitudestowardthechangesbroughtaboutbythemarket,banks,and

commerce.TheDemocratstendedtoviewsocietyasacontinuingconflictbetween"thepeople,—farmers,

planters,andworkers—andasetofgreedyaristocrats.This"papermoneyaristocracy"ofbankersandinvestors

manipulatedthebankingsystemfortheirownprofit,Democratsclaimed,andsappedthenation'svirtueby

encouragingspeculationandthedesireforsudden,unearnedwealth.TheDemocratswantedtherewardsofthe

marketwithoutsacrificingthefeaturesofasimpleagrarianrepublic.Theywantedthewealththatthemarket

offeredwithoutthecompetitive,changingsociety;thecomplexdealing;thedominanceofurbancenters;andthe

lossofindependencethatcamewithit.

3.Theauthormentionsbankersandinvestorsinthepassageasanexampleofwhichofthefollowing?

oTheDemocraticParty'smainsourceofsupport

oThepeoplethatDemocratsclaimedwereunfairlybecomingrich

oThepeoplemostinterestedinareturntoasimpleagrarianrepublic

oOneofthegroupsinfavorofAndrewJackson*spresidency

Paragraph3:Whigs,ontheotherhand,weremorecomfortablewiththemarket.Forthem,commerceand

economicdevelopmentwereagentsofcivilization.NordidtheWhigsenvisionanyconflictinsocietybetween

farmersandworkersontheonehandandbusineofthesentencesbelowbestexpressestheessentialinformation

inthehighlightedsentenceinthepassage?Incorrectchoiceschangethemeaninginimportantwaysorleaveout

essentialinformation.

oWhigswereabletoattractsupportonlyinthewealthiestpartsoftheeconomybecauseDemocrats

dominatedinotherareas.

oWhigandDemocraticareasofinfluencewerenaturallysplitbetweenurbanandruralareas,respectively.

oThesemisubsistencefarmingareasdominatedbyDemocratsbecameincreasinglyisolatedbytheWhigs*

controlofthemarketeconomy.

oTheDemocrats*powerwasgreatestinpoorerareaswhiletheWhigswerestrongestinthoseareaswhere

themarketwasalreadyfullyoperating.

Paragraph2:DuringJackson*ssecondterm,hisopponentshadgraduallycometogethertoformtheWhig

party..WhigsandDemocratshelddifferentattitudestowardthechangesbroughtaboutbythemarket,banks,

andcommerce.■TheDemocratstendedtoviewsocietyasacontinuingconflictbetween"thepeople^—farmers,

planters,andworkers—andasetofgreedyaristocrats.HThis"papermoneyaristocracy11ofbankersandinvestors

manipulatedthebankingsystemfortheirownprofit,Democratsclaimed,andsappedthenation'svirtueby

encouragingspeculationandthedesireforsudden,unearnedwealth.|TheDemocratswantedtherewardsofthe

marketwithoutsacrificingthefeaturesofasimpleagrarianrepublic.Theywantedthewealththatthemarket

offeredwithoutthecompetitive,changingsociety;thecomplexdealing;thedominanceofurbancenters;andthe

lossofindependencethatcamewithit.

12.LookatthefoursquaresIIthatindicatewherethefollowingsentencecanbeaddedtothepassage.

ThisnewpartyarguedagainstthepoliciesofJacksonandhispartyinanumberofimportant

areas,beginningwiththeeconomy.

Wherewouldthesentencebestfit?

13.Directions:Anintroductorysentenceforabriefsummaryofthepassageisprovidedbelow.Complete

thesummarybyselectingtheTHREEanswerchoicesthatexpressthemostimportantideasinthepassage.Some

answerchoicesdonotbelonginthesummarybecausetheyexpressideasthatarenotpresentedinthepassageor

areminorideasinthepassage.Thisquestionisworth2points.

ThepoliticalsystemoftheUnitedStatesinthemid-nineteenthcenturywasstronglyinfluencedbythesocial

andeconomiccircumstancesofthetime.

AnswerChoices

oTheDemocraticandWhigPartiesdevelopedinresponsetotheneedsofcompetingeconomicandpolitical

constituencies.

oDuringAndrewJackson'stwotermsasPresident,heservedasleaderofboththeDemocraticandWhig

Parties.

oTheDemocraticPartyprimarilyrepresentedtheintereThecontractionoffacialmusclesbothinfluencesthe

internalemotionalstateandreflectsit.Ekmanhasfoundthattheso-calledDuchennesmile,whichis

characterizedby"crow'sfeet"wrinklesaroundtheeyesandasubtledropintheeyecoverfoldsothattheskin

abovetheeyemovesdownslightlytowardtheeyeball,canleadtopleasantfeelings.

Ekman'sobservationmayberelevanttotheBritishexpression“keepastiffupperlip“asarecommendation

forhandlingstress.Itmightbethata“stiff'lipsuppressesemotionalresponse—aslongasthelipisnotquivering

withfearortension.Butwhentheemotionthatleadstostiffeningthelipismoreintense,andinvolvesstrong

muscletension,facialfeedbackmayheightenemotionalresponse.

Paragraph1：Joyandsadnessareexperiencedbypeopleinallculturesaroundtheworld,buthowcanwetell

whenotherpeoplearehappyordespondent?Itturnsoutthattheexpressionofmanyemotionsmaybeuniversal.

Smilingisapparentlyauniversalsignoffriendlinessandapproval.Baringtheteethinahostileway,asnotedby

CharlesDarwininthenineteenthcentury,maybeauniversalsignofanger.Astheoriginatorofthetheoryof

evolution,Darwinbelievedthattheuniversalrecognitionoffacialexpressionswouldhavesurvivalvalue.For

example,facialexpressionscouldsignaltheapproachofenemies(orfriends)intheabsenceoflanguage.

1.Theword“despondent"inthepassageisclosestinmeaningto

ocurious

ounhappy

othoug

Underdifferentclimaticconditions,anothertypeofdestructiveforcecontributestoerosion.

Wherewouldthesentencebestfit?

12.Directions:Threeoftheanswerchoicesbelowareusedinthepassagetoillustrateconstructive

processesandtwoareusedtoillustratedestructiveprocesses.Completethetablebymatchingappropriate

answerchoicestotheprocessestheyareusedtoillustrate.Thisquestionisworth3points.

CONSTRUCTIVEPROCESSESDESTRUCTIVEPROCESSSES

••

••

•

AnswerChoices

oCollisionofEarth*scrustalplates

oSeparationofcontinents

oWind-drivensand

oFormationofgrassrootsinsoil

oEarthquakes

oVolcanicactivity

□Weatherprocesses

参考答案：

1.o4

ThisisaFactualInformationquestionaskingforspecificinformationthatcanbefoundinparagraph1.The

correctanswerischoice4.Sentence1oftheparagraphexplicitlystatesthatEarth'slandscapechanges

relativelyrapidlycomparedtoEarth'soverallage.Choice1,onthefrequencyoflandscapechanges,is

contradictedbytheparagraph.Choice2,thatlandscapechangesoccuronlyatspecialtimes,isalso

contradictedbytheparagraph.Choice3,thefrequencyoflandscapechanges,isnotmentioned.

2.o2

ThisisaVocabularyquestion.Thewordbeingtestedisrelatively,anditishighlighted

inthepassage.Thecorrectanswerischoice2.ThesentenceinwhichrelativelyappearsiscomparingEarth*s

timescaletothehumantimescale,so"comparatively"isthecorrectanswer.

302

ThisisanInferencequestionaskingforaninferencethatcanbesupportedbyparagraph2.Thecorrect

answerchoice2,theHimalayasarchigherthantheCaledonianmountains.Theparagraphstatesthat

youngermountainsaregeneral&higherthanoldermountains.ItalsostatesthattheHimalayasaremuch

youngerthantheCaledonians.SincetheHimalayasaretheyoungerrangeandLoungermountainrangesare

higher-thanolderranges,wecaninferthattheyoungerHimalayasarehigherthantheolderCaledonians.

Choices1and4areincorrectbecausethatexplicitlycontradictthepassage.TheheightoftheHimalayasisan

indicationoftheirage,andtheHimalayasareaboutthesameheightthattheCaledonianswere400million

yearsago.Choice3isincorrectbecausenothingthereisnothingintheparagraphabout"uniformheight/*

4・。3

ThisisaVocabularyquestion.Thewordbeingtestedisrelics,anditishighlightedinthepassage.Choice3is

thecorrectanswer.Thei.eiic.softheCaledonianrangearewhatisleftofthem."Remains,'meanswhatisleft

ofsomething,soitisthecorrectanswer.

5.。3

ThisisaFactualInformationquestionaskingforspecificinformationthatcanbefoundinparagraph3.The

correctanswerischoice3,mountainsareformedbycrustalplateshittingeachother.Theparagraphstates

thatmountainsareformedinthreeways:by,crustalplateshittingeachother,byearthquakes,andby

volcanoes.Choices1,2,and4arenotamongthesecausesofmountainformation,sotheyaretherefore

incorrect.

6.o1

ThisisaRhetoricalPurposequestion.Itaskswhytheauthormentions"carbondioxide11inthepassage.This

termishighlightedinthepassage.Thecorrectanswerischoice1;carbondioxideismentionedtoexplainthe

originofachemicalthatcaneroderocks.Theauthorisdescribingaparticularcauseoferosion,andthe

startingpointofthatprocessiscarbondioxide.

7.o2

ThisisaVocabularyquestion.Thewordbeingtestedisseeps,anditishighlightedinthepassage.Choice2,

"Rowsslowly,"isthecorrectanswer.Thesentenceisdescribingthewayinwhichrainmovesunderground

fromEarth*ssurface.Itcannotdothisby"drying"(choice1),"freezing1*(choice3),orHwarming"(choice4).

8.o2

ThisisaReferencequestion.Thewordbeingtestedisthem,anditishighlightedinthepassage.Choice2,

"massesofice"isthecorrectanswer.Thisisasimplepronoun-referentitem.Thewordtlzenzreferstothe

glaciersthatarecarryingerodedrock.Noticethatinthiscase,awholeseriesofwordsseparatesthepronoun

fromitsreferent.

9.o2

ThisisaSentenceSimplificationquestion.Aswithalloftheseitems,asinglesentenceinthepassageis

highlighted:

Hillsandmountainsareoftenregardedastheepitomeofpermanence:succeseeshumansasnaturally

imitative—astakingpleasureinimitatingpersons,things,andactionsandinseeingsuchimitations.Another,

advancedinthetwentiethcentury,suggeseeshumansasnaturallyimitative—astakingpleasureinimitating

persons,things,andactionsandinseeingsuchimitations.Another,advancedinthetwentiethcentury,sugge

oAsociety'sritesweremorelikelytoberetainedintheoraltraditionifitsmyword“feasible"inthepassage

isclosestinmeaningto

oinexistence

owithoutquestion

oachievable

omostlikely

3.Theword“enhance”inthepassageisclosestinmeaningto

©protect

oimprove

oorganize

omatch

Paragraph3：Inorderforthestructuretoachievethesizeandstrengthnecessarytomeetitspurpose,

architectureemploysmethodsofsupportthat,becausetheyarebasedonphysicallaws,havechangedlittlesince

peoplefirstdiscoveredthem—evenwhilebuildingmaterialshavechangeddramatically.Theworld'sarchitectural

structureshavealsobeendevisedinrelationtotheobjectivelimitationsofmaterials.Structurescanbeanalyzed

intermsofhowtheydealwithdownwardforcescreatedbygravity.Theyaredesignedtowimillionlitersofwater

aday,haveproducedalandscapedominatedbygeometricpatternsofcirculargreenislandsofcrops.Ogallala

waterhasenabledtheHighPlainsregiontosupplysignificantamountsofthecotton,sorghum,wheat,andcom

grownintheUnitedStates.Inaddition,40percentofAmericangrain-fedbeefcattlearefattenedhere.

Thisunprecedenteddevelopmentofafinitegroundwaterresourcewithanalmostnegligiblenaturalrecharge

rate—thatis,virtuallynonaturalwatersourcetoreplenishthewatersupply—hascausedwatertablesinthe

regiontofalldrastically.Inthe1930s,wellsencounteredplentifulwateratademillionlitersofwateraday,have

producedalandscapedominatedbygeometricpatternsofcirculargreenislandsofcrops.Ogallalawaterhas

enabledtheHighPlainsregiontosupplysignificantamountsofthecotton,sorghu