英语考研-历年真题之翻译篇

历年真题-翻译

2000年试题

Governmentsthroughouttheworldactontheassumptionthatthewelfareoftheirpeople

dependslargelyontheeconomicstrengthandwealthofthecommunity.(71)Undermodern

conditions,thisrequiresvaryingmeasures0fcentralizedcontrolandhencethehelpofspecialized

scientistssuchaseconomistsandoperationalresearchexperts.(72)Furthermore,汁isobvious

thatthestrengthofacountryseconomyisdirectlyboundupwiththeefficiencyofitsagriculture

andindustry,andthatthisinturnrestsupontheeffortsofscientistsandtechnologistsofall

kinds.Italsomeansthatgovernmentsareincreasinglycompelledtointerfereinthesesectorsin

ordertostepupproductionandensurethatitisutilizedtothebestadvantage.Forexample,they

mayencourageresearchinvariousways,includingthesettingupoftheirownresearch

centers;theymayalterthestructureofeducation,orinterfereinordertoreducethewastageof

naturalresourcesortapresourceshithertounexploited;ortheymaycooperatedirectlyinthe

growingnumberofinternationalprojectsrelatedtoscience,economicsanyindustry,Inanycase,

allsuchinterventionsareheavilydependentonscientificadviceandalsoscientificand

technologicalmanpowerofallkinds.

(73)Owingtotheremarkabledevelopmentinmasscommunications,peopleeverywhereare

feelingnawwantsandarebeingexposedt。newcustomsandideas,whilegovernmentsareoften

forcedroducestillfurtherinnovationsforIhereasonsgivenabove.Atthesametime,the

normalrateofsocialchangethroughouttheworldistakingplaceatavastlyacceleratedspeed

comparedwiththepast.Forexample,(74)inthenarlyirindustrializedcountriesofEuropethe

processofindustrialization-withallthefarreachinqchangesinsocialpatternsthatfollowed-was

spreadovarnearlyacentury,whereasnowadaysadevelopingnationmayundergothesameprocess

inadecadeorso.Allthishastheeffectofbuildingupunusualpressuresandtensionswithinthe

communityandconsequentlypresentsseriousproblemsforthegovernmentsconcerned.(75)

Additionalsocialstressesmayalsooccurbecauseofthepopulationexplosionorproblemsarising

frommassmigrationmovements-themszlvesmaderelativelyeasynowadaysbymodernmeansof

transport.Asaresultofallthesefactors,governmentsarebecomingincreasinglydependenton

biologistsandsocialscientistsforplanningtheappropriateprogramsandputtingthemintoeffect.

(71)Undermodernconditions,thisrequiresvaryingmeasuresofcentralizedcontrolandhence

thehelpofspecializedscientistssuchaseconomistsandoperationalresearchexperts.

(72)Furthermore,itisobviousthatthestrengthofacountryseconomyisdirectlyboundup

withtheefficiencyofitsagricultureandindustry,andthatthisinturnrestsupontheeffortsof

scientistsandtechnologistsofallkinds.

(73)Owingtotheremarkabledevelopmentinmasscommunications,peopleeverywhereare

feelingnewwantsandarebeingexposedtonewcustomsandideas,whilegovernmentsareoften

forcedtointroducestillfurtherinnovationsforthereasonsgivenabove.

(74)IntheearlyinindustrializedcountriesofEuropetheprocessofindustrialization-withall

thefarreachingchangesinsocialpatternsthatfollowed—wasspreadovernearlyacentury,

whereasnowadaysadevelopingnationmayundergothesameprocessinadecadeorso.

(75)Additionalsocialstressesmayalsooccurbecauseofthepopulationexplosionorproblems

arisingfrommassmigrationmovements-themselvesmaderelativelyeasynowadaysbymodern

meansoftransport.

2001年试题

Inlessthan30yearstimetheStarTrekholodeckwillbeareality.Directlinksbetweenthe

brainsnervoussystemandacomputerwillalsocreatefullsensoryvirtualenvironments,allowing

virtualvacationslikethoseinthefilmTotalRecall.

(71)Thcrewillbetelevisionchatshowshostedbyrobots,andcarswithpollutionmonitorsthat

willdisablethemwhentheyoffend.(72)Childrenwillplaywithdollsequiepedwithpersonality

puterswithin-builtpersonalitieswillberegardedasworkmatesratherthantools,

relaxationwillbeinfrontofsmell-television,anddigitalagewillhavearrived.

AccordingtoBTsfuturologist,IanPearson,theseareamongthedevelopmentsscheduledfor

thefirstfewdecadesofthenewmillennium(aperiodoflOOOyears),whensupercomputerswill

dramaticallyaccelerateprogressinallareasoflife.

(73)Pearsonhaspiecedtogethertheworkofhundredsofresearcherssroundtheworldt。

produceauniquemillenniumtechnologycalendarthatgivesthelatestdateswhenwecanexpect

hundredsorkeybreakthroughsanddiscoveriestotakeplace.Someofthebiggestdevelopments

willbeinmedicine,includinganextendedlifeexpectancyanddozensofartificialorganscominginto

usebetweennowand2040.

Pearsonalsopredictsabreakthroughincomputer-humanlinksJBylinkingdirectlytoour

nervoussystem,computerscouldpickupwhatwefeeland,hopefully,simulatefeelingtoosothat

wecanstarttodevelopfullsensoryenvironments,ratherliketheholidaysinTotalRecallorthe

StarTrekholodeck,°hesays.(74)Butthat,Peacsonpointsout,isonlythestartofman-machine

integration："工twillbethebeginningofthelongprocessofintegrationthatwillultimately怙adtoa

fullyelectronichumanbeforetheendofthenextcentury.”

Throughhisresearch,Pearsonisabletoputdatestomostofthebreakthroughsthatcanbe

predicted.However,therearestillnoforecastsforwhenfaster-that-lighttravelwillbeavailable,

orwhenhumancloningwillbeperfected,orwhentimetravelwillbepossible.Buthedoesexpect

socialproblemsasaresultoftechnologicaladvances.Aboominneighborhoodsurveillancecameras

will,forexample,causeproblemsin2010,whilethearrivalofsyntheticlifelikerobotswillmean

peoplemaynotbeabletodistinguishbetweentheirhumanfriendsandthedroids.(75)Andhome

applianceswillalsobecomesosmartthatcontrollingandoperatingthemwillresultinthebreakout

ofanewpsychologicaldisorder-kitchenrage.

(71)Therewillbetelevisionchatshowshostedbyrobots,andcarswithpollutionmon汁orsthat

willdisablethemwhentheyoffend.

(72)Childrenwillplaywithdollsequippedwithpersonalityputerswithin-built

personalitieswillberegardedasworkmatesratherthantools,relaxationwillbeinfrontof

smell-talevision,anddigitalagewillhavearrived.

(73)Pearsonhaspiecedtogethertheworkofhundredsofresearchersaroundtheworldto

produceauniquemillenniumtechnologycalendarthatgivesthelatestdateswhenwecanexpect

hundredsorkeybreakthroughsanddiscoveriest。takeplace.

(74)Butthat,Pearsonpointsout,is0nlythestontofman-machineintegration："工twillbnthe

beginningofthelongprocessofintegrationthatwillultimatelyleadtoafullyelectronichuman

beforetheendofthenextcentury."

(75)Andhomeapplianceswillalsobecomesosmartthotconirollinqandoperatingthemwill

resultinthebreakoutofanewpsychologicaldisorder-kitchenrage.

2002年试题

Almostallourmajorproblemsinvolvehumanbehavior,andtheycannotbesolvedbyphysicaland

biologicaltechnologyalone.Whatisneededisatechnologyofbehavior,butwehavebeenslowto

developthesciencefromwhichsuchatechnologymightbedrawn.61)Onedifficultyisthatalmost

allofwhatiscalledbehavioralsciencecontinuesIotracebehaviortostatesofmind,feelings,

traitsofcharacter,humannature,andsoon.Physicsandbiologyoncefollowedsimilarpracticesand

advancedonlywhentheydiscardedthem.62)Thebehavioralscienceshavebeanslowtochange

partlybecausetheexplanatoryitemsoftenseemt。bedirectlyobservedandpartlybecause0ther

kindsofexplanationshavebeenhardtofind.Theenvironmentisobviouslyimportant,butitsrole

hasremainedobscure.ltdoesnotpushorpull,itselects,andthisfunctionisdifficulttodiscover

andanalyze.63)Theroleofnaturalselectioninevolutionwasformulatedonlyoli/t怙morethana

hundredyearsago,andtheselectiveroleoftheenvironmentinshapingandmaintainingthe

behavioroftheindividualis0nlybeginningtobarecognizedandstudied.Astheinteractionbetween

organismandenvironmenthascometobeunderstood,however,effectsonceassignedtostatesof

mind,feelings,andtraitsarebeginningtobetracedtoaccessibleconditions,andatechnologyof

behaviormaythereforebecomeavailable.ltwillnotsolveourproblems,however,untilitreplaces

traditionalpre__scientificviews,andthesearestronglyentrenched.Freedomanddignityillustrate

thedifficulty.64)Theyarethepossessionsoftheautonomous(selfqoverning)macoftraditional

theory,andtheyareessentialt。practicesinwhichapersonisheldresponsibleforhisconductand

givencraditforhisachievements.Ascientificanalysisshiftsboththeresponsibilityandthe

achievementtotheenvironment.ltalsoraisesquestionsconcerninguvaluesH.Whowillusea

technologyandtowhatcnds?65)Untiltheseissuesareresolved,atechnologyofbehaviorwill

continuet。berejected,andwithitpossiblytheonlywaytosolveourproblems.

61)Onadifficultyisthatalmostallofwhatiscalledbehavioralsciencecontinuest。trace

behaviortostatesofmind,feelings,traitsofcharacter,humannature,andsoon.

62)Thebehavioralscienceshavebeenslowt。changepartlybecausetheexplanatoryitems

oftenseemt。bedirectlyobservedandpartlybecause0therkindsofexplanationshavebeenhard

t。find.

63)Theroleofnaturalselectioninevolutionwasformulated0nlyalittlemorethanahundred

yearsago,andtheselectiveroleoftheenvironmentinshapingandmaintainingthebehaviorofthe

individualisonlybeginningt。berecognizedandstudied.

64)Theyarethepossessionsoftheautonomous(selfgoverning)manoftorditionaltheory,

andtheyareessentialt。practicesinwhichapersonisheldresponsibleforhisconductandgiven

creditforhisachievements.

65)Untiltheseissuesareresolved,atechnologyofbehaviorwillcontinuetoberejected,and

with计possiblytheonlywaytosolveourproblems.

2003年试题

Humanbeingsinalltimesandplacesthinkabouttheirworldandwonderattheirplacein

it.Humansarethoughtfulandcreative,possessedofinsatiablecurios汁y.(61)Furthermore,humans

havetheabilityt。modifytheenvironmentinwhichtheylive,thussubjectingallotherlifeformsto

theirownpeculiarideasandfancies.Therefore,itisimportanttostudyhumansinalltheirrichness

anddiversityinacalmandsystematicmanner,withthehopethattheknowledgeresultingfrom

suchstudiescanleadhumanstoamoreharmoniouswayoflivingwiththemselvesandwithallother

lifeformsonthisplanetEarth.

MAnthropologyMderivesfromtheGreenwordsanthropos''human//andlogosMthestudyof”.Byits

veryname,anthropologyencompassesthestudyofallhumankind.

Anthropologyisoneofthesocialsciences.(62)Socialscienceisthatbranchofintallestual

enquirywhichseekstostudyhumansandtheirendeavorsinthesamereasoned,orderly,

systematic，anddispassionedmannerthatnaturalscientistsuseforthestudyofnatural

phenomena.

Socialsciencedisciplinesincludegeography,economics,politicalscience,psychology,and

sociology.Eachofthesesoicalscienceshasasubfieldorspecializationwhichliesparticularlyclose

toanthropology.

Allthesocialsciencesfocusuponthestudyofhumanity.Anthropologyisafieldstudyoriented

disciplinewhichmakesextensiveuseofthecomparativemethodinanalysis.(63)Theemphasison

datagatheredfirsthand,combinedwithacrossculturalperspectivebroughttotheanalysisof

culturespastandpresent,makesthisstudyauniqueenddistinctlyimportantsocialscience.

Anthropologicalanalysesrestheavilyupontheconceptofculture.SirEdwardTylors

formulationoftheconceptofculturewasoneofthegreatintellectualachievementsofl9th

centuryscience.(64)Tylordefinedcultureas”…thatcomplexwholewhichincludesbelief,art,

morals,lawrcustom^andanyothercapabilitiesandhabitsacquiredbymanasamemberof

society".Thisinsight,soprofoundinitssimplicity,openedupanentirelynewwayofperceivingand

understandinghumanlife.ImplicitwithinTylorsdefinitionistheconceptthatcultureislearned,

shared,andpatternedbehrvior.(65)Thus,theanthropologicalconceptof,culture”,liketheconcept

of"sct"inmathematics,isanabstractconceptwhichmakespossibleimmenseamountsofconcrete

researchandunderstanding.

(61)Furthermore,humanshavetheabilitytomodifytheenvironmentinwhichtheylive,thus

subjectingallotherlifeformstotheirownpeculiarideasandfancies.

(62)Socialscienceisthatbranchofintellectualenquirywhichseekstostudyhumansandtheir

endeavorsinthesamereasoned,orderly,systematic,anddispassionedmannerthatnatural

scientistsuseforthestudyofnaturalphenomena.

(63)Theemphasisondatagatheredfirst-hand,combinedwithacross-culturalperspectivebrought

totheanalysisofculturespastandpresent,makesthisstudyauniqueanddistinctlyimportant

socialscience.

(64)Tylordefinedcultureas''...thatcomplexwholewhichincludesbelief,art,morals,law,custom,

andanyothercapabilitiesandhabitsacquiredbymanasamemberofsociety."

(65)Thus,theanthropologicalconceptof''culture/'liketheconceptof"set"inmathematics,isan

abstractconceptwhichmakespossibleimmenseamountsofconcreteresearchandunderstanding.

2004年试题

Therelationoflanguageandmindhasinterestedphilosophersformanycenturies.(61)The

Greeksassumedthatthestructureoflanguagehadsomeconnectionwiththeprocessofthought

whichtookrootinEuropelongbeforepeoplerealizedhowdiverselanguagecouldbe.

Onlyrecentlydidlinguistsbegintheseriousstudyoflanguagesthatwereverydifferentrom

theirown.Twoanthropologists-linguists,FranzBoasandEdwardSapir,werepioneersindescribing

manynativelanguagesofNorthandSouthAmericaduringthefirsthalfofthetwentiethcentury.

(62)Weareobligedt。thembecausesomeoftheselanguageshavesincevanished,asthe

peoplewhospokethemdiedoutorbecameassimilatedandlost[heirnativelanguages.Other

linguistsintheearlierpartofthiscentury,however,whowerelesseagertodealwithbizarre(古

怪的)datafromMexotic(夕卜来的)“language,werenotalwayssograteful.(63)Thenewlydesenibad

languageswereoftensostrikinglydifferentfromthewellstudiedlanguagesofEuropeand

SoutheastAsiathatsomescholarsevenaccusedBoasandSapiroffabricatingtheirdata.Native

Americanlanguagesareindeeddifferent,somuchsoinfactthatNavajocouldbeusedbytheUS

militaryasacodeduringWorldWarIItosandsecretmessages.

Sapirspupil,BenjaminLeeWhorf,continuedthestudyofAmericanIndianlanguages.(64)

Beinginterestedintherelationshipofthelanguageandthought,Whorfdevelopedtheideathat

thestructureofthelanguagedeterminesthestructureofhabitualthoughtinasociety.He

reasonedthatbecauseitiseasiertoformulatecertainconceptsandnotothersinagivenlanguage,

thespeakersofthatlanguagethinkalongonetrackandnotalonganother.(65)Whorfcameto

baliaveinasortoflinguisticdeterminismwhich,initsstrongestfrom,statesthatlanguage

imprisonsthemind,andthatthegrammaticalpatternsinalanguagecanproducefarreachinq

consequencesforthecultureofasociety.Latcr,thisideabecametobeknownastheSapirWhorf

hypothesis,butthistermissomewhatinappropriate.AlthoughbothSapirandWhorfemphasized

thediversityoflanguages,Sapirhimselfneverexplicitlysupportedthenotionoflinguistic

determinism.

(61)TheGreeksassumedthatthestructureoflanguagehadsomeconnectionwiththeprocess

ofthought,whichtookrootinEuropelongbeforepeoplerealizedhowdiverselanguagescouldbe.

(62)Weareobligedtothembecausesomeoftheselanguageshavesincevanished,asthepeoples

whospokethemdiedoutorbecameassimilatedandlosttheirnativelanguages.

(63)Thenewlydescribedlanguageswereoftensostrikinglydifferentfromthewellstudied

languagesofEuropeandSoutheastAsiathatsomescholarsevenaccusedBoasandSapirof

fabricatingtheirdata.

(64)Beinginterestedintherelationshipoflanguageandthought,Whorfdevelopedtheideathat

thestructureoflanguagedeterminesthestructureofhabitualthoughtmasociety.

(65)Whorfcametobelieveinasortoflinguisticdeterminismwhich,initsstrongestform,states

thatlanguageimprisonsthemind,andthatthegrammaticalpatternsinalanguagecanproduce

far-reachingconsequencesforthecultureofasociety.

2005年试题

Thestudyoflawhasbeenrecognizedforcenturiesasabasicintellectualdisciplinein

Europeanuniversities.However,onlyinrecentyearshasitbecomeafeatureofundergraduate

programsinCanadianuniversities.(46)Traditionally,legallearninghasbeenviewedinsuch

institutionsasthespecialpreserveoflawyers,ratherthananecessarypartoftheintellectual

equipmentofaneducatedperson.Happily,theolderandmorecontinentalviewoflegaleducationis

establishingitselfinanumberofCanadianuniversitiesandsomehaveevenbeguntooffer

undergraduatedegreesinlaw.

Ifthestudyoflawisbeginningtoestablishitselfaspartandparcelofageneraleducation,its

aimsandmethodsshouldappealdirectlytojournalismeducators.Lawisadisciplinewhich

encouragesresponsiblejudgment.Ontheonehand,itprovidesopportunitiestoanalyzesuchideas

asjustice,democracyandfreedom.(47)Ontheother,itlinkstheseconceptstoeverydayrealities

inamannerwhichisparallelt。thalinksjournalistsforge0nadailybasisastheycoverand

comment0nthenews.Forexample,notionsofevidenceandfact,ofbasicrightsandpublicinterest

areatworkintheprocessofjournalisticjudgmentandproductionjustasincourtsoflaw.

Sharpeningjudgmentbyabsorbingandreflectingonlawisadesirablecomponentofajournalists

intellectualpreparationforhisorhercareer.

(48)Buttheideathatthejournalistmustunders十andthelawmoreprofoundlythanan0rdMary

citizenrestsonanunderstandingoftheestablishedconventionsandspecialresponsibilitiesofthe

newsmedia.Politicsor,morebroadly,thefunctioningofthestate,isamajorsubjectfor

journalists.Thebetterinformedtheyareaboutthewaythestateworks,thebettertheir

reportingwillbe.(49)Infact,itisdifficultt。seehowjournalistswhod。nothaveacleargraspof

thebasicfeaturesoftheCanadianConstitutioncandoacompetentjobonpolticalstories.

Furthermore,thelegalsystemandtheeventswhichoccurwithinitareprimarysubjectsfor

journalists.Whilethequalityoflegaljournalismvariesgreatly,thereisanunduerelianceamongst

manyjournalistsoninterpretationssuppliedtothembylawyers.(50)Whilecommentandreaction

fromlawyersmayenhancestories,itispreferableforjournaliststorelyontheirownnotionsof

significanceandmaketheirownjudgments.Thesecanonlycomefromawell-grounded

understandingofthelegalsystem.

(56)Traditionally,legallearninghasbeenviewedinsuchinstitutionsasthespecialpreserveof

lawyers,ratherthananecessarypartoftheintellectualequipmentofaneducatedperson.

(57)Ontheother,itlinkstheseconceptstoeverydayrealitiesinamannerwhichisparalleltothe

linksjournalistsforgeonadailybasisastheycoverandcommentonthenews.

(58)Buttheideathatthejournalistmustunderstandthelawmoreprofoundlythananordinary

citizenrestsonanunderstandingoftheestablishedconventionsandspecialresponsibilitiesofthe

newsmedia.

(59)Infact,itisdifficulttoseehowjournalistswhodonothaveacleargraspofthebasic

featuresoftheCanadianConstitutioncandoacompetentjobonpoliticalstories.

(60)Whilecommentandreactionfromlawyersmayenhancestories,itispreferableforjournalists

torelyontheirownnotionsofsignificanceandmaketheirownjudgments.

2006年试题

IsittruethattheAmericanintellectualisrejectedandconsideredofnoaccountinhissociety?

Iamgoingtosuggestthatitisnottrue.FatherBruckbergentoldpartofthestorywhenhe

observedthatitistheintellectualswhohaverejectedAmerica.Buttheyhavedonethat.They

havegrowndissatisfiedwiththeroleofintellectual.Itisthey,notAmerica,whohavebecome

anti-intellectual.

First,theobjectofourstudypleadsfordefinition.Whatisanintellectual?(46)工shalldefine

himasanindividualwhohaselectedashisprimarydutyandpleasureinlifetheactivityofthinking

inSocratic(苏格拉底)wayaboutmoralproblems.Heexploressuchproblemconsciously,articulately,

andfrankly,firstbyaskingfactualquestions,thenbyaskingmoralquestions,finallybysuggesting

actionwhichseemsappropriateinthelightofthefactualandmoralinformationwhichhehas

obtained.(47)Hisfunctionisanalogoustothatofajudge,whomustaccepttheobligationof

revealinginasobviousamatteraspossiblethecourseofreasoningwhichledhimt。hisdecision.

Thisdefinitionexcludesmanyindividualsusuallyreferredtoasintellectuals-theaverage

scientistforone.(48)工havrexcludedhimbecause,whilehisaccomplishmentsmaycoctribu佗to

thesolutionofmoralproblems,hehasnotbeenchargedwiththetaskofapproachinganybutthe

factualaspectsofthoseprobl2ms.Likeotherhumanbeings,heencountersmoralissuesevenin

everydayperformanceofhisroutineduties-heisnotsupposedtocookhisexperiments,

manufactureevidence,ordoctorhisreports.(49)Buthisprimarytaskisnott。thinkaboutthe

moralcode,whichgovernshisactivity,anymorethanabusinassmanisexpectedtodedicatehis

energiest。anexplorationofrulesofconductinbusiness.Duringmostofhiswalkinglifehewill

takehiscodeforgranted,asthebusinessmantakeshisethics.

Thedefinitionalsoexcludesthemajorityofteachers,despitethefactthatteachinghas

traditionallybeenthemethodwherebymanyintellectualsearntheirliving.(50)Theymayteach

verywell,andmorethanearntheirsalaries,butmostofthemmakelittleorn。independent

reflectionsonhumanproblemswhichinvolvemoraljudgment.Thisdescriptionevenfitsthe

majorityeminentscholars.Beinglearnedinsomebranchofhumanknowledgeisonething;livingin

''publicandindustriousthoughts,“asEmersonwouldsay,issomethingelse.

(46)Ishalldefinehimasanindividualwhohaselectedashisprimarydutyandpleasureinlife

theactivityofthinkinginSocratic(苏格拉底)wayaboutmoralproblems.

(47)Hisfunctionisanalogoustothatofajudge,whomustaccepttheobligationofrevealinginas

obviousamanneraspossiblethecourseofreasoningwhichledhimtohisdecision.

(48)Ihaveexcludedhimbecause,whilehisaccomplishmentsmaycontributetothesolutionof

moralproblems,hehasnotbeenchargedwiththetaskofapproachinganybutthefactualaspects

ofthoseproblems.

(49)Buthisprimarytaskisnottothinkaboutthemoralcode,whichgovernshisactivity,anymore

thanabusinessmanisexpectedtodedicatehisenergiestoanexplorationofrulesofconductin

business.

(50)Theymayteachverywellandmorethanearntheirsalaries,butmostofthemmakelittleorno

independentreflectionsonhumanproblemswhichinvolvemoraljudgment.

2007年试题

Itisnoteasytotalkabouttheroleofthemassmediainthisoverwhelminglysignificantphase

inEuropeanhistory.Historyandnewsbecomeconfused,andonesimpressionstendtobeamixture

ofskepticismandoptimism.(46)Televisionisoneofthnmeansbywhichthesefeelingsarecreated

andconveyed-andperhapsneverbeforehasitservedasmuchtoconnectdifferentpeoplesand

nationsasistherecenteventsinEurope.TheEuropethatisnowformingcannotbeanythingother

thanitspeoples,theirculturesandnationalidentities.Withthisinmindwecanbegintoanalyzethe

Europeantelevisionscene.(47)InEurope,aselsewheremulti-mediagroupshavebeenincreasingly

successfulgroupswhichbringtogethertelevision,radionewspapers,magazinesandpublishing

housesthatworkinrelationtooneanother.OneItalianexamplewouldbetheBerlusconigroup

whileabroadMaxwellandMurdochcometomind.

Clearly,onlythebiggestandmostflexibletelevisioncompaniesaregoingtobeabletocompete

completeinsucharichandhotly-contestedmarket.(48)Thisalonademonstratesthatthe

televisionbusinessisnotaneasyworldtosurviveinafactunderlinedbystatisticsthatshowthat

outofeightyEuropeantelevisionnetworksn。lessIhan50%tookalossin1989.