建筑工程专业英语04Brick-Masonry

Unit4

BrickMasonryPartⅠIllustratedWordsandConceptsFigure4-1BasicVocabularyofBricklaying第一页，共25页。第一页，共25页。Unit4

BrickMasonryPartⅠIllustratedWordsandConceptsFigure4-2TheProcedureforBuildingBrickWallsTheprocedureforbuildingbrickwalls.Thisexampleisasinglewytheofrunningbond.（A）Theconstructionofabrickwallbeginswiththelayingofleads.Theleadsestablishthewallplanesandcourseheights（B）Thebricksbetweentheleadsarelaidtoaline,aheavystringstretchedtautbetweenlineblocksateachlead（C）Whentheentirewallislaidtothelevelofthetopoftheleads,asecondsetofleadsislaid,andtheentireprocessisrepeatedasmanytimesasnecessary第二页，共25页。第二页，共25页。Unit4

BrickMasonryPartⅠIllustratedWordsandConcepts

Figure4-3AReinforcedBrickLoadbearing

Wall

Areinforcedbrickloadbearingwallisbuiltbyinstallingsteelreinforcingbarsinathickenedcollarjoint,thenfillingthejointwithPortlandcementgrout.Thecleanoutholesshownhereareusedinthehighliftmethodofgrouting.第三页，共25页。第三页，共25页。Unit4

BrickMasonryPartⅡ

Passages

PassageABrickMasonryMasonryisthematerialofearth,takenfromtheearthandcomfortablyathomeinfoundations,pavings,andwallsthatgrowdirectlyfromtheearth.Withmoderntechniquesofreinforcing,however,masonrycanrisemanystoriesfromtheearth,andintheformofarchesandvaults,masonrycantakewingandflyacrossspace.第四页，共25页。第四页，共25页。Unit4

BrickMasonryPartⅡ

Passages

PassageAThemostancientofourbuildingtechniques,masonryremainslaborintensive,requiringthepatientskillsofexperiencedandmeticulous

artisanstoachieveasatisfactoryresult.Ithaskeptpacewiththetimesandremainshighlycompetitivetechnicallyandeconomicallywithothersystemsofstructureandenclosure,themoresobecauseonemasoncanproduceinoneoperationacompletelyfinished,insulated,loadbearingwall,readyforuse.第五页，共25页。第五页，共25页。Unit4

BrickMasonryPartⅡ

Passages

PassageAMasonryisdurable.Thedesignercanselectmasonrymaterialsthatarescarcelyaffectedbywater,air,orfire,oneswithbrilliantcolorsthatwillnotfade,onesthatwillstanduptoheavywearandabuse,andmakefromthemabuildingthatwilllastforgenerations.第六页，共25页。第六页，共25页。Unit4

BrickMasonryPartⅡ

Passages

PassageAAmongthemasonrymaterials,brickisspecialintworespects:fireresistanceandsize.Asaproductoffire,itisthemostresistanttobuildingfiresofanymasonryunit.Itssizemayaccountformuchofthelovethatmanypeopleinstinctivelyfeelforbrick:atraditionalbrickisshapedanddimensionedtofitthehumanhand.Handsizedbricksarelesslikelytocrackduringdryingorfiringthanlargerbricks,andtheyareeasyforthemasontomanipulate.Thissmallunitsizemakesbrickworkveryflexibleinadaptingtosmall-scalegeometriesandpatternsandgivesapleasingscaleandtexturetoabrickwallorfloor.第七页，共25页。第七页，共25页。Unit4

BrickMasonryPartⅡ

Passages

PassageA

LayingBricksFigure41showsthebasicvocabularyofbricklaying.Bricksarelaidinthevariouspositionsforvisualreasons,structuralreasons,orboth.Thesimplestbrickwallisasinglewytheofstretchers.Forwallstwoormorewythesthick,headersareusedtobondthewythestogetherintoastructuralunit.Rowlockcoursesareoftenusedforcapsongardenwallsandforslopingsillsunderwindows,althoughsuchcapsandsillsarenotdurableinsevereclimates.Architectsfrequentlyemploysoldiercoursesforvisualemphasisinsuchlocationsaswindowlintelsortopsofwalls.第八页，共25页。第八页，共25页。Unit4

BrickMasonryPartⅡ

Passages

PassageA

Theproblemofbondingmultiplewythesofbrickhasbeensolvedinmanywaysindifferentregionsoftheworld,oftenresultinginsurfacepatternsthatareparticularlypleasingtotheeye.Wecanseesomestructuralbondsforbrickwork,amongwhichcommonbond,Flemishbond,andEnglishbondarethemostpopular.Ontheexteriorofbuildingsthecavitywall,withitssingleoutsidewythe,offersthedesignerlittleexcusetouseanythingbutrunningbond.第九页，共25页。第九页，共25页。Unit4

BrickMasonryPartⅡ

Passages

PassageA

Insideabuilding,safelyoutoftheweather,onemayusesolidbrickwallsinanydesiredbond.Forfireplacesandotherverysmallbrickconstructions,however,itisoftendifficulttocreatealongenoughstretchofunbrokenwalltojustifytheuseofbondedbrickwork.第十页，共25页。第十页，共25页。Unit4

BrickMasonryPartⅡ

Passages

PassageATheprocessofbricklayingissummarizedasfollows:thefirstcourseofbricksforaleadisbeddedinmortar,followingalinemarkedonthefoundation.Aseachleadisbuilthigher,themasonusesaspiritleveltomakesurethateachcourseislevel,straight,plumb,andinthesameplaneastherestofthelead.Amason’sruleorastorypoleisalsousedtochecktheheightsofthecourses.Aleadisthenfinished.Amasonlaysbricktoalinestretchedbetweentwoleads.Whenlayingtoaline,thereisnoneedtousealevelorrule.第十一页，共25页。第十一页，共25页。Unit4

BrickMasonryPartⅡ

Passages

PassageAThelayingofleadsisrelativelylaborintensive.Amason’sruleorastorypolethatismarkedwiththecourseheightsisusedtoestablishaccuratecourseheightsintheleads.Theworkischeckedfrequentlywithaspiritleveltoassurethatsurfacesareflatandplumbandcoursesarelevel.Whentheleadshavebeencompleted,amason’sline(aheavystring)isstretchedbetweentheleads,usingLshapedlineblocksateachendtolocatetheendofthelinepreciselyatthetopofeachcourseofbricks.第十二页，共25页。第十二页，共25页。Unit4

BrickMasonryPartⅡ

Passages

PassageAThelayingoftheinfillbricksbetweentheleadsismuchfasterandeasierbecausethemasonneedsonlyatrowelinonehandandabrickintheothertolaytothelineandcreateaperfectwall.Itfollowsthatleadsareexpensiveascomparedtothewallsurfacesbetween,sothatwhereeconomyisimportantthedesignershouldseektominimizethenumberofcornersinabrickstructure.第十三页，共25页。第十三页，共25页。Unit4

BrickMasonryPartⅡ

Passages

PassageB

WallTypesWallsconstructedofbrick,stone,concretemasonry,orcombinationsofmasonryunitscanbeusedtosupportroofandfloorstructuresofwoodlightframing,heavytimberframing,steel,sitecastconcrete,precastconcrete,ormasonryvaulting.Becausethesemasonrywalls(usuallycalled,simply,bearingwalls)dodoubledutybyservingalsoasexteriorwallsandinteriorpartitions,theyareoftenaveryeconomicalsystemofconstructionascomparedtosystemsthatcarrytheirstructuralloadsoncolumnsofwood,steel,orconcrete.第十四页，共25页。第十四页，共25页。Unit4

BrickMasonryPartⅡ

Passages

PassageBWhenusedasexteriorwallsofbuildings,masonrywallsmustbedesignednotonlytosupportstructuralloads,butalsotoresistwaterpenetrationandthetransferofheatbetweenindoorsandoutdoors.第十五页，共25页。第十五页，共25页。Unit4

BrickMasonryPartⅡ

Passages

PassageB

Amasonryloadbearingwallmaybeclassifiedinthreedifferentways,accordingtohowitisconstructed:Itmaybeeitherreinforcedorunreinforced.Itmaybeconstructedentirelyofonetypeofmasonryunit,oritmaybeacompositewall,madeoftwoormoretypesofunits.Itmaybeeitherasolidmasonrywalloramasonrycavitywall.第十六页，共25页。第十六页，共25页。Unit4

BrickMasonryPartⅡ

Passages

PassageBReinforcedMasonryWallsItmaybeeitherasolidmasonrywalloramasonrycavitywall.ReinforcedMasonryWallsLoadbearingmasonrywallsmaybebuiltwithorwithoutreinforcing.Unreinforcedwallscannotcarrysuchhighstressesasreinforcedwallsandareunsuitableforuseinregionswithhighseismicrisk,butsuchwallshavebeenusedintheUnitedStatestosupportbuildingsastallas16stories.第十七页，共25页。第十七页，共25页。Unit4

BrickMasonryPartⅡ

Passages

PassageBInamultistorybuildingofmasonryloadbearingwallconstruction,thetopfloorwallssupportonlytheloadoftheroof.Thewallsonthefloorbelowsupporttheloadsoftheroof,thetopfloor,andthetopfloorwalls.Eachsucceedingstory,countingdownwardfromtoptobottom,supportsagreaterloadthantheoneabove,andanunreinforcedmasonrybearingwallmustthereforegrowprogressivelythickerfromtoptobottom.第十八页，共25页。第十八页，共25页。Unit4

BrickMasonryPartⅡ

Passages

PassageBWithsteelreinforcing,thisthickeningcanbereducedoreliminatedentirely,withsubstantialsavingsinlaborandmaterials,andmuchtallerbuildingsmaybeconstructed.Thenumber,locations,andsizesofthesteelreinforcingbarsaredeterminedbythestructuralengineerforeachbuilding.第十九页，共25页。第十九页，共25页。Unit4

BrickMasonryPartⅡ

Passages

PassageBTheengineeringdesignofmasonryloadbearingwallsisgovernedbycodes,astandardestablishedjointlybytheAmericanConcreteInstituteandtheAmericanSocietyofCivilEngineers.Thisdocumentestablishesqualitystandardsformasonryunits,reinforcingmaterials,metaltiesandaccessories,grout,andmasonryconstruction.Italsosetsforththeproceduresbywhichthestrengthsandstiffnessesofmasonrystructuralelementsarecalculated.第二十页，共25页。第二十页，共25页。Unit4

BrickMasonryPartⅡ

Passages

PassageBReinforcedBrickMasonryReinforcedbrickmasonry(RBM)isanalogoustoreinforcedconcreteconstruction.Thesamedeformedsteelreinforcingbarsusedinconcreteareplacedinthickenedcollarjointstostrengthenabrickwallorlintel.Areinforcedbrickwalliscreatedbyconstructingtwowythesofbrick2to4inches(50100mm)apart,placingthereinforcingsteelinthecavity,andfillingthecavitywithgrout.第二十一页，共25页。第二十一页，共25页。Unit4

BrickMasonryPartⅡ

Passages

PassageBGroutisamixtureofPortlandcement,aggregate,andwater.ASTMC476specifiestheproportionsandqualitiesofgroutforuseinfillingmasonryloadbearingwalls.Itisimportantthatgroutbefluidenoughthatitwillflowreadilyintothenarrowcavityandfillitcompletely.Theexcesswaterinthegroutthatisrequiredtoachievethisfluidityisquicklyabsorbedbythebricksanddoesnotdetractfromtheeventualstrengthofthegroutasitwouldfromconcretepouredintoformworks.

第二十二页，共25页。第二十二页，共25页。Unit4

BrickMasonryPartⅡ

Passages

PassageBPosttensionedMasonryWallsPosttensioningisincreasinglyusedinmasonrybuildingsinsteadofordinaryverticalreinforcingbars.Posttensioningutilizesspecialhighstrengthsteelreinforcingelementsthattaketheformofeitherthreadedrodsorflexibletendons.Theseareanchoredintothefoundationandrunverticallythrou