美国文学复习资料汇总

Unit3RalphWaldoEmerson拉尔夫-华尔多-爱默生作品1《论自然》Nature2《论美国学者》TheAmericanScholar3《神学院致辞》TheDivinitySchoolAddress4《论文集》Essays:FirstSeries5《论文集：第二辑》Essays:SecondSeries6《人类代表》RepresentativeMen7《人生的行为》TheConductofLife8《英国特征》EnglishTraits9《诗集》Poems10《五月节》 May-DayandotherPiecesUnit4NathanielHawthorne纳撒尼尔-霍桑作品1《范肖》Fanshawe2《故事重述》Twice-ToldTales3《古宅青苔》MossesfromanOldManse4《红字》TheScarletLetter主人公：白兰（HesterPrynne）齐里沃斯（Chillingworth）狄姆斯台尔（Dimmesdale）5《带有七个尖角阁的房子》TheHouseoftheSevenGables6《福谷传奇》TheBlithedaleRomance7《玉石雕像》TheMarbleFaunUnit5HermanMelville赫尔曼-梅尔维尔作品1《泰比》Typee2《欧穆》Omoo3《玛地》Mardi4《雷德本》Redburn5《白外衣》WhiteJacket6《白鲸》MobyDick主人公：以实玛利（Ishmael）埃哈伯（Ahab）白鲸（MobyDick）7《骗子的化妆表演》TheConfidenceMan8《战士集》BattlePieces9《克拉瑞尔》Clarel10《约翰-玛尔和其他水手》JohnMarrandOtherSailors11《梯摩里昂》Timoleon12《毕利-伯德》BillyBuddUnit7一、EdgarAllanPoe埃德加-爱伦-坡1/19作品1《安娜贝尔-李》AnnabelLee2《乌鸦》TheRaven3《十四行诗—致科学》Sonnet---ToScience4《致海伦》ToHelen二、WaltWhitman沃尔特-惠特曼1《草叶集》LeavesofGrass2《我歌唱自我》One’sSelfSing3《噢，船长！我的船长！》OCaptain!MyCaptain!Unit8 MarkTwain马克-吐温原名：萨缪尔-朗荷恩-克莱门SamuelLanghorneClemens作品1《卡拉维拉县驰名的跳蛙》 TheCelebratedJumpingFrogofCalaverasCounty2《傻瓜出国记》 TheInnocentsAbroad3《镀金时代》TheGildedAge4《汤姆-索耶历险记》TheAdventuresofTomSawyer5《密西西比河上》 LifeontheMississippi6《哈克贝里-费恩历险记》TheAdventuresofHuckleberryFinn《亚瑟王朝廷上的康涅狄格州美国佬》AConnecticutYankeeinKingArthur’sCourt8《傻瓜威尔逊》TheTragedyofPudd’nheadWilson9《败坏了哈德莱堡的人》TheManThatCorruptedHadleyburgUnit9HenryJames亨利-詹姆斯1《热衷游历的人》APassionatePilgrim2《罗德里克-赫德森》RoderickHudson3《亨利-詹姆斯小说、故事集》TheNovelsandTalesofHenryJames4《一个美国人》TheAmerican5《黛西-密勒》DaisyMiller6《一个女士的画像》ThePortraitofaLady7《波士顿人》TheBostonians8《卡萨玛西玛公主》ThePrincessofCasamassima9《波音敦的珍藏品》TheSpoilsofPoynton10《螺丝在拧紧》TheTurnoftheScrew11《未成熟的少年时代》TheAwkwardAge12《鸽翼》TheWingsoftheDove13《专使》TheAmbassadors14《金碗》TheGoldenBowl15《小说的艺术》TheArtofFictionUnit10StephenCrane作品2/191《街头女郎麦姬》 Maggie:AGirloftheStreets2《红色英雄勋章》 TheRedBadgeofCourage3《海上扁舟》TheOpenBoat4《新娘来到黄天镇》TheBrideComestoYellowSky5《蓝色旅店》TheBlueHotelUnit14 F.ScottFitzgerald弗-斯科特-菲茨杰拉德作品1《人间天堂》ThisSideofParadise《漂亮的冤家》《姑娘们与哲学家》TheBeautifulandtheDamned4《爵士乐时代的故事》TalesoftheJazzAge5《了不起的盖茨比》TheGreatGatsby主人公：盖茨比(JayGatzby)黛西(Daisy)汤姆(Tom)故事叙述人：NickCarraway6《夜色温柔》TenderistheNight7《崩溃》TheCrack-UpUnit15WilliamFaulkner威廉-福克纳作品1《大理石牧神》 TheMarbleFaun2《士兵的报酬》 Soldier ’sPay3《蚊群》Mosquitoes4《喧嚣与骚动》 TheSoundandtheFury5《我弥留之际》 AsILayDying6《八月之光》LightinAugust7《押沙龙，押沙龙！》 Absalom，Absalom!8《沙多里斯》Sartoris9《村子》TheHamlet10《小镇》TheTown11《大宅》TheMansion12《烧牲口棚》BarnBurning主人公：阿伯纳（Abner）萨蒂（Sarty）哈里斯（Harris）Unit16 ErnestHemingway厄内斯特-海明威作品1《在我们的时代里》InOurTime2《太阳照样升起》TheSunAlsoRises3《永别了，武器》AFarewelltoArms主人公：亨利Henry4《丧钟为谁而鸣》ForWhomtheBellTolls5《老人与海》TheOldManandtheSeaAClean，Well-LightedPlaceUnit173/19EzraPound埃兹拉-庞德1《狂喜》Exultations2《人物》Personae3《中国》Cathay4《诗章》Cantos5《意象派诗选》DesImagistes6《在一个地铁车站》InaStationoftheMertoWallaceStevens华莱士-斯蒂文斯1《必要的天使》TheNecessaryAngel2《坛子的轶事》AnecdoteoftheJarUnit18EugeneGlastoneO’Neil尤金-格拉斯通-奥尼尔1《东航加的夫》BoundEastforCardiff2《在这一带》IntheZone3《漫长的返航》TheLongVoyageHome4《加勒比的月亮》TheMoonoftheCaribees5《琼斯皇帝》EmperorJones6《毛猿》TheHairyApe7《大神布朗》TheGreatGodBrown8《奇异的插曲》StrangeInterlude9《榆树下的欲望》DesireUndertheElms10《悲悼》MourningBecomesElectra11《送冰的人来了》TheIcemanCometh12《诗人的气质》ATouchofthePoet13《长日终入夜》LongDay’sJourneyIntoNight14《月照不幸人》TheMoonfortheMisbegotten15《休依》Hughie16《更庄严的大厦》MoreStatelyMansionsUnit21 RalphWaldoEllison拉尔夫-华尔多-埃利森作品1《看不见的人》 InvisibleMan2《影子与行动》 ShadowandAct3《走向领域》GoingtotheTerritoryUnit24SaulBellow索尔-贝娄1《晃来晃去的人》 DanglingMan2《受害者》TheVictim3《奥吉-玛琪历险记》TheAdventuresofAugieMarch4《只争朝夕》SeizetheDay5《雨王汉德森》 HendersontheRainKing6《赫尔索格》Herzog4/197《塞姆勒先生的行星》 MrSammler’sPlanet8《洪堡的礼物》 Humbolt’sGift9《院长的十二月》 TheDeansDecember10《更多人死于悲痛》MoreDieofHeartbreak11《盗窃》TheTheft12《真实的》TheActual13《拉维尔斯坦》Ravelstein14《奥斯比的回忆及其其他故事》 Mosby’sMemoriesandOtherStories15《最后的分析》 TheLastAnalysisUnit25 JosephHeller约瑟夫-海勒1《第二十二条军规》 Catch-222《我们轰炸了纽黑文》 WeBombedinNewHaven3《出了毛病》SomethingHappened4《像高尔德那样好》 GoodAsGold5《天晓得》GodKnowsUnit26 ToniMorrison托尼-莫里森《在黑暗中游戏：白色与文学想象》PlayingintheDark:WhitenessandtheLiteraryImagination2《最蓝的眼睛》 TheBluestEye3《秀拉》Sula4《所罗门之歌》SongofSolomon5《柏油孩子》TarBaby6《宠儿》Beloved7《爵士乐》Jazz8《天堂》Paradise9《爱》Love.Completethefollowingstatementswithaproperwordoraphraseaccordingtothetextbook.1. Thearbiterofnineteenth-centuryliteraryrealisminAmericawas __________(WilliamDeanHowells)_______________hadalreadypointedtowardsMarkTwain’uneasyacceptanceofthevaluesofnineteen-centuryAmericansociety.(TheGildedAge)_____________(1878)whichoneAmericancriticdescribedas“anoutragetoAmericangirlhood”broughtJameshisfirstinternational(fameDassy.Miller)______________(1900),whichtracesthematerialriseofCarrieMeeberandthetragicdeclineofG.W.Hurstwood,wasDreiser ’sfirst(novelSister.Carrie)IntheyearsprecedingWorldWarI,nineteenth-centuryrealismand_____________remainedvitalforcesinAmericanLiterature.(naturalism)Writersofthefirstpostwareraself-consciouslyacknowledgedthattheywerea“”,devoidoffaithandalienatedfromacivilization.(LostGeneration)Earlyinthe1920sthemostprominentofthenewAmericanplaywrights,5/19_______________establishedaninternationalreputation(.EugeneO’Neil)JazzmusicoftheAmerican___________--themostinfluentialartformtooriginateintheUnitedStates-spreadthroughouttheworld.(Negro)InLondon,Frost’firstbook,______________,broughthimtotheattentionofinfluentialcritics(ABoy’sWill)Frostemployedtheplainspeechofrural________________andpreferredtheshort,traditionalformsoflyricandnarrative.(NewEnglanders)Inhisfinestnovels,TheGreatGatsbyand_________________,Fitzgeraldhadrevealedthestridencyofanageofglitteringinnocence.Tender(istheNight)________________wasthefirstAmericantobewoundedinItalyduringWorldWarI.(Hemingway)AFarewelltoArmsportrayedafarewellbothto______andto_______(war;love)In1952,Hemingwayportrayedanoldfisherman____________inTheOldManandtheSea.(Santiago)TheonlyFaulknernovelthathadcomeclosetobeingabestsellerinitsdaywas____________,abookmorefamousforitsshockvaluethanforitsliteraryquality.(Sanctuary)*Oxfordwaswithsomefictionalmodifications,aprototypeofJefferson,inthemythicalcountyofYoknapatawpha,thesettingof____________andmostofFaulkner’ssubsequentworks(Sartoris).Emersonwasrecognizedthroughouthislifeastheleaderof_____________movement,yetheneverappliedthetermtohimselfortohisbeliefsandideas.(Transcendentalist)Emerson’truestdisciple,themanwhoputintopracticemanyofEmerson’stheories,was_________.(H.DThoreau)_______________dealswiththeeffectsofacurse,andthoughthetaleitselfisfiction,thegermofthestorysprangfromtheauthor ’sfamilyhistory.(TheHouseoftheSevenGables)Hawthorne’suniquegiftwasforthecreationofstrongly_________storieswhichtouchthedeepestrootsofman’smoralnature.ThefinestleistheexamprecreationofPuritanBoston,_______________.(symbolic;Thescarletletter)21. _____________isatremendouschronicleofawhalingvoyagein pursuitofaseeminglysupernaturalwhitewhale.(Moby-Dick)Aswehaveseen,__________dominatedthePuritanphaseofAmericanwriting.____________wasthenextgreatsubjecttocommandtheattentionofthebestminds.(theology;Politics)From1732to1758,Franklinwroteandpublishedhisfamous_______________,anannualcollectionofproverbs(PoorRichard’sAlmanac)In1828theelectionofthefrontierhero________________astheseventhPresidentoftheUnitedStateshadbroughtaneffectiveendtothe“VirginiaDynasty”ofAmericanPresidents.(AndrewJackson)25.WashingtonIrving ’s becamethefirstworkbyanAmericanwritertowinfinancialsuccessonbothsidesoftheAtlantic.(SkwtchBook)6/19_____________________wasthefirstgreatprosestylistofAmericanromanticism,andhisfamiliarstylewasdestinedtooutlivetheformalproseofsuchcontemporariesasAcottandCooper,andtoprovideamodelfortheprevailingprosenarrativeforthefuture.(WashingtonIrving)II.Definetheliterarytermslistedbelow.1. *AmericanNaturalismAmericannaturalismwasanewandharsherrealism.Ithadbeenshapedbythewarandbythesocialupheavalsthatunderminedthecomfortingfaithofanearlierage.America’sliterarynaturalistsdismissedthevalidityofcomfortingmoraltruths.Theyattemptedtoachieveextremeobjectivityandfrankness,presentingcharactersoflowsocialandeconomicclasses.Inpresentingtheextremesoflife,thenaturalistssometimesdisplayedanaffinitytothesensationalismofearlyromanticism,butthenaturalistsemphasizedthattheworldwasamoral,thatmenandwomenhadnofreewill,thatliveswerecontrolledbyheredityandenvironment,thatthedestinyofhumanitywasmiseryinlifeandoblivionindeath.Althoughnaturalistliteraturedescribedtheworldwithbrutalrealism,italsoaimedatbetteringtheworldthroughsocialreform.2. *LocalColorismLocalColorismorRegionalismasatrendfirstexistinthelate1860sandearly1870sinAmerica.Itmaybedefinedasthecarefulattegogomsinspeech,dressorbehaviorespeciallyinageographicallocality.Theultimateaimofthelocalcoloristsistocreatetheillusionofanindigenouslittleworldwithqualitieswhichtellsitapartfromtheworldoutside.ThesocialandintellectualclimateofthecountryprovidedastimulatingmilieuforthegrowthoflocalcolorfictioninAmerica.Localcoloristsconcernedthemselveswithpresentingandinterpretingthelocalcharacteroftheirregions.Theytendedtoidealizeandglorify,buttheyneverforgottokeepaneyeonthetruthfulcoloroflocallife.Theyformedanimportantpartoftherealisticmovement.Althoughitlostitsmomentumtowardtheendofthe19thcentury,thelocalspiritcontinuedtoinspireandfertilizetheimaginationofauthor.3. *LostGenerationLostGenerationortheSadYoungMen,whichwascreatedbyF.S.FitzgeraldinhisbookAlltheSadYoungMen.Itreferstothepost-WorldWarIgeneration,butagroupofUSwriterswhoexperiencedthewarestablishedtheirreputationinthe1920s.ItstemsfromaremarkmadebyGertrudeSteintoErnestHemingway,“Youareallalostgeneration.”HemingwayuseditasanepigraphThetoSunAlsoRises,anovelthatexpressedtheattitudesofahard-drinking,fastlivingsetofdisillusionedyoungexpatriatesinpostwarParis.Thegenerationwas“lost”inthesenseitsandinheritedvalueswerenolongerrelevantinthepostwarworldandbecauseofitsspiritualalienationfromUS,theyseemedhopelesslyprovincial,materialistic,andemotionallybarren.ThetermincludesHemingway,Fitzgerald,DosPassos,E.E.Cummingsandsoon.4. *ImagismImagismisapoeticmovementofEnglandandtheU.S.flourishedfrom1909to1917.Themovementinsistsonthecreationofimagesinpoetryby“thedirect7/19treatmentofthething”andtheeconomydingofwor.TheleadersofthismovementwereEzraPoundandAmyLowell.5.*HemingwayHeroes“HemingwayHeroes“refertosomeprotagonistsinHemingway’sworks.Suchaheroisanaveragemanofmasculinetastes,sensitiveandintelligent.Andusuallyheisamanofactionandoffewwords.Heissuchanindividualist,aloneevenwhenwithotherpeople,somewhatanoutsider,keepingemotionsundercontrol,stoicandself-disciplinedinadreadfulplacewhereonecannotgethappiness.TheHemingwayheroesstandforawholegeneration.Itmustendindefeat,nomatterhowhardhestrives.ThisistheessenceofacodeofhonorinwhichallofHemingway’sheroesbelieve,whetherheisNickAdams,JakeBarnes,FredericHenry.Butsurelytheydiffersomefromothersintheirviewoftheworld.ThedifferencewhichcomesgraduallyinviewisanindextothesubtlechangewhichHemingway’soutlookhasundergone.6.*TheJazzAgeWorldWar1wasatragicfailureofoldvalues,ofoldpolitics,ofoldideas.Thesocialmoodwasoftenoneofconfusionanddespair.Butduringthe1920sAmericandidnotseemdesperate,Instead,theyenteredadecadeofprosperityandexhibitionismthatprohibition,thelegalbanagainstalcoholicbeveragesmoretoencouragethantocurb.Fashionswereextravagant;morelandmoreautomobilescrowdedtheroads,advertisingflourished,andnearlyeveryAmericanhomehadaradioinit.Fadssweptthenation.ThiswastheJazzAge,whenNewOrleansmusiciansmoved“uptheriver”toChicago,andthetheatreofNewYork’Harlemspulsedwiththemusicthathadbecomeasymbolofthetimes.Theroaringofthedecadeservedtomaskaquietpain,thesenseoflossthatGertrudeSteinhadobservedinParis.F.Scott.FitzgeraldportraystheJazzAgeasagenerationof“thebeautifulanddamned”,drowningintheirpleasures.7.AmericanTranscendentalismAmericanTranscendentalismismoreofatendency,anattitude,thanthephilosophy.To“transcendsomething”istoriseaboveit,topassbeyonditslimits.TranscendentaliststooktheirideasfromtheromanticliteratureofEurope,fromnew-Platoism,fromGermanidealisticphilosophy,andfromtherevelationsofOriental-mysticism.TheyspokeforculturalrejuvenationandagainstthematerialismofAmericansociety.Features:1、theyplacedemphasisonspiritasthemostimportantthingintheUniverse.2、theystressedtheimportanceoftheindividual..3、theyofferedafreshperceptionofnatureassymbolicoftheSpiritorGod.8.SymbolismSymbolismisthewritingtechniqueofusingsymbols.Asymbolconveystwokindsofmeaning;itissimplyitself,anditstandsforsomethingotherthanitself.Inotherwords,asymbolisbothliteralandfigurative.People,places,thingsandeveneventscanbeusedsymbolically.Asymbolisawayoftellingastoryandawayofconveyingmeaning.Thebestsymbolsarethosethatarebelievableinthelivesofthecharactersandalsoconvincingastheyconveyameaningbeyondtheliterallevelofthestory.8/19HawthornandMelvillewerethetwomastersofsymbolism.Forexample,thescarletletter“A”onHester’breastcangiveyousymbolicmeanings.Ifthesymbolisobscure,thentheveryobscuritymayalsobepartofthemeaningofthestory.Answerthefollowingquestions.Answerthefollowingquestions*WhatdoesHuckFinnreflect?HuckFinnisaveritablerecreationoflivingmodels.Huckandhisfather,Jim,theswindlers,ColonelSherburnandthedrunkardBoggs—allthesecharactershadprototypesinreallife.Theportrayalofindividualincidentsandcharactersachievedintenseverisimilitudeofdetail.Seriousproblemsarebeingdiscussedthroughthenarrationofalittleilliterateboy.Thefactofthewildernessjuxtaposedwithcivilization,thepeoplehalfwildandhalfcivilized,manyofwhomarecoarse,vulgar,andbrutal;andthefactofbrutalslaveryanofhumanbeings—Blacks—beingsoldinthemarketplaceslikeanimals.Alltheseandmanyotherincidentsaredepictedintrue-to-lifedetailasthebackgroundagainstwhichHuckFinn’sawarenessofgoodandevildevelops.Thoughalocalandparticularbook,ittouchesuponthehumansituationinageneral,indeed“universal”way:Humanitarianismultimatelytriumphs.2. *WhatisMarkTwain ’scontributiontoAmericanerature?LitOneofMarkTwain’significantcontributionstoAmericanliteratureliesinthefactthathemadecolloquialspeechanaccepted,respectableliterarymediumintheliteraryhistoryofthecountry.ThestylehassweptAmericanliteratureandmadebooksbeforeHuckFinnandafteritquitedifferent.Itsinfluenceisclearlyvisibleintwentieth-centuryAmericanliterature.Itiscontinuedinbothproseandpoetry.AmongthenumberofAmericanauthorswhoacknowledgedtheirindebtednesstoMarkTwainareSherwoodAnderson,ErnestHemingway,T.S.Eliot,WilliamFaulkner,andcontemporaryauthorssuchasJ.D.Salinger,E.A.Robinson,RobertFrost,CarlSandburg,WilliamCarlosWilliams,E.E.CummingsandevenEzraPound.TheimportanceofthestyleinAmericanliteraturecannotbeoverrated.*WhatarethemajorfeaturesinAmericanRealism?Realismisthetheoryofwritinginwhichfamiliaraspectsofcontemporarylifeandeverydaylifescenesarerepresentedinastraightforwardormatter-of-factmanner.⑵Inrealistfictioncharactersfromallsociallevelsareexaminedindepth.Thisisamajorchange,anditisoneoftheexamplesofthetruthfultreatmentofmaterial,becausethisishowreallifeis.⑶Openendingisalsoagoodexampleofthetruthfultreatmentofmaterial.⑷Realismfocusesoncommonnessofthelivesofthecommonpeoplewhoarecustomarilyignoredbythearts.⑸Realismemphasizesobjectivityandoffersanobjectiveratherthananidealisticviewofhumannatureandhumanexperience.⑹Realismpresentsmoralvisions.Realistsareawareofacceptedsocialstandards.Intheirworkstheyrecreate9/19reallifeandshowthedilemmasthatthepeoplearehavingastheytrytounderstandwhatlifemeansinanethicalway.Theyareabletoprobedeeplyintotheseproblemsofthehumanconscience.Theirmethodiscompletelyobjectiveandcarrieswithitthewholetheoreticalmeaningofwhypeoplechoosetobeobjective.4. *WhatdoyouknowaboutTheOldManandtheSea?Itisashortnovel,afableofakind,aboutanoldCubanfishermanSantiagoandhisbattlewithagreatmarlin.For84daysSantiagodoesnotcatchasinglefishbuthedoesnotfeeldiscouraged.Hegoesfaroutintotheseaandhooksagiantmarlin.AdesperatestruggleensuesinwhichSantiagomanagestokillthefishandtieittohisboat,onlytofindthatonthewayhomehehastofightamoredesperatestrugglewithotherdangerousgiantsharks,whicheatupthemarlin,leavingonlyaskeleton.Theoldmanbringsithomeandgoestobedtodream,almostdeadwithexhaustion.HereinSantiagoweseeagainthespiritofthenoble—iftragic–Hemingwaytypeofindividualism,contendingwithaforceheknowsitisfutiletobattlewith.Hekeepsonfightingbecausehebelievesthat“amanisnotmadfordefeatAmancanbedestroyedbutnotdefeated”.However,theoldmaneventuallycomestotherealizationthatingoingfaroutalone,“beyondallthepeopleintheworld”,hehasmethisdoom,andhefeelsgoodtobeoneofthehumanandthenaturalworld.Thathebeginstoexperienceafeelingofbrotherhoodandlovenotonlyforhisfellowmenbut.ForhisfellowcreaturesinnatureisaconvincingproofthatHemingway‘svisionoftheworldhasundergoneprofoundchanged.5.*“MakeacomparisonbetweenHemingwayandFitzgerald.TheworldafterthefirstWorldWarwasquitedifferent.Alltheoldcertaintiesweregone,andeverythingwasnew.Therewasaffluenceandexcitementontheonehand,andontheother,disturbingindicationsthattheoldworldwassimplydying.AgainstthisbackgroundFitzgeraldandHemingwaywrote.Fitzgeraldwasananalyst.HestayedintheUnitedStatesandwroteabouttheJazzAge.Wegotohimknowwhatthisworldwaslike.Hemingway,ontheotherhand,reactedtoit;hedidnotdescribeit.HewentawaytoEuropeandwroteabouttheexpatriates.Hisworldwasbasicallyrootless.ItisFitzgeraldwhowassobrokenemotionallybytheirtimes.Bothweretalentedwriters;bothlosttheabilitytowriteratherearlyintheircareer.Ultimatelywhenthedustoftimesettlesdownandacleareroutlineappearsvisible,itmaybethatbothwillremaingreat,theoneastheother,butfordifferentreasons:Hemingwaypredominantlyforhisstyle,andFitzgeraldforthefactthathetriedtounderstandAmericancultureatitsrootsandthushadmoretosaytoposterity.6. *WhatarefeaturesofFaulkner’slanguage?Faulknerisadifficultwriter.Likeallmodernauthorshisdemandonthecooperativeresponseofthereadersisexacting.Healwaysstructureshisstoriesinhisownoriginalfashionandisproficientinemployingadistinctivenarrativemethodofgraduallyfittinginandofwithholdingorevengivingconfusinginformation.Graduallyconfusionsvanishascontextandperipheryaredefined10/19andthecenterisrevealed.Thereisalotofinteriormonologues;themodernstreamofconsciousnesstechniqueisfrequentlyandskillfullyused.Wordsareoftenruntogether,withnocapitalizationandnoproperpunctuation.Sentencesarenotalwaysclearlyindicated;manylongonesarepushedtogetherinpeculiarways.Onefragmentrunsintoanotherwithoutwhichoftencausesirritatingperplexity.ThereisalsoFaulkner’shandlingoflanguagetoconsider.Hisproserangesfromcolloquial,regionaldialectstohighlychargedcourtroomrhetoric,coveringavarietyof“registers”oftheEnglishlanguageulkner.wFasamasterofhisownparticularstyleofwriting.第一部分殖民地时期的美国文学WhatarethecharacteristicsofColonialAmerica?Alloftheworkswrittenduringthisperiodareutilitarian,polemical,ordidactic.ThepurposeofliteratureforthesePuritanswasfirstofallusefulness.Itshouldteachsomekondoflesson.Incontent,theliteratureofthecolonialsettlementservedeitherGodorcolonialexpansionorboth.TheliterarystyleoftheearliestAmericanwriters,infactseemstohavebeendeterminedbyapracticalconsiderationofthesortofimpressioneachwriterwantedtomakeuponaselectedgroupofreaders.Puritans’metaphoricalmodeofperceptionhelpedtodevelopliterarysymbolismastheysawthephysicalworldasymbolofGod.Hencesymbolismasatechniquewasacommonpracticeinwriting.ThePiritansplacedunusualstressuponplainnessinwritingbecausetheywereunusuallyinterestedininfluencingthesimp;e-mindedpeople.BearingthedirectinfluencefotheChristianBiblicalpoetics,thePuritanwritingsarefresh,simp;e,direct,andwithatouchofnobility.AsitfaithfullyimitatedandtransplantedEuropeanformstothenewexperience,earlyAmericanliteraturewasasmuchaproductofcontinuitiesasanindigenouscreation.第二部分理性文学和革命文学.1、EnlightementTheeighteenth–centuryEnglandisalso,andbetter,knownastheAgeofEnlightenmentortheAgefoReason.TheEnlightenmentwasaprogressiveintellectualmovementgoingonthroughoutEuropeatthetime,withFranceinthevanguard.TheEnlightenmentcelebratedreason(rationality),equality,scienceandhumanbeings’abilitytoperfectthemselvesandtheirsociety.Themovementwasbasedonthebasictheoriesprovidedbythephilosophersoftheage,whichrangedfromJohnLocke’materialism,LordShaftsbury’deism,andGeorgeBerkeley’simmaterialismtoDavidHume’sskepticism.Whateverphilosophicalbeliefstheymighthave,theyheldtheeommomfaithinhumanrationalityandthepossibilityofhumanperfectionthrougheducation.Theybelievedthatwhenreasonservedastheyardstickforthemeasurementofallhumanactivitiesandsocialrelations,superstition,injustice,privilegeandoppressionweretoyieldplaceto“eternaltruth”,”eternaljustice,”and“naturalequality”orinalienablerightsofmen.Everythingwasputunderscrutiny,tobemeasuredbyreason.Noauthorities,politicalorreligiousorotherwise,wereaceptedunchallengedwhilealmostalltheoldsocietiesandgovernmentsandallthetraditionalconcepts,includingChristianity,wereexaminedandcriticized.ThebeliefprovidedtheoryfortheFrenchRevolution11/19in1789andtheAmericanWarofIndependencein1776.AlexanderPope(1688~1744),JosephAddison(1672~1719),RichardSteele(1672~1792),JonathanSwift(1667~1745),DanielDefoe(1660~1731),HenryFielding(1707~1754),RichardB.Sheridan(1751~1816),OliverGoldsmith(1730~1774),EdwardGibbon(1737~1794),andSamuelJohnson(1709~1784)wereamongthefamousenlightenersinEngland.AsEnglandhadalreadygonethroughitsbourgeoisrevolution,whattheEnglishenlightenerswerelegetodowastostrivethebringtherevolutiontoandendbyclearingawaythefeudalremnantsandrep;acethemwithbourgeoisideology.第三部分 美国的浪漫主义文学4WhataretheuniquefeaturesofAmericanRomanticism?Althoughforeigninfluenceswerestrong,Americanromanticismexhibitedfromtheveryoutsetdistinctfeaturesofitsown.ItwasdifferentfromitsEnglishandEuropeancounterpartbecauseitoriginatedfromanamalgamoffactorswhichwerealtogetherAmericanratherthananythingelse.Americanromanticismwasinessencetheexpressionof”arealnewexperience”andcontained”analienhesimplequality”fortreasonthat“thespiritoftheplace”wasradicallynewandalien.Forinstance,theAmericannationalexperienceof“pioneering“intothewestprovedtobearichfundofmaterialforAmericanwriterstodrawupon.Thewildernesswithitsvirginforests,thesoundoftheaxecuttingitswaywestward,theexoticlandscapewithitsdifferentsights,smells,andsounds(therobinratherthanthenightingaleisEmilyDickinson’s“criterionoftone,”forexample),andthequaint,picturesqueoncivilizatiofaprimitiverace—alltheseconstitutedanincomparablysuperiorsourceofinspirationfornativeauthors.ArudeNattyBumppoinbuckskin,dwellinginafrontierblockhouse,treadingasolitarybridlepaththroughvirginforestswas,perhaps,matterenoughforanyromanticgenius.Andindeed,AmericanauthorswerequiteresponsivetothestimuluswhichAmericanlifeoffered.HenryWadsworthLongfellow’tentivestreatmentofthefrontierandtheIndiansinhisworkssuchasHudsonvalley,WilliamCullenBryant’ssketchesofthewildwestprairiewherenohumanbeinghadeversetfootandJamesFenimoreCooper’fivesLeatherstockingtaleswith”theirmajesticdescriptionsofAmerican’slimitlessforestsandbroadblueinlandlake”—thesearebutaafewinstanceswherebythenewAmericansensibilitybegantomakeitselffelt.And,ofcourse,weshouldnotforgettomentionEmerson,Thoreau,Hawthorne,MelvilleandWhitman,allpeoplewhowereinstrumental,inonewayoranother,increatinganindigenousAmericanliterature.ThenthereisAmericanPuritanismasaculturalheritagetoconsider.Americanmoralvaluesweree