《新编实用英语写作》07 Types of Essay Writing

Unit7TypesofEssayWritingunderstandthetypesofessaysknowbasicwaysandtypesofdescriptionidentifythebasicelementsandorganizationofnarrationUnit7LearningGoalslearnaboutthetypesandtechniquesofexpositorywritinghavegoodcommandofthebasicelementsandwaysofargumentationSectionISectionIISectionIIISectionIVDescriptionnarrationArgumentationExposition

DescriptionSectionISectionIDescription

Anobjectivedescriptiongivesafaithfulrecordofwhatthewritersees,whichisbasedonthefactualorobservabledetails,withoutbeingaffectedbythewriter’semotionsorlikesanddislikes.Whatarebasicmethodsofdescription?

Asubjectivedescriptionconveysahighlypersonalviewofoursubjectandseekastrongemotionalresponsefromreaders.Theprimarypurposeofsubjectivedescriptioniscommunicationoffeelingwhichmaybeachievedintwoways:directlyandindirectly.

ThespringisbeautifulinCalifornia.Valleysinwhichthefruitblossomsarefragrantpinkandwhitewatersinashallowsea.Thenthefirsttendrilsofthegrapes,swellingfromtheoldgnarledvines,cascadedowntocoverthetrunks.Thefullgreenhillsareroundandsoftasbreasts.Andonthelevelvegetablelandsarethemilelongrowsofpalegreenlettuceandthespindlylittlecauliflowers,thegray-greenunearthlyartichokeplants.

Andthentheleavesbreakoutonthetrees,andthepetalsdropfromthefruittreesandcarpettheearthwithpinkandwhite.Thecentersoftheblossomsswellandgrowandcolor:cherriesandapples,peachesandpears;figswhichclosetheflowerinthefruit.AllCaliforniaquickenswithproduce,andthefruitgrowsheavy,andthelimbsbendgraduallyunderthefruitsothatlittlecrutchesmustbeplacedunderthemtosupporttheweight.

—JohnSteinbeckSectionIDescriptionobjectivedescription

Beforethetablesataman.Unlikeanordinaryhumanbeing,itwasaskeleton,withtight-drawnskinandashaggy(杂乱蓬松的)beard.Thecolorofhisfacewasyellow;thecheeksweresunken,thebacklongandnarrow.andthehanduponwhichheleanedhisheadwassoleanandskinnythatitwaspainfultolookupon.Hishairwasalreadysilveringwithgray,andnoonewhoglancedathisfacewouldhavebelievedthathewasonlyfortyyearsold.SectionIDescriptionsubjectivedescriptionSectionIDescriptionWhataretypesofdescription?Allthedescriptioninvolvetwoelements:theobjectthatisseenorheard,andtheobserverwhoseesorhearstheobject.Intermsofobject,descriptivewritingscanbeclassifiedintodescriptionofaplace,aperson,asceneandanobject.1.Descriptionofaplace

Describingaplaceislikedrawingapictureofit.Theessentialpointistomakecleartherelationshipinspace.Oneimportantwayindescriptivewritingistousesometransitionalexpressionsthatindicatethespatialrelationsofoneitemtoanother.Withashoppingbaginmyhand,Ienteredthegateofthefreemarketnearmyhome.Suddenlyaterriblesmellreachedmynoseandcouldnothelpfeelingnauseated.LookingaroundIfoundthatthefoulsmellcamefromthepoultrystallsontheleftsideofthestreet.There,everysmallcagewaspackedwithfourorfivechickens.Occasionally,thechickenscrowedsadlyasiftheyknewtheyweregoingtobecooked.Thefeedstankunderthehotsummersun.Iputahandkerchieftomynoseandhurriedaway.“Livefish!Freshandcheap!"Ahuskyvoiceofamanwasheard.Infrontofhisstall,therestoodabigcanvasbag.Inside,alotoffishwerestrugglingintheturbidwater.Theyopenedtheirmouthswidelytohavetheirlastbreathofair.Terrifiedattheprice,I1eftforotherstalls.Justthenayoungfellowstoppedmeandtriedtopersuademetobuyachainofgarlicinhishand.Hewasdisappointedtoseemeshakingmyhead.SectionIDescription

ThenIcametothevegetableandfruitstallswhichmadeupthebusiestsectionofthemarket.Agoodvarietyofvegetablesandfruitscouldbefoundhereatsummertime.Redtomatoes,greencucumbersandpepperswereputatthemostconspicuousplaces.Thesweetsmellofthefruits--peaches,plums,muskmelons,andpurple-coloredgrapes---haddrawnmanycustomers.Thesellerswerepraisingtheirproduceinstrongprovincialaccentsandcompetingwitheachotherbyofferinglowerprices.Housewiveswouldcertainlydriveagoodbargainwiththesellersbeforetheyreallyboughtanything.Atthefarendofthemarketweretheclothingstalls.Colorfulclotheswerehunguphightoattractpeople'sattention.Therewerequiteanumberofpeople,butonlyfewboughtanyclothes.SectionIDescriptionAgirlhadstoodatoneofthestallsforalongtime.ObviouslyshedesiredtohavethatfashionableskirtwhichwassaidtobemadeinHongKong.Butfinallysheleft,forshewasunwillingtopayalmosthermonthlywageof80Yuanforit.Afterhoursofshopping---choosingandbargaining,Ileftthenoisymarket,exhaustedbutquitesatisfied,mybagfullofvegetablesandfruits.SectionIDescription2.Descriptionofaperson

Indescribingaperson,thewritershouldnotmerelygivedetailsofhisappearance.Heshouldtrytorevealtheperson'scharacter,thoughtsandfeelings,whichmaybeshowninwhatthepersondoesandsays.

Mymotherisakindandgentlewoman.Shetakesgoodcareofherchildrenandkeepsthemallatschool.Ihavetwobrothersandtwosisterssomymotherhastoomuchtodoinbringingusup.Asourfamilyistoopoortokeepaservant,mymotherhasalwaystodoverymuchwork.Shegetsupearlyandsleepsverylateeveryday.Sheisalsothriftandindustrious.Shesaveseverypennythatshecanandkeepseverythinginorder.Assheisbusyallthetime,shelooksolderthanshereallyis.Herfaceiswrinkled,herhairbecomessilverwhite.Andsomeofherteethbecomemovable.Butsheworksashardaseverwithoutcomplaining.Sheoftensaystous,“Workwhileyouwork,playwhileyouplay.Ifyoudonotwork,youwillbecomelazyandofnousetosociety.”Thisisagoodpieceofadvicewhichshouldbealwayskeptinourmind.SectionIDescription3.Descriptionofascene

Indescribingascenethewritertriestogiveavividdescriptionofthescenesothatthereadercaneasilyformaprecisementalpictureofwhatisbeingwrittenabout.Toachievethis,thewritermayfollowthepatternsofspatialorder,orbird'seyeview,followedbyadetaileddepictionofthedominatingfeatures.AnExcitingRace

Theannualfieldandtracksportsmeetwasheldinourschool.

Itwasthelastdayofthesportsmeet.Ataboutthreeo'clockintheafternoon,therecameavoicefromthespeaker."Nextitemisthegirl's400-metrerelayrace.Runnerspleasegeteverythingready!"Onhearingthis,thefourgirlrunnersofourclass,Helen,Jane,NoraandDinah,gatheredquicklybythetrackanddidsomewarm-upexercises.Withstrongdetermination,Dinahsaidtoherteammates,"Weshouldwinhonorforourclassandputupagoodshow."Afterteamsfromsixotherclasseswereready,thestarterordered,"Onyourmarks(各就各位)."Thencamethepistolshot.Atthesoundofit,thefirstrunnersshotfromtheirstartingpoints.Manystudentsstaredatathinsixteen-year-oldgirlnamedHelenwhostartedveryfastandbecamethefirstone.SectionIDescriptionSoonthesecondrunnersgrabbedthesticksandracedon.Nora,thethirdrunnerhadthestickandtookthelead.Alreadyrunning,Dinahreachedforthestick.Shewasflyingthreeorfourstepsaheadoftheothers.Dinahurgedherself,"Faster!Faster!"Wecheeredherup,shoutingatthetopofourvoices.Bitbybit,shepulledquiteahead.Itwastoolatefortheotherstoclosethegapandweallsighedwithrelief.Atthefinishingline,Dinahwasthefirstonewhoreachedtheend.

Atthatmoment,nothingwouldhavebeenmoreexciting.Welaughed,shouted,andwewereveryproudofourheroines.Wepraisedthemfortheirgoodteamwork.SectionIDescription4.Descriptionofanobject

Adescriptionofanobjectalsorequiressufficientspecificdetailsthatcallupstrikingimpressions.Indescribinganobjectwecangiveanaccountofitsshape,size,colorandfunction.Hereisanexamplewhichdescribesthestructureofacamera.

Theshapeofthecameraisarectangle.Thelens(镜头)isinthefrontofthecameraontheleft,whiletheviewfinder(取景器)isontheright.Onthetopofthecamera,thereareashutter(快门)releasebuttonontheleftandaperture(光圈)settingsinthecenter.Thelatterwillbesetaccordingtotheweatherconditions.Thefilmwindow(胶片曝光口)isonthebackandbeneathisthehandletowind(旋紧)thefilm.SectionIDescriptionSectionIDescription

TipsforWritingDescription:Establishadominantimpression.Arrangethedescription(s)accordingtoacertainlogicalpattern.Useconcretedetails.

SectionII

Narration

SectionII

NarrationBasicElementsofNarration:thetimeoftheactiontheplaceoftheeventthecharactersinvolvedthehappeningsthecausethewaysinwhichtheactionhappens

Theyareoftensimplifiedinto:when,where,who,what,whyandhow,whicharewidelyacceptedasthesixelementsofanarrative.Oncewespentourholidayattheseaside.Whenwearrivedattheseaside,theweatherwasfineandeverythingarounduswasbeautiful.Theseawasallbluewithseagullshoveringtoandfro.Someboatswerefloatingonthestillseaandsomespeedboatswererushingquicklyacrossthewater.Weallenjoyedapleasanttime.Mostofusswaminthesea.Weplayed,foughtandsplashedwaterontooneanother.Havingswumforawhile,wewenttotheshoreandbathedinthesunonthesandground.Somewentboating.Theysangastheyboated.Theothersplayedgamesattheshore.Weallspentthetimehappily.Whenitwastimetogoback,wewereallreluctanttoleave.Wewerefreshenedbytheseawindandfascinatedbythescenery.Thebathintheseamadeushealthyandcomfortable.Ishouldsayaholidayataseasideisreallyenjoyableandprofitable.SectionII

NarrationSectionII

Narration

Whataretypesofnarration?Imaginativenarrativesincludeshortstories,novels,playsandlegends,whicharecreatedoutoftheimaginationofthewriter,whilefactualnarrativesareaccountsofreal-lifehappenings.Inimaginativenarration,thewriterdevelopstheeventsbyimagination.Infactualnarration,thewriterrecordswhatactuallyhappenedatcertainplaceandtimesuchasbiographiesandautobiographies（自传）,accountsofone’stravelsorvisits,newsreportandjournals.

PresidentReaganWasShotWashington,March30—PresidentReaganwasshotandseriouslywoundedoutsideaWashingtonhotelthisafternoon.Threemenwithhimwerealsoinjured.Mr.JamesBrady,theWhiteHousePressSecretary,issaidtobeseriouslywounded.ThePresidentwasoperatedonimmediately,andthebulletthathadbeenlodgedinhischestwasremoved…Mr.ReaganhadbeenaddressingaconventionoftradeunionistsattheWashingtonHilton.Asheleftthebuilding,inalightrainat2:30p.m.,amanshouted“Mr.President”andopenedfire.SectionII

Narrationfactualnarrative

StoriesabouttheMoon

Inmanystoriesaboutthemoon,themoonissymboloffemininelove.Accordingtolegend,thebeautifulChangOwenttoliveonthemoon.Fromherhusbandshestoleadrug,assuringeternalyouthandimmortality.Havingswallowedthedrug,ChangOsurprisinglysoaredtothemoon.Asaresultofthedrug,sheremainsyouthfulandbeautiful.Butsheisdoomedtostayonthemoonforeverasapunishmentforhertheft.Anotherstorysaysthatthereisanotherresidentonthemoon.HeiscalledYueLao,theoldmaninthemoon.Heistheuniversalmatchmaker.OnthenightoftheMid-AutumnFestival,SectionII

Narration

ImaginativenarrativeSectionII

Narration

heisbusytyingpredestinedcouplestogetherwithinvisibleredsilkthread.ThespecialfoodfortheMid-AutumnFestivalisthemooncakeItsstorydat~shacktotheYuandynastywhenMongolsyuledChina.TheHanpeopledislikedtheirforeignrulerofthetimeTheyplottedtooverthrowthem.Theyexchangedthecakesasgifts,eachcontainingasecretmessageindicatingthetimetotakeaction.Sincethen,mooncakeshavebecomepartofourtradition.ImaginativenarrativeSectionII

NarrationHowdoweorganizethenarrativesequence?ChronologicalorderFlashbackFlash-forwardNarrationGoingTogetherwithArgumentation1.Chronologicalorder

Eventsinanarrativeareusuallytoldintheorderinwhichtheyoccur.Thatis,youuseastraightforwardtimeorder,followingtheeventchronologicallyfrombeginningtoend.

FollowThatBus！Ijumpedoffthebusbeforeitstoppedandbeganwalkingdownthestreet.AsIhadarrivedearly,Idecidedtolookattheshopwindowsbeforegoinghome.Theideamademequitehappy,butatthesametimeIhadtheunpleasantfeelingthatIhadforgottensomething.Istoppedinthemiddleofthepavementandbegansearchingmypockets.AllofasuddenIrememberedthatIwaswithoutmybriefcase!Ihadleftitonthebusanditwasfullofimportantpapers.Thethoughtwasenoughtomakemestartrunningdownthestreet,though,bynow,thebuswasoutofsight.SectionII

Narration

Chronologicalorder2.Flashback

Itisalsopossibletobeginattheendandflashbacktothefirsteventandproceedinchronologicalorderfromthere.Similarly,thewritercanbeginsomewhereinthemiddleofastoryandthenflashbacktothebeginning.

LookingbackonmychildhoodIamconvincedthatnaturalistsarebornandnotmade.Althoughwewereallbroughtupinthesameway,mybrothersandsisterssoonabandonedtheirpressedflowersandinsects.Unlikethem,Ihadnoearformusicandlanguages.Iwasnotanearlyreaderandlcouldnotdomentalarithmetic.

BeforeWorldWarIwespentoursummerholidaysinHungary.Ihaveonlythedimmemoryofthehousewelivedinorofmyroomandmytoys.NordoIrecallclearlythelargefamilyofgrandparents,aunts,unclesandcousinswhogatherednextdoor.ButIdohaveacrystal-clearmemoryofthedogs,the

farmanimals,thelocalbirds,andabovealltheinsects.SectionII

NarrationFlashback3.Flash-forward

Flash-forwardisanothermethodtoarrangedetailsofthenarrationwhichcangivereadersaglimpseofthefuturebeforethestorycontinuesinthepresent.

Forcenturiesmantraveledonfootoronthebackofanimals.However,thingsaredifferentnow.Wecanflyfromonecontinenttoanotherinamatterofhours.Theveryfirstflightinthehistoryofmanwasmadein1783inabaskethangingunderaballoon.Theballoonwasnotthebestformofflyingbecauseithadnoengineandwentwherethewindblewit.In1852,anairshipflewforthefirsttime.Itwasdrivenbya3—horse—powersteamengine,butitwasfoundslowandunsafe.Peoplecontinuetotrytofindabetterformofflyingandfinallysucceededininventinganairplanein1903whichwasdrivenbyapetrolengine.Thelastbigadvanceinordinaryflyingwasthejetairplanewhichflewforthefirsttimein1941.SectionII

Narration

Flash-forward4.NarrationGoingTogetherwithArgumentation

Generallyspeaking,chronologicalorderismoreoftenadopted.Flash-forwardandflashbacksareusuallyreservedforcrucialincidentsonly.Sincebreakingoutofchronologicalorderactsasemphasis，narrationandargumentationsometimesgoestogether.Onedayonmywayhomefromschool,Ihappenedtowitnessanaccidentwhichdeeplyimpressedme.Iwascrossingthestreetwhenacarsuddenlyspedby.Onhearingascreamingcry,Isawaboycarryingaschoolbag,knockeddownbythewildcar.Unexpectedly,thecarcontinuedatfullspeed,leavingtheboylyinginthestreet,bleeding.Atthistimeayoungmanpassingbyrushedtothepoorchildandthenstoppedatruckatonce.Thedriverofthetruckhelpedtogetthechildintothetruckanddrovethemawaywithoutsayingasingleword.Iwasmuchmovedbythedeedofthetwoyoungfellows.Icoulddonothingbutprayfortheboy.Weliveinalargecountrywhichislikeabigfamily.Everyoneshouldberesponsibleforwhathedoes.Whensomeoneisintroubleorindanger,wecertainlyshouldlendhimahelpinghand,andtheyoungmanandthetruckdriverjustsetusagoodexample.SectionII

Narration

NarrationGoingTogetherwithArgumentationSectionII

NarrationTherearetipsforNarrativeWriting:Whenplanninganarrative,weshouldconsiderfouraspects:centralpurpose,sufficientandspecificdetails,pointofviewandcorrecttense.1.Decidingonwritingpurpose

Theremustbeaclearpurposeintellingastory.Thewritermaywanttoproveatheory,toillustrateaconcept,topraiseavirtuetogiveawarningortoteachalessonetc.Inordertomakesurethatthefinalimpressiontheessayleavesonthereaderisinagreementwithitspurpose,thewriterhastochoosedetailsanddesigntheplotofhisstorycarefully.2.Choosingapointofview

Astorycanbetoldinthefirst-personorinthethird-person.Anarrativeinthefirstpersonmaybemorelifelike,becauseitisaboutwhatwehaveseenorexperienced.Butafirstpersonnarratorcan’ttelleventsthathappenindifferentplacesatthesametime.Athird-person

narratorisfreefromthislimitationandmoreobjective.3.Selectionofdetails

Anarrativeismadeupofdetails.Thereshouldbeenoughdetailssothatthereaderknowswhatishappening.Whenselectingdetails,thewritershouldbearinmindonlyrelevantdetailsorthingsthathelptobringoutthemainideasofthenarrativeareusefulandeffective.4.Verbtenseconsistence

Inanarrative,themostcommonverbformisthesimplepast,andthemostmakingthewritertospanaconsiderableperiodoftime.Althoughrarelyused,thepresenttensecanbepowerfulforeventsofshortduration.Whichevertenseyouchoose,avoidshiftingmidstream-startinginthepasttenseandswitchingtopresenttense.

SectionIII

Exposition

SectionIII

Exposition

Expositionisthetypeofwritingwhosechiefobjectiveistoexplainorinform.Thepurposeofexpositorywritingistogivethereadersthefactualinformationaboutanideaoraconception,ormakingexplanationtohelpreadersunderstandasituationoraprocess.Agoodexpositoryessayismorethanacollectionoffacts,figures,anddetails.Thematerialyouhavecollectedshouldbeorganizedinaproperwaysothatyoucanpresenttheinformationorexplainthesubjectclearlyandmakeyourreadersappreciatetheworthofwhatyouhaveoffered.SectionIII

ExpositionWhataretypesofexposition?Anexpositorypaperexplainssomething,suchashowsomethingismade,whysomethinghashappened,inwhatwaystwopersonsorthingsaresimilarordifferentandsoon.Infact,expositioncoversawiderangeofsubjectmatters.Intermsofitsfunction,expositioncanbeclassifiedintothreekinds:What-type,How-typeandWhy-type.1.What-type

Inwhat-typeexposition,thewritergivethereadersthefactualinformationaboutanideaoraconception,ortomakeexplanationhelpreadersunderstandnatureofsomething,atruthoraprinciple.

Habits,whethergoodorbad,aregenerallyrequired.Whenapersondoesacertainthingonceandagain,heisimpelledbysomeunseenforcetodothesamethingrepeatedly,thusahabitisformed.Itisdifficult,andsometimesimpossible,toshakeitoff.Itisthereforeveryimportantthatweshouldtakegreatcareintheformationofhabits.Somebadhabitsformedinchildhoodmayremainthroughoutalifetime.Olderpersonsalsoformbadhabits,andinsomecasesbecomeruinedbythem.Therearehabitswhich,whenformedinearlylife,aregreatblessings.Manysuccessfulmendeclarethattheyowemuchoftheirprosperitytotheformationofcertaingoodhabitsinearlylife,suchaspunctuality,earlyrising,honesty,andthoroughness.

SectionIII

Exposition2.How-type

Intermsofhow-typeexposition,itschiefobjectiveistoexplainoranalyzeaprocesssuchashowtodosomething,howsomethingworks,orhowsomethinghappened.HowTimeChangesaroundtheWorldStrangethingshappentotimewhenyoutravel,becausetheearthisdividedintotwenty-fourtimezones,onehourapart.Youcanhavedayswithmoreorfewerthantwenty-fourhours,andweekswithmoreorfewerthansevendays.Ifyoumakeafive-daytripacrosstheAtlanticOcean,yourshipentersadifferenttimezoneeveryday.Asyouentereachzone,thetimechangesonehour.Travelingwestyousetyourclockback,travelingeast,yousetitahead.Eachdayofyourtriphaseithertwenty-fiveortwenty-threehours.IfyoutravelbyshipacrossthePacific,youcrosstheinternationaldateline.Byagreement,thisisthepointwhereanewdaybegins.Whenyoucrosstheline,youchangeyourcalendaronefullday,backwardorforward.Travelingeast,todaybecomesyesterday;travelingwest,itistomorrow!SectionIII

Exposition3.Why-type

Awhy-typeexpositionisaformoflogicalwritinginwhichthewriterexaminesthecauseoreffectofsomething.Itexplainswhysomethinghappened.

Smokingcigarettescanbeanexpensivehabit.Consideringthattheaveragepriceperpackofcigarettesis75cents,peoplewhosmoketwopacksofcigarettesadayspend$1.50perdayontheirhabit.Attheendofoneyearthesesmokershavespentatleast$547.50.Butthecostofcigarettesisnottheonlyexpensecigarettesmokersincur.Sincecigarettesmokehasanoffensiveodorthatpermeatesclothingstuffs,furnitureandcarpet,smokersoftenfindthattheymusthavetheseitemscleanedmorefrequentlythannon-smokersdo.Althoughitisdifficulttoestimatethecostofthisadditionalexpense,onecanseethatthishiddenexpensedoescontributetomakingcigarettesmokinganexpensivehabit.SectionIII

ExpositionSectionIII

ExpositionTheMethodsofExposition:Extendeddefinition

IllustrationComparisonandcontrastClassificationSectionIII

Exposition

TheTipsforaGoodExpositoryWriting:

AFocusedpointThewritershouldlimithissubjectorthescopeofdiscussioninordertoexplaindifferentthingsclearlyinashortessay.

EnoughmaterialPrepareenoughmaterialtohelptheexplanation,otherwise,theordinaryreaderoftenfindsabstractdiscussionshardtofollowiftheyarenotillustratedbyconcreteexamples.

Properorder

Thewritershouldpresenthisfactsandviewsinproperorders-theorderoftime,placeoroflogicalsequencedependingonthenatureofthesubject.IdolAdmirationWalkthroughthehallsofmostsecondaryschoolsthesedaysandyouwillfinditishardtoavoidnoticingpicturesofstudents'favoritepopstars-likeEminem,A-mei,andBritneySpears-decoratingtheirschoolbags.Idoladmirationhasbothadvantagesanddisadvantagesontheyouthnowadays.

Idoladmirationisafarhealthierpastimethantakingecstasyorracingfast

cars.Thefashionableclotheswornbytheiridolsgiveteenagersideasabouthowtodressinstyle.Thecolorfullivesoftheiridolscanmaketeenagers'ownlifeseemmoreinteresting,too.Alsowhenteenagersaretheiradmirationforcertainidolswithagroupoffriends,theyfeelacceptedbytheirpeers.SectionIII

ExpositionAFocusedpointSectionIII

Exposition

Butontheotherhand,Idoladmirationmaybringsomeproblems.Idolsarejustpeople,too.And,likepeopleeverywhere,theymakemistakesandpoorchoices.Byimitatingthestyleandbehaviorofteenidols,teenagersrisklosingtheirownsenseofidentityandbeingnegativelyinfluencedbythelifestyleofthesestars.Furthermore,admirationofidolscanbeawasteoftimeandmoney.Allinall,aswithmostthingsinlife,moderationisthekeypoint:Admiringidolsisnotaproblem,butgivingoneselfuptotheinfluenceofidolsis.AFocusedpointSeekingFameSomepeoplewilldothestrangestthingstogainfame.Forexample,therearethosewhogoinforvariouskindsofmarathons,dancingorblowingbubblegumfordaysatatimetogettheirnamesinthepaperorinarecordbookofweekormore,apparentlyenjoyingtheattentiontheyreceivefromthecrowdbelow.Therearepeoplewhohopetoberememberedbysomeonebecausetheyatethemostcreampiesorbecausetheycollectedthemostbottletops.Andthereareevenpeoplewhoseekpublicnoticebywayofsettingarecordforthenumberofarticlesofclothingtheycanputonatonetimeorthenumbertheycantakeoff.Ofcourse,thereareafewmentallytwistedindividualswhoseekfameattheexpenseofotherpeople’spropertyofevenlives,butfortunatelythegreatmajorityofpeoplesatisfytheirurgetoberememberedinwaysthatproducelittlemoredamagethattiredlipsorabadcaseofindigestion.SectionIII

ExpositionEnoughmaterialGoodmannersmeangoodbehaviorinsocialintercourse.Apersonwithgoodmannersisalwaysanagreeablecompanion,becausehealwaysthinksofothersandrespectsothers.Hewillnotpushthroughacrowd,butwaitquietlyforhisturntopass.Hewillnotinterruptpeoplewhentheyaretalking.Hewillnotsayanythingthatwillhurtothers’feeling.Allthesearecalledgoodmannerswhichshowamanofhighstanding.Aselfishmanisunlikelytopossessgoodmanners.Healwaysthinksofhimselfanddoesnotcareastrawaboutothers.Ifthereisanythingtogain,hehimselfistogetitfirst;ifthereisanythingharmfultohappen,hewillbethefirsttorunaway.Thenhowtolearngoodmanners?Infact,thatisnotdifficult.Goodmannersarisefrompolitenessandrespectforotherpeople.Therefore,ifwelearntobepoliteandconsiderate,andshowrespectforothers,we’llbeconsideredtohavegoodmanners.SectionIII

ExpositionProperorder

SectionIV

Argumentation

SectionIV

Argumentation

Argumentati