五夜十篇正式课程2018讲义

考研英语五夜何：何第三篇：GDP标准第七篇：道德第九篇：新的第十篇：早期第十一篇：类第十二篇：理论第一篇:电脑学习第二篇：成功第三篇：全职第一篇：英国乡Forthefirsttimeinhistorymorepeopleliveintownsthaninthecountry.InBritainthishashadacuriousresult.WhilepollsshowBritonsrate“thecountryside”alongsidetheroyalfamily,ShakespeareandtheNationalHealthService(NHS)aswhatmakesthemproudestoftheircountry,thishaslimitedpoliticalsupport.AcenturyagoOctaviaHilllaunchedtheNationalTrustnottorescuestylishhousesbuttosave“thebeautyofnaturalcesforeveryoneforever.”Itwasspecificallytoprovidecitydwellerswithspacesforleisurewheretheycouldexperience“arefreshingair.”Hillspressurelaterledtothecreationofnationalparksandgreenbelts.Theydon’tmakecountrysideanymore,andeveryyearconcreteconsumesmoreofit.Itneedsconstantguardianship.Atthenextelectionnoneofthebigpartiesseemlikelytoendorsethissentiment.TheConservatives’nningreformexplicitlygivesruraldevelopmentpriorityoverconservation,evenauthorizing“off-n”buildingwherelocalpeoplemightobject.Theconceptofsustainabledevelopmenthasbeendefinedasprofitable.Labourlikewisewantstodiscontinuelocalnningwherecouncilsopposedevelopment.TheLiberalDemocratsaresilent.OnlyUkip,sensingitschance,hassidedwiththosepleadingforamoreconsideredapproachtousinggreenland.ItsntoProtectRuralEnglandstruckterrorintomanylocalConsecutiveparties.Thesensiblecetobuildnewhouses,factoriesandofficesiswherepeopleare,incitiesandtownswhereinfrastructureisince.TheLondonagentsStirlingAckroydrecentlyidentifiedenoughsitesforhalfamillionhousesintheLondonarealone,withnointrusionongreenbelt.WhatistrueofLondoniseventrueroftheprovinces.Theideathat“housingcrisis”equals“concretedmeadows”ispurelobbytalk.Theissueisnottheneedformorehousesbut,asalways,wheretoputthem.Underlobbypressure,GeorgeOsbornefavoursruralnew-buildagainsturbanrenovationandrenewal.Hefavoursout-of-townshopsitesagainsthighstreets.Thisisnotamarketbutabiasedone.Ruraltownsandvillageshavegrownandwillalwaysgrow.Theydosobestwherebuildingstickstotheiredgesandrespectstheircharacter.Wedonotruinurbanconservationareas.Whyruinruralones?Developmentshouldbenned,notletrip.AftertheNetherlands,BritainisEurope’smostcrowdedcountry.Halfacenturyoftownandcountrynningenabledittoretainanenviableruralcoherence,whilestillpermittinglow-tyurbanliving.Thereisnodoubtofthealternative—thecorruptedlan esofsouthernPortugal,SpainorIreland.Avoidingthisratherthanpromottshouldunitetheleftandrightofthepoliticalspectrum.Britain’spublicsentimentaboutthe didn’tstarttilltheShakespeareanhasbroughtmuchbenefittotheisfullybackedbytheroyalisnotwellreflectedinAccordingtoParagraph2,theachievementsoftheNationalTrustarenow.graduallyeffectivelyreinlargelyproperlyWhichofthefollowingcanbeinferredfromParagraphLabourisunderattackforopposingTheConservativesmayabandon“off-n”TheLiberalDemocratsarelosingpoliticalUkipmaygainfromitssupportforruralTheauthorholdsthatGeorgeOsborne’s highlightshisfirmstandagainstlobbyshowshisdisregardforthecharacterofruralstressesthenecessityofeasingthehousingrevealsastrongprejudiceagainsturbanInthelastparagraph,theauthorshowshisappreciation thesizeofpopulationinthepoliticallifeintoday’stheenviableurbanlifestyleinthetown-and- nningin第二篇：英国福Inorderto“changelivesforthebetter”andreduce“dependency”,GeorgeOsborne,ChancelloroftheExchequer,introducedthe“upfrontworksearch”scheme.OnlyifthejoblessarriveatthejobcentrewithaCV,registerforonlinejobsearch,andstartlookingforworkwilltheybeeligibleforbenefit—andthentheyshouldreportweeklyratherthanfortnightly.Whatcouldbemorereasonable?Moreapparentreasonablenessfollowed.Therewillnowbeaseven-daywaitforthejobseeker’sallowance.“Thosefirstfewdaysshouldbespentlookingforwork,notlookingtosignon,”heclaimed.“We’rengthesethingsbecauseweknowtheyhelppeoplestayoffbenefitsandhelpthoseonbenefitsgetintoworkfaster.”Help?Really?Onfirsthearing,thiswasthesociallyconcernedchancellor,tryingtochangelivesforthebetter,completewith“reforms”toanobviouslyindulgentsystemthatdemandstoolittleeffortfromthenewlyunemployedtofindwork,andsubsidizeslaziness.Whatmotivatedhim,weweretounderstand,washiszealfor“fundamentalfairness”—protectingthetaxpayer,controllingspendingandensuringthatonlythemostdeservingclaimantsreceivedtheirbenefits.Losingajobishurting:youdon’tskipdowntothejobcentrewithasonginyourheart,delightedattheprospectofdoublingyour efromthegenerousstate.Itisfinanciallyterrifying,psychologicallyembarrassingandyouknowthatsupportisminimalandextraordinarilyhardtoget.Youarenownotwanted;youarenowexcludedfromtheworkenvironmentthatofferspurposeandstructureinyourlife.Worse,thecrucial etofeedyourselfandyourfamilyandpaythebillshasdisappeared.Askanyonenewlyunemployedwhattheywantandtheanswerisalways:ajob.ButinOsborneland,yourfirstinstinctistofallintodependency—permanentdependencyifyoucangetit—supportedbyastateonlytooreadytoindulgeyourfalsehood.Itisasthough20yearsofever-tougherreformsofthejobsearchandbenefitadministrationsystemneverhappened.TheprincipleofBritishwelfareisnolongerthatyoucaninsureyourselfagainsttheriskofunemploymentandreceiveunconditionalpaymentsifthedisasterhappens.Eventheveryphrase“jobseeker’sallowance”isaboutredefiningtheunemployedasa“jobseeker”whohadnofundamentalrighttoabenefitheorshehasearnedthroughmakingnationalinsurancecontributions.Instead,theclaimantreceivesatime-limited“allowance,conditionalonactivelyseekingajob;noentitlementandnoinsurance,at aweek,oneoftheleastgenerousintheGeorgeOsborne’sschemewasintendedto [A]providetheunemployedwitheasieraccesstobenefits[B]encouragejobseekers’activeengagementinjobseeking[C]motivatetheunemployedtoreportvoluntarily[D]guaranteejobseekers’legitimaterighttobenefitsThephrase“tosignon”(Para.2)mostprobablymeans [A]tocheckontheavailabilityofjobsatthejobcentretoacceptthe ernment’srestrictionsontheallowance[C]toregisterforanallowancefromthe [D]toattend ernmentaljob-trainingWhatpromptedthechancellortodevelophisscheme?[A]Adesiretosecureabetterlifeforall.Aneagernesstoprotecttheunemployed.[C]Anurgetobegeneroustotheclaimants.[D]Apassiontoensurefairnessfortaxpayers.AccordingtoParagraph3,beingunemployedmakesonefeel Towhichofthefollowingwouldtheauthormostprobablyagree?[A]TheBritishwelfaresystemindulgesjobseekers’laziness.[B]Osborne’sreformswillreducetheriskofunemployment.[C]Thejobseekers’allowancehasmettheiractualneeds.[D]Unemploymentbenefitsshouldnotbemade第三篇：GDPRobertF.Kennedyoncesaidthatacountry’sGDPmeasures“everythingexceptthatwhichmakeslifeworthwhile.”WithBritainvotingtoleavetheEuropeanUnion,andGDPalreadypredictedtoslowasaresult,itisnowatimelymomenttoassesswhathewasreferringto.ThequestionofGDPanditsusefulnesshasannoyedmakersforoverhalfacentury.Manyarguethatitisaflawedconcept.Itmeasuresthingsthatdonotmatterandmissesthingsthatdo.Bymostrecentmeasures,theUK’sGDPhasbeentheenvyoftheWesternworld,withrecordlowunemploymentandhighgrowthfigures.Ifeverythingwasgoingsowell,thenwhydidover17millionpeoplevoteforBrexit,despitethewarningsaboutwhatitcoulddototheircountry’seconomicprospects?Arecentannualstudyofcountriesandtheirabilitytoconvertgrowthintowellbeingshedssomelightonthatquestion.Acrossthe163countriesmeasured,theUKisoneofthepoorestperformersinensuringthateconomicgrowthistranslatedintomeaningfulimprovementsforitscitizens.RatherthanjustfocusingonGDP,over40differentsetsofcriteriafromhealth,educationandcivilsocietyengagementhavebeenmeasuredtogetamoreroundedassessmentofhowcountriesareWhileallofthesecountriesfacetheirownchallenges,thereareanumberofconsistentthemes.Yes,therehasbeenabuddingeconomicrecoverysincethe2008globalcrash,butinkeyindicatorsinareassuchashealthandeducation,majoreconomieshavetodecline.Yetthisisn’tthecasewithallcountries.SomerelativelypoorEuropeancountrieshaveseenhugeimprovementsacrossmeasuresincludingcivilsociety,eequalityandenvironment.Thisisalessonthatrichcountriescanlearn:WhenGDPisnolongerasthesolemeasureofacountry’ssuccess,theworldlooksverySowhatKennedywasreferringtowasthatwhileGDPhasbeenthemostcommonmethodformeasuringtheeconomicactivityofnations,asameasure,itisnolongerenough.Itdoesnotincludeimportantfactorssuchasenvironmentalqualityoreducationes—allthingsthatcontributetoa’ssenseofwell-being.ThesharphittogrowthpredictedaroundtheworldandintheUKcouldleadtoadeclineintheeverydayserviceswedependonforourwell-beingandforgrowth.Butmakerswhorefocuseffortsonimprovingwell-beingratherthansimplRobertF.Kennedyiscitedbecausehe [A]praisedtheUKforitsGDP[B]identifiedGDPwithhappiness[C]misinterpretedtheroleofGDP[D]hadalowopinionofGDPItcanbeinferredfromParagraph2that [A]theUKisreluctanttoremolditseconomicpattern[B]theUKwillcontributelesstotheworldeconomy[C]GDPasthemeasureofsuccessiswidelydefiedinthe[D]makersintheUKarepayinglessattentiontoWhichofthefollowingistrueabouttherecentannualstudy?[A]ItexcludesGDPasanindicator.[B]Itissponsoredby163countries.[C]Itscriteriaarequestionable.[D]Itsresultsareenlightening.Inthelasttwoparagraphs,theauthorsuggeststhat [A]theUKispreparingforaneconomicboom[B]highGDPforeshadowsaneconomicdecline[C]itisessentialtoconsiderfactorsbeyondGDP[D]itrequirescautiontohandleeconomicissuesWhichofthefollowingisthebesttitleforthetext?[A]HighGDPButInadequateWell-being,aUKLesson[B]GDPFigures,aWindowonGlobalEconomicHealth[C]RobertF.Kennedy,aTerminatorofGDP[D]Brexit,theUK’sGatewaytoWell-第四篇：州府之Onafivetothreevote,theSupremeCourtknockedoutmuchofArizona’simmigrationlawMonday—amodestvictoryfortheObamaAdministration.ButonthemoreimportantmatteroftheConstitution,thedecisionwasan8-0defeatfortheAdministration’sefforttoupsetthebalanceofpowerbetweenthefederalernmentandthestates.InArizonav.UnitedStates,themajorityoverturnedthreeofthefourcontestedprovisionsofArizona’scontroversialntohavestateandlocalenfederalimmigrationlaw.TheConstitutionalprinciplesthatWashingtonalonehasthepowerto“establishauniformRuleofNaturalization”andthatfederallawsprecedestatelawsarenoncontroversial.Arizonahadattemptedtofashionstatepoliciesthatranparalleltotheexistingfederalones.JusticeAnthonyKennedy,joinedbyChiefJusticeJohnRobertsandtheCourt’sliberals,ruledthatthestateflewtooclosetothefederalsun.OntheoverturnedprovisionsthemajorityheldthatCongresshaddeliberay“occupiedthefield”andArizonahadthusintrudedonthefederal’sprivilegedpowers.However,theJusticessaidthatArizonawouldbeallowedtoverifythelegalstatusofpeoplewhocomeincontactwithlawenment.That’sbecauseCongresshasalwaysenvisionedjointfederal-stateimmigrationenmentandexplicitlyencouragesstateofficerstoshareinformationandcooperatewithfederalTwoofthethreeobjectingJustice—SamuelAlitoandClarenceThomas—agreedwiththisConstitutionallogicbutdisagreedaboutwhichArizonarulesedwiththefederalstatute.TheonlymajorobjectioncamefromJusticeAntoninScalia,whoofferedanevenmorerobustdefenseofstateprivilegesgoingbacktotheAlienandSeditionActs.The8-0objectiontoObamaturnsonwhatJusticeSamuelAlitodescribesinhisobjectionas“ashockingassertionoffederalexecutivepower”.TheWhiteHousearguedthatArizona'slawsedwithitsenmentpriorities,evenifstatelawscompliedwithfederalstatutestotheletter.Ineffect,theWhiteHouseclaimedthatitcouldinvalidateanyotherwiselegitimatestatelawthatitdisagreeswith.Somepowersdobelongexclusivelytothefederalernment,andcontrolocitizenshipandthebordersisamongthem.ButifCongresswantedtopreventstfromusingtheirownresourcestocheckimmigrationstatus,itcould.Itndidso.TheAdministrationwasinessenceassertingthatbecauseitdidn’twacarryoutCongress’simmigrationwishes,nostateshouldbeallowedtodosoer.EveryJusticerightlyrejectedthisremarkableclaim.ThreeprovisionsofArizona’snwereoverturnedbecausethey.[A]oversteppedtheauthorityoffederalimmigrationlaw[B]disturbedthepowerbalancebetweendifferentstates[C]deprivedthefederalofConstitutionalpowers[D]contradictedboththefederalandstatepoliciesOnwhichofthefollowingdidtheJusticesagree,accordingtoStates’independencefromfederalimmigrationFederalofficers’dutytowithholdimmigrants’States’legitimateroleinimmigrationenCongress'sinterventioninimmigrationenItcanbeinferredfromParagraph5thattheAlienandSeditionActs [A]violatedtheConstitution[B]stoodinfavorofthestates[C]supportedthefederalstatute[D]underminedthestates'interestsTheWhiteHouseclaimsthatitspowerofenment [A]outweighsthatheldbythestates[B]isestablishedbyfederalstatutes[C]isdependentonthestates’support[D]rarelygoesagainststatelawsWhatcanbelearnedfromthelastparagraph?[A]ImmigrationissuesareusuallydecidedbyCongress.[B]TheAdministrationisdominantoverimmigrationissues.[C]Justiceswantedtostrengthenitscoordinationwith[D]Justicesintendedtocheckthepowerofthe第五篇：核电管Adealisadeal—except,apparently,whenEntergyisinvolved.The,amajorenergyrinNewEngland,provokedjustifiedoutrageinVermontlastweekwhenitannounceditwasrenegingonalongstandingcommitmenttoabidebythestate’sstrictnuclearregulations.Instead,thehasdonepreciselywhatithadlongpromiseditwouldnot:challengetheconstitutionalityofVermont’srulesinthefederalcourt,aspartofadesperateefforttokeepitsVermontYankeenuclearpowerntrunning.It’sastunningmove.Thehasbeensurfacingsince2002,whenthecorporationboughtVermont’sonlynuclearpowernt,anagingreactorinVernon.Asaconditionofreceivingstateapprovalforthesale,theagreedtoseekpermissionfromstateregulatorstooperatepast2012.In2006,thestatewentastepfurther,requiringthatanyextensionofthent’slicensebesubjecttotheVermontlegislature’sapproval.Then,too,thewentalong.EitherEntergyneverreallyintendedtolivebythosecommitments,oritsimplydidn’tforeseewhatwouldhappennext.Astringofaccidents,includingthepartialcollapseofacoolingtowerin2007andthediscoveryofanundergroundpipesystemleakage,raisedseriousquestionsaboutbothVermontYankee’ssafetyandEntergy’smanagement—especiallyafterthemademisleadingstatementsaboutthepipe.EnragedbyEntergy’sbehavior,theVermontSenatevoted26to4lastyearagainstallowinganextension.Nowtheissuddenlyclaimingthatthe2002agreementisinvalidbecauseofthe2006legislation,andthatonlythefederalernmenthasregulatorypowerovernuclearissues.Thelegalissuesinthecaseareobscure:whereastheSupremeCourthasruledthatstatesdohavesomeregulatoryauthorityovernuclearpower,legalscholarssaythatVermontcasewillofferaprecedent-settingtestofhowfarthosepowersextend.Certainly,therearevalidconcernsaboutthepatchworkregulationsthatcouldresultifeverystatesetsitsownrules.ButhadEntergykeptitsword,thatdebatewouldbebesidethepoint.TheseemstohaveconcludedthatitsreputationinVermontisalreadysodamagedthatithasnotinglefttolosebygoingtowarwiththestate.Butthereshouldbeconsequences.Permissiontorunanuclearntisapublictrust.Entergyruns11otherreactorsintheUnitedStates,includingPilgrimNuclearstatioPlymouth.PledgingtorunPilgrimsafely,thehasappliedfor permissiontokeepitopenforanother20years.ButastheNuclear Commission(NRC)reviewsthe’sapplication,itshouldkeep indwhatpromisesfromEntergyareworth.Thephrase“renegingon”(Line3,Paragraph1)isclosestinmeaningto.Byenteringintothe2002agreement,Entergyintendedto [A]obtainprotectionfromVermontregulatorsseekfavorfromthefederallegislature[C]acquireanextensionofitsbusinesslicense[D]getpermissiontopurchaseapowerntAccordingtoParagraph4,Entergyseemstohaveproblemswithits [A]managerialpractices[B]technicalinnovativeness[C]financial [D]businessIntheauthor’sview,theVermontcasewill Entergy’scapacitytofulfillallitsthenatureofstates’patchworkregulations[C]thefederalauthorityovernuclearissues[D]thelimitsofstates’powerovernuclearissuesItcanbeinferredfromthelastparagraph Entergy’sbusinesselsewheremightbetheauthorityoftheNRCwillbedefied[C]EntergywillwithdrawitsPlymouthapplication[D]Vermont’sreputationmightbedamaged第六篇：社会责“Thereisoneandonlyonesocialresponsibilityofbusinesses,”WroteMiltonFriedman,aNobelprize-winningeconomist,“Thatis,touseitsresourcesandengagespremiseandregardcorporatesocialresponsibility(CSR)policiesasawasteofshareholders’money,thingsmaynotbeabsoluyclear-cut.NewresearchsuggestsCSRmaycreatemonetaryvalueforcompanies—atleastwhentheyareprosecutedforThelargestfirmsinAmericaandBritaintogetherspendmorethan$15billionayearonCSR,accordingtoanestimatebyEPG,aconsultingfirm.Thiscouldaddvaluetotheirbusinessesinthreeways.First,consumersmaytakeCSRspendingasa“signal”thata’sproductsareofhighquality.Second,customersmaybewillingtobuya’sproductsasanindirectwaytodonatetothegoodcausesithelps.Andthird,throughamorediffuse“haloeffect,”wherebyitsgooddeedsearnitgreaterconsiderationfromconsumersandothers.PreviousstudiesonCSRhavehadtroubledifferentiatingtheseeffectsbecauseconsumerscanbeaffectedbyallthree.ArecentstudyattemptstoseparatethembylookingatbriberyprosecutionsunderAmerica’sForeignCorruptPracticesAct(FCPA).Itarguesthatsinceprosecutorsdonotconsumea’sproductsaspartoftheirinvestigations,theycouldbeinfluencedonlybythehaloeffect.Thestudyfoundthat,amongprosecutedfirms,thosewiththemostcomprehensiveCSRprogrammestendedtogetmorelenientpenalties.Theirysisruledoutthepossibilitythatitwasfirms’politicalinfluence,ratherthantheirCSRstand,thataccountedfortheleniency:Companiesthatcontributedmoretopoliticalnsdidnotreceivelowerfines.Inall,thestudyconcludesthatwhereasprosecutorsshouldonlyevaluateacasebasedonitsmerits,theydoseemtobeinfluencedbya’srecordinCSR.“Weestimatethateithereliminatingasubstantiallabour-rightsconcern,suchaschildlabour,orincreasingcorporategivingbyabout20%resultsinfinesthatgenerallyare40%lowerthanthetypicalpunishmentforbribingforeignofficials,”saysoneresearcher.ResearchersadmitthattheirstudydoesnotanswerthequestionofhowmuchbusinessesoughttospendonCSR.Nordoesitrevealhowmuchcompaniesarebankingonthehaloeffect,ratherthantheotherpossiblebenefits,whentheydecidetdo-goodingpolicies.Butatleasttheyhavedemonstratedthatwhencompan intotroublewiththelaw,evidenceofgoodcharactercanwinthemal TheauthorviewsMiltonFriedman’sstatementaboutCSR AccordingtoParagraph2,CSRhelps winningtrustfromguardingitagainstprotectingitfrombeingraisingthequalityofitsTheexpression“morelenient”(Line2,Para.4)isclosestinmeaning morelesslessmoreWhenprosecutorsevaluateacase, ’sCSR hasanimpactontheircomesacrossasreliableincreasesthechanceofbeingconstitutespartoftheWhichofthefollowingistrueofCSR,accordingtothelastItsnegativeeffectsonbusinessesareoftenThenecessaryamountofcompanies’spendingonitisCompanies’financialcapacityforithasbeenIthasbroughtmuchbenefittothebanking第七篇：道Twoyearsago，RupertMurdoch’sdaughter，Elisabeth，spokeofthe“unsettlingdearthofintegrityacrosssomanyofourinstitutions”.Integrityhadcollapsed,sheargued,becauseofacollectiveacceptancethattheonly“sortingmechanism”insocietyshouldbeprofitandthemarket.But“it’sus,humanbeings,wethepeoplewhocreatethesocietywewant,notprofit.”Drivingherpointhome,she:“It’sincreasinglyapparentthattheabsenceofpurpose，ofamorallanguagewithin ernment,mediaorbusinesscouldeoneofthemostdangerousgoalsforcapitalismanddom.”ThissameabsenceofmoralpurposewaswoundingcompaniessuchasNewsInternational,shethought,makingitmorelikelythatitwouldloseitswayasithadwithwidespreadillegalephonehacking.Asthehackingtrialconcludes—findingguiltyoneex-editoroftheNewsoftheWorld,AndyCoulson,forconspiringtohackphones,andfindinghispredecessor,RebeccaBrooks,innocentofthesamecharge—thewiderissueofdearthofintegritystillstands.Journalistsareknowntohavehackedthephonesofupto5,500people.Thisishackingonanindustrialscale,aswasacknowledgedbyGlennMulcaire,themanhiredbytheNewsoftheWorldin2001tobethepointforphonehacking.Othersawaittrial.Thislongstorystillunfolds.Inmanyrespects,thedearthofmoralpurposeframesnotonlythefactofsuchwidespreadphonehackingbutthetermsonwhichthetrialtookce.OneoftheastonishingrevelationswashowlittleRebeccaBrooksknewofwhatwentoninhernewsroom,howlittleshethoughttoaskandthefactthatsheneverinquiredhowthestoriesarrived.Thecoreofhersuccessfuldefensewasthatsheknewnothing.Intoday’sworld,ithasenormalthatwell-paidexecutivesshouldnotbeaccountableforwhathappensintheorganizationsthattheyrun.Perhapsweshouldnotbesosurprised.Forageneration,thecollectivedoctrinehasbeenthatthesortingmechanismofsocietyshouldbeprofit.Thewordsthathavematteredareefficiency,flexibility,shareholdervalue,business-friendly,wealthgeneration,sales,impactand,innewspapers,circulation.Wordsdegradedtothemarginhavebeenjustice,fairness,tolerance,proportionalityandaccountability.ThepurposeofeditingtheNewsoftheWorldwasnottopromotereaderunderstanding,tobefairinwhatwaswrittenortobetrayanycommonhumanity.Itwastoruinlivesinthequestforcirculationandimpact.MsBrooksmayormayhavehadsuspicionsabouthowherjournalistsgottheirstories,butshe Accordingtothefirsttwoparagraphs,Elisabethwasupsetby [A]theconsequencesofthecurrentsortingmechanismcompanies’financiallossduetoimmoralernmentalineffectivenessonmoralissues[D]thewidemisuseofintegrityamongItcanbeinferredfromParagraph3that [A]GlennMulcairemaydenyphonehackingasacrime[B]morejournalistsmaybefoundguiltyofphonehacking[C]AndyCoulsonshouldbeheldinnocentofthecharge[D]phonehackingwillbeacceptedoncertainoccasionsTheauthorbelievesthatRebeccaBrooks’defense [A]revealedacunning centeredontrivialissues[C]washardlyconvincing[D]waspartofaconspiracyTheauthorholdsthatthecurrentcollectivedoctrineshows [A]generallydistortedvaluesunfairwealthdistribution[C]amarginalizedlifestyle[D]arigidmoralcodeWhichofthefollowingissuggestedinthelastparagraph?[A]Thequalityofwritingsisofprimaryimportance.[B]Commonhumanityiscentraltonewsreporting.MoralawarenessmattersineditingaJournalistsneedstricterindustrial第八篇：科学发Intheidealizedversionofhowscienceisdone,factsabouttheworldarewaitingtobeobservedandcollectedbyobjectiveresearcherswhousethescientificmethodtocarryouttheirwork.Butintheeverydaypracticeofscience,discoveryfrequentlyfollowsanambiguousandcomplicatedroute.Weaimtobeobjective,butwecannotescapethecontextofouruniquelifeexperiences.Priorknowledgeandinterestsinfluencewhatweexperience,whatwethinkourexperiencesmean,andthesubsequentactionswetake.Opportunitiesformisinterpretation,error,andself-deceptionabound.Consequently,discoveryclaimsshouldbethoughtofasprotoscience.Similartonewlystakedminingclaims,theyarefullofpotential.Butittakescollectivescrutinyandacceptancetotransformadiscoveryclaimintoamaturediscovery.Thisisthecredibilityprocess,throughwhichtheindividualresearcher’sme,here,nowesthecommunity’sanyone,anywhere,anytime.Objectiveknowledgeisthegoal,notthestartingpoint.Onceadiscoveryclaimespublic,thediscovererreceivesinlectualcredit.But,unlikewithminingclaims,thecommunitytakescontrolofwhathappensnext.Withinthecomplexsocialstructureofthescientificcommunity,researchersmakediscoveries;editorsandreviewersactasgatekeepersbycontrollingthepublicationprocess;otherscientistsusethenewfindingtosuittheirownpurposes;andfinally,thepublic(includingotherscientists)receivesthenewdiscoveryandpossiblypanyingtechnology.Asadiscoveryclaimworksitswaythroughthecommunity,theinctionandbetweensharedandcompetingbeliefsaboutthescienceandthetechnologyinvolvedtransformsanindividual’sdiscoveryclaimintothecommunity’scrediblediscovery.Twoparadoxesexistthroughoutthiscredibilityprocess.First,scientificworktendstofocusonsomeaspectofprevailingknowledgethatisviewedas orincorrect.Littlereward paniesduplicationandconfirmationofwhatisalreadyknownandbelieved.Thegoalisnewsearch,notresearch.Notsurprisingly,newlypublisheddiscoveryclaimsandcrediblediscoveriesthatappeartobeimportantandconvincingwillalwaysbeopentochallengeandpotentialmodificationorrefutationbyfutureresearchers.Second,noveltyitselffrequentlyprovokesdisbelief.NobelLaureateandphysiologistAlbertAzent-Gyorgyioncedescribeddiscoveryas“seeingwhateverybodyhasseenandthinkingwhatnobodyhasthoughtButthinkingwhatnobodyelsehasthoughtandlingotherswhattheyhavemdmaynotchangetheirviews.Sometimesyearsarerequiredfortrulynovelderyclaimstobeacceptedandappreciated.Intheend,credibility“happens”toadiscoveryclaim— ocessthatcorrespondstowhatphilosopherAnnetteBaierhasdescribed ommonsof Accordingtothefirstparagraph,theprocessofdiscoveryischaracterizedby uncertaintyandcomplexity[B]misconceptionanddeceptiveness[C]logicalityandobjectivity essandItcanbeinferredfromParagraph2thatcredibilityprocessrequires [A]strictinspection[B]sharedefforts[C]individualwisdomParagraph3showsthatadiscoveryclaim escredibleafterit [A]hasattractedtheattentionofthegeneralpublic[B]hasbeenexaminedbythescientificcommunity[C]hasreceivedrecognitionfromeditorsandreviewers[D]hasbeenfrequentlyquotedbypeerscientistsAlbertAzent-Gyorgyiwouldmostlikelyagreethat [A]scientificclaimswillsurvivechallenges[B]discoveriestodayinspirefutureresearch[C]effortstomakediscoveriesarejustified[D]scientificworkcallsforacriticalWhichofthefollowingwouldbethebesttitleofthetest?[A]NoveltyasanEngineofScientificDevelopment[B]CollectiveScrutinyinScientificDiscovery[C]EvolutionofCredibilityinngScience[D]ChallengetoCredibilityattheGateto第九篇：新TheU.S.$3millionFundamentalPhysicsPrizeisindeedaninterestingexperiment,asAlexanderPolyakovsaidwhenheacceptedthisyear’sawardinMarch.Anditisfarfromtheonlyoneofitstype.AsaNewsFeaturearticleinNaturediscusses,astringoflucrativeforresearchershavejoinedtheNobelPrizesinrecentyears.Many,liketheFundamentalPhysicsPrize,arefundedfromtheephone-number-sizedbankaccountsofInternetentrepreneurs.Thesebenefactorshavesucceededintheirchosenfields,theysay,andtheywanttousetheirwealthtodrawattentiontothosewhohavesucceededinscience.What’snottolike?Quitealot,accordingtoahandfulofscientistsquotedintheNewsFeature.Youcannotbuyclass,astheoldsayinggoes,andtheseupstartentrepreneurscannotbuytheirprizestheprestigeoftheNobels.Thenewareanexerciseinself-promotionforthosebehindthem,sayscientists.Theycoulddist