2015“‘外研社杯’全国英语阅读大赛”样题(紧凑排版)

PartIReadandKnow

Inthispart,youwillreadsomequestionsaboutyourabilitiesorpersonalities.Readasfastasyoucanandchoosetheanswerthatyouthinkbestdescribesyourself.

AreYouCharismatic?

Charismaisthemagneticpowerthatattractspeopletoyou.Itwon’taffectthequalityofyourworkorprovideyouwithwonderfuloriginalideas,butitremainsoneofthemostvitaltalentsifyouwanttomakeitbiginlife.Ifpeoplewhodon’tevenunderstandwhatyou’retalkingaboutbelievethatyouareagenius,youwillhavemadeit.Thefollowingtestwilldecidewhetheryou’vegotwhatittakes.

1)Dopeoplefindthemselvesattractedtoyou?

A.Yes,itcanbeembarrassingsometimes.

B.No,nomorethanotherpeople.

C.Isupposetheydoabit.

2)Doyoufindthatpeopleagreewithyouregardlessofthequalityofyourarguments?

A.No,never.

B.Notthatoften.

C.Allthetime.

3)Wouldyoufinditeasytoattractfollowers?

A.No,notatall.

B.Notveryeasy.

C.Yes,it’sreallynoproblem.

4)Doyoufindcasualacquaintancesopenupandtellyoutheirlifestoriesinintimatedetail?

A.Occasionally.

B.Never.

C.Happensallthetime.SometimesIjustcan’tgetaway.

PartIIReadandReason

Inthispart,youwillreadtextsofdifferentformsandgenres.Readtheinstructionscarefullyandanswerthequestionsbasedonyourcomprehension,analysisandinferencesofthetexts.

1.Amongthefourstatementsbelow,onestatementisthemainpoint,andtheotherthreearespecificsupportforthepoint.IdentifythemainpointwithPandthespecificsupportwithS.

___A.Hungrybearssearchingforfoodoftenthreatenhikers.

___B.Hikingonthatmountaintrailcanbeverydangerous.

___C.Severeweatherdevelopsquickly,leavinghikersexposedtostormsandcold.

___D.Whenitrains,thetrail,whichisverysteepatsomepoints,becomesslippery.

2.Readthefollowingcartoon.Putatickbythethreestatementsthataremostlogicallybasedontheinformationsuggestedbythecartoon.

___A.Lucyhasjustcriticizedtheboy,Linus.

___B.LinusfeelsLucy’scriticismisvalid.

___C.LucyfeelsveryguiltythatLinushastakenhercriticismbadly.

___D.Lucydoesn’tseemtorealizethatpeoplemayacceptconstructivecriticismbutrejectdestructivecriticism.

___E.Thecartoonistbelievesweshouldnevercriticizeothers.

___F.Thecartoonistbelievesit’sbesttocriticizeothersinaconstructiveway.

3.Readanextractofanadvertisement.Choosetheanswerwhichyouthinkfitseachquestionbestaccordingtothetext.

YoungEnvironmentalJournalistCompetition

HowtoEnter:

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Ifyou’reaged16-25,we’relookingfororiginalarticlesof1,000words(orless)withanenvironmentalorconservationtheme.Theclosingdateforentriesis30December,2015.

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Yourarticleshouldshowproofofinvestigativeresearch,ratherthanrelyingsolelyoninformationfromtheInternetandphoneinterviews.Youdon’thavetogofar.Areportonpollutioninalocalstreamwouldbeasvalidasapieceabouttheremotestrainforest.

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Yourarticleshouldshowyouarepassionateandknowledgeableaboutenvironmentalissues.Itshouldalsobeobjectiveandaccurate,whilebeingcreativeenoughtoholdthereader’sinterest.Wearenotlookingfor“thinkpieces”oropinioncolumns.

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Youraimshouldbetoadvanceunderstandingandawarenessofenvironmentalissues.Youshouldbeabletoconveycomplexideasofreadersofthisgeneralinterestmagazineinanengagingandauthoritativemanner.

☆Factsorinformationcontainedinshort-listedarticleswillbechecked.

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Readtherulescarefully.

1)Beforeenteringforthecompetition,youngpeoplemusthave_______.

A.

conductedsomerelevantresearchintheirlocalarea

B.

gainedaqualificationinexperimentalresearch

C.

uncoveredsomeoftheevidenceintheresearchbythemselves

D.

consultedanumberofspecialistsonthesubjectunderresearch

2)Thearticlessubmittedmust_______.

A.

focusonstraightforwardconcepts

B.

includearangeofviews

C.

beaccessibletonon-specialist

D.

revealthewriter’sstandpoint

Readthepassagebelow.Thenchoosethebestanswertoeachquestionthatfollows

(1)JohnnyAppleseed,oneofthegentlestandmostbelovedofAmericanfolkheroes,wasbornin1774inLeominster,Massachusetts.(2)HisrealnamewasJohnChapman.(3)Chapman’searlylifewasfullofmisfortune.(4)First,hisfatherlefthometofightintheRevolutionaryWar.(5)ThenJohn’smotherandbabybrotherdiedbeforeJohn’ssecondbirthday.(6)However,John’sfortunesimprovedwhenhisfatherreturnedandremarried,andbythetimeJohnwasinhisteens,hehadtenbrothersandsisters.

(7)Asayoungman,Johnbegantravelingwestonfoot,stoppingtoclearlandandplanttheappleseedshealwayscarriedwithhim.(8)SettlerswhofollowedJohn’spathweredelightedtofindyoungappleorchardsdottingthelandscape.

(9)Johnwasafriendlyfellowwhooftenstoppedtovisitwithfamiliesalonghisway,entertainingthemwithstoriesofhistravels.(10)TalesofhisexploitsfollowedhimthroughPennsylvania,Ohio,and

A.audience

B.broadcastnews

C.politician

D.advertisement

6)Accordingtothepassage,ascomparedwithtelevisedspeeches,traditionalpoliticaldiscoursewasmoresuccessfulat_______.

A.allowingnewscoverageofpoliticalcandidates

B.placingpoliticalissueswithinahistoricalcontext

C.makingpoliticsseemmoreintimatetocitizens

D.providingdetailedinformationaboutacandidate’sprivatebehavior

7)Theauthorstatesthat“politiciansassertbutdonotargue”insentence9inordertosuggestthatpoliticians_______.

A.makeclaimswithoutprovidingreasonsfortheclaims

B.takestrongerpositionsonissuesthaninthepast

C.enjoyexplainingtheissuetobroadcasters

D.dislikehavingtoexplaintheirownpositionsonissuestocitizens

8)Thepurposeofparagraph4istosuggestthat_______.

A.politicianswillneedtolearntobecomemorepersonalwhenmeetingcitizens

B.politicianswhoareconsideredveryattractivearefavoredbycitizensoverpoliticianswhoarelessattractive

C.citizenstendtofavorapoliticianwhoanalyzedtheissueoveronewhodidnot

D.citizenswillneedtolearnhowtoevaluatevisualpoliticalimagesinordertobecomebetterinformed

9)Whichofthefollowingstatementsissupportedbythepassage?

A.Politicalpresentationstodayaremorelikeadvertisementsthaninthepast.

B.Politicianstodaytendtobemorefamiliarwiththeviewsofcitizensthaninthepast.

C.Citizenstodayarelessinformedaboutapolitician’scharacterthaninthepast.

D.Politicalspeechestodayfocusmoreondetailsaboutissuesthaninthepast.

PartIIIReadandQuestion

Inthispart,youwillreadaboutrelatedorcontradictoryviewsonavarietyofissues.Youwillberequiredtoidentifythewriter’spositionandevaluatetheeffectivenessofthewriter’sarguments.

Readthefollowingtwopassagesandanswerthequestions.

PassageA

WhileOntheoriginofSpeciescreatedagreatstirwhenitwaspublishedin1859,Darwinianthoughtwasalmostcompletelyoutofvoguebytheturnofthetwentiethcentury.IttookRonaldFisher’s“GreatSynthesis”ofthe1920s,whichcombinedthegeneticworkofGregorMendelwithDarwin’sideasaboutnaturalselection,andTheodosiusDobzhansky’s“ModernSynthesis”ofthe1930s,whichwasbuiltuponFisher’sworkwithgeneticswithinaspeciesbyfocusingonhowgeneticvariationcouldcausetheoriginofanewspecies,tobegintorehabilitateDarwin.

Yet,whatisremarkableishowveryprescientDarwin,workingwithoutknowledgeofthemechanismsofheredity,provedtobe.AsprominentbiologistErnstMayrnotes,whatmadeDarwiniantheorysoremarkablewashisemphasison“populationthinking”.ThiscontraststoJean-BaptisteLamarck’stheoryofevolution,popularthroughoutthenineteenthcentury,whichpositedthatindividualschangedpersonalactionsandwill.Lamarckiantheoryisoftenexemplifiedbyagiraffeconstantlyreachinguptoeatleavesoffhighbranchesandpassingonitslengthenednecktoitschildren.

Suchexplanationsboreastrongresemblancetochildren’sfables(andindeedRudyardKipling’slate-nineteenth-centuryJustSoStorieswasbuiltuponLamarckiantheories).WhereDarwindifferedwashisinsistencethatsignificantvariationwasnotbasedwithinoneparticularindividual,butratherinthebreedingpopulationasawhole.Naturalselectionwasnotbasedontheactionsorgoalsofoneindividual,butvariationsintheaveragecharacterofthespecies.

PassageB

AsPeterBowlerpointsoutinhisaptlynamedTheNon-DarwinianRevolution:ReinterpretingaHistoricalMyth,nineteenth-centuryDarwinismwasquitedifferentfromtheDarwinismoftoday.ThomasHuxley,“Darwin’sBulldog”,socalledbecauseofhistirelesspubliccampaigningforDarwinianthought,exemplifiesthisdifference.Asaresultofhisadvocacy,bytheendofthenineteenthcenturyHuxleywasthevehicleforDarwinianthought.NotedsciencefictionwriterH.G.Wells,forinstance,garneredallofhisinformationaboutnaturalselectionandevolutionthroughHuxley’slectures.YetHuxley’stheoryvariedsignificantlyfromthatofDarwin,focusingonthewillofhumankind.

IntheprefacetoEvolutionandEthics,Huxleywrotethat“Wecannotdowithoutourinheritancefromtheforefatherswhowerethepuppetsofthecosmicprocess;thesocietywhichrenouncesitmustbedestroyedfromwithout.Stilllesscanwedowithtoomuchofit;thesocietyinwhichitdominatesmustbedestroyedfromwithin.”AccordingtoHuxley,humankindhasmovedpastphysicalevolutiontotherealmofself-directedmoralevolution.Huxley,then,acknowledgesthathumankindhasevolvedunderthepressureofnaturalselectionandmustremainawareofthefactorbe“destroyedfromwithout”,buthearguesthatasocietythatcontinuesinthepaththatNaturehasplaceditwillbe“destroyedfromwithin”becauseitwillnolongerbeadaptedtoitself.

1)Basedontheinformationinthepassage,RudyardKiplingmostlikelywrotestories______.

A.dedicatedtoenlighteninghumansbyusinganimalsaspositiveexamplesofproperbehavior

B.basedonfuturisticworldswhichwerepopulatedbyevolvedsubjects

C.featuringindividualsdevelopingvariationthroughthepoweroftheirdesires

D.seekingtoexhibittheeffectsofpopulationthinkinginbreedingpopulations

E.portrayingtheeffectsofparentalinheritancethroughexaminingthelivesofchildren

2)WhichofthefollowingbestrepresentsHuxley’sbeliefs?

A.Focusingonphysicalevolutionleavesmanasnothingmorethana“puppet”offorcesbeyondhiscontrol;tosucceedinlifeitisnecessarytorejectphysicalevolutioninfavorofmoralchange.

B.TheideasofCharlesDarwinneededtobecarefullydelineatedthroughlecturessothathisideasaboutindividualvariationcouldbefullyunderstood.

C.Byexertingpersonalwill,humankindwillbeabletoenactsignificant,lastingvariationwhichwillbedemonstratedthroughthebodiesofthechildrenofthosewhoseekchange.

D.Whilehumankindisinescapablylinkedtoitsphysicalpastandthematerialconditionsofitsevolution,itmustbewaryofbeingtooattachedtothepathdictatedbynaturalselection.

E.CertainelementsofDarwin’stheoryaboutevolutionhadtobediscardedsothatthepublicwouldbewillingtoacceptthethrustofthetheoryasawhole.

3)WhichofthefollowingwouldtheauthorsofPassageAandPassageBmostlylikelyagreetobemostcloselyalignedintheirthinking?

A.LamarckandHuxley.

B.KiplingandWells.

C.MayrandBowler.

D.MendelandHuxley.

E.DobzhanskyandWells.

4)WhichofthefollowingstatementsaboutDarwinissupportedbybothpassages?

A.Darwindifferedsignificantlyfromothertheoristsofevolutionbecausehefocusedonbreedingpopulationsasawhole.

B.ThemodernunderstandingofDarwinvariessignificantlyfromnineteenth-centurybeliefsabouthistheories.

C.ItwasnotuntiltheearlytwentiethcenturythatDarwinismasweknowitbegantoemerge.

D.FictionwriterswereparticularlyinterestedindisseminatingideasaboutDarwin.

E.Delineatingthespecificinheritanceofthechildiscrucialtounderstandinghownaturalselectionproceeds.

5)Whichofthefollowingbestrepresentsthedifferencebetweenthetwopassages?

A.ThefirstpassagebeginswithcurrentunderstandingsofDarwinismandmovesbackintime,whilethesecondpassagebeginswitholderunderstandingandmovesforwardintime.

B.Whilethefirstpassagefocusesonthedifferencebetweentwotheoriesofevolution,thesecondparagraphtracesdifferencesbetweentwoindividualinterpretersofevolution.

C.Thefirstpassageintroducesageneraltheory,offersspecificevidence,andthenconsiderstheramificationsofthattheory,whilethesecondpassagedoesnotconsidertheramificationsoftheevidenceitrepresents.

D.ThefirstpassageisconcernedwithdemonstratingawayinwhichDarwiniscloselylinkedwithmodernthinkers,whilethesecondpassageisfocusedonhowhedifferedfromoneofhiscontemporaries.

E.ThefirstpassageprovidesahistoricalretrospectiveoftheprimaryinterpretersofDarwin,andthesecondpassagecentersononeparticularinterpreter.

6)BasedontheinformationinPassageB,whichofthefollowingclaimsinPassageAwouldThomasHuxleybemostlikelytoobjectto?

A.Itisimpossibletotrulyunderstandnaturalselectionwithoutthebenefitofmoderngenetictheory.

B.Itislikelythatthegiraffedevelopedalongneckduetothefactthatitconstantlystretchedittogainaccesstofood.

C.Therearedifferentwaystounderstandhowevolutionfunctionstochangeindividuals.

D.Variationsintheaveragecharacterofapopulationarethemostcrucialfactorintheproperevolutionofman.

E.Allowingnaturalselectiontodominateoursocietywillleadtothedestructionofhumankind.

7)WhichofthefollowingsituationsismostcloselyanalogoustotheLamarckianmodeofvariation?

A.Anadultbirdtriestochangetheenvironmentforthebenefitofitschildren.

B.Seekingtomorallyadapttoitsenvironment,achimpanzeechangesthewayitwoositsmate.

C.Agiraffe’sbodilyshapechangesbecauseitisunabletofitintothecavesittraditionallysleepsin.

D.Becauseofachangeintheenvironment,anumberofchimpanzeesdieoutwhileothersthriveandpassontheirgenes.

E.Becauseithuntsforsalmonwithitsmouthwideopen,abeargraduallydevelopsastrainingmechanismbetweenitsteeth.

PartIVReadandCreate

Inthispart,youwillberequiredtowriteashortessayonagiventopicbasedonyourgeneralreading.Youshouldwritewithclarity,logicandcreativity.

Writeanessayofabout200wordsononeofthefollowingtopics.

1)Hamletischaracterizedbyhismelancholicmoodanddelayinaction.GiveacharacteranalysisofHamletandlistthepossiblereasonsforhismelancholyanddelay.

2)ATaleofTwoCitiescanberegardedasahistoricalnovel,amoralnovelandanovelstronglyconcernedwiththemesofresurrection,redemptionandpatriotism,aswellasofguilt,shameandlove.Whatisyourunderstandingofthethemesofthenovel?

Readtheessaybelow.Answeroneofthefollowingquestionsbywritinganessayofabout200words.

OfStudies

Studiesservefordelight,forornament,andforability.Theirchiefusefordelight,isinprivatenessandretiring;forornament,isindiscourse;andforability,isinthejudgmentanddispositionofbusiness.Forexpertmencanexecute,andperhapsjudgeofparticulars,onebyone;butthegeneralcounsels,andtheplotsandmarshallingofaffairscomebestfromthosethatarelearned.Tospendtoomuchtimeinstudiesissloth;tousethemtoomuchforornamentisaffection;tomakejudgmentwhollybytheirrulesisthehumorofascholar.Theyperfectnatureandareperfectedbyexperience:fornaturalabilitiesarelikenaturalplants,thatneedpruningbystudy,andstudiesthemselvesdogiveforthdirectionstoomuchatlarge,excepttheybeboundedinbyexperience.Craftymencontemnstudies,simplemenadmirethem,andwisemenusethem,fortheyteachnottheirownuse;butthatisawisdomwithoutthemandabovethem,wonbyobservation.Readnottocontradictandconfuse;nortobelieveandtakeforgranted;nortofindtalkanddiscours