生理学教学课件：Chapter 1 Introduction

HumanPhysiology

开学第一课课程要求教材：以第八版《生理学》教材为主线，《TextbookofMedicalPhysiology》为辅（课后阅读）作业：准备作业本，英文答题，上半段结束后统一交给任课老师。成绩比例：笔试60%，实验30%（报告5*4,操作考核5，平时5），作业10%Chapter1IntroductionWhat?Why?How?Whatisphysiology?LifeLogicStudy生理学Thegoalofphysiologyistoexplainthephysicalandchemicalfactorsthatareresponsiblefortheorigin,development,andprogressionoflife.PhysiologyPlantPhysiologyBacterialPhysiologyViralPhysiologyAnimalPhysiologyHumanPhysiology……HumanPhysiologySpecific

characteristics,functionsandmechanismsofthehumanbodythatmakeitalivingbeingHow?What?

Therelationshipbetweenphysiologyandmedicine

Why?MethodsUsedforPhysiology

Physiologyisanexperimentalbiologyobservationg→interestingphenomena→hypothesis→experiment→conclusion→retesting→publicationFunctionsatThreeLevels

CellTissueOrganSystemOrganismHow?M.Malpighi(1628-1694)：AnItalianphysiologistwhousedamicroscopetodiscoverthecapillaries,crowningHarvey’sinvestigationC.Galen(129-200)(AncientGreco-Roman)LeonardodaVinci(1452-1519)(Italian)

人体实验：humanexperiment

动物实验animalexperiment：1.急性实验acuteexperiment：离体invitro：在体invivo：2.慢性实验chronicexperiment：急性动物实验(acuteanimalexperiment)

在体(invivo)离体(invitro)Animalexperiment

慢性动物实验(chronicanimalexperiment)

如研究动物的胃液分泌，采用假饲的实验方法humanexperimentLevelsofPhysiologicalresearch1.CellularandmolecularPhysiologyMeasurementofcellshorteningCelllength(m)

120905sMeasurementof[Ca2+]i0.61.3340/3805s2.OrganandSystemPhysiology3.IntegrativePhysiology在了解结构的基础上探讨功能深刻理解前后联系

学习逻辑推理的思维方式重视实验,写好报告理论联系实际

如何学好生理学？BodyFluid=60%ofBodyWeight(BW)IntracellularFluid2/3,40%ofBWExtracellularFluid1/3,20%ofBWPlasma5%ofBWInterstitialFluid15%ofBW70kgMale,42LInternalenvironment内环境ExtracellularFluid=InternalEnvironmentAllcellsliveinthesameenvironment—theextracellularfluid.Intheextracellularfluidaretheionsandnutrientsneededbythecellstomaintaincelllife.Forthisreason,theextracellularfluidisalsocalledtheinternalenvironment.ExternalEnvironmentExtracellularFluid1/3,20%ofBWPlasma5%ofBWInterstitialFluid15%ofBWInternalEnvironmentHomeostasis稳态Homeostasis

(fromtheGreekwordsfor“same”and“steady”):maintenanceofstaticorconstantconditionsintheinternalenvironmentW.CannonComponentsofHomeostasis:ConcentrationofO2andCO2

pHoftheinternalenvironmentConcentrationofnutrientsandwasteproductsConcentrationofsaltandotherelectrolytesVolumeandpressureofextracellularfluid

Stable≠rigidity！

canvarywithinnarrowlimit(normalphysiologicalrange)内环境稳态被破坏疾病例：婴儿腹泻临床表现：上吐下泻，伴口渴、尿少，精神萎靡，BP86/50mmHg，皮肤弹性减退，两眼凹陷,前囟下陷，腹胀，肠鸣音减弱。化验：血清K+3.0mmol/L，Na+135mmol/L，标准碳酸氢盐16.0mmol/L。诊断：等渗性脱水、低钾血症、代谢性酸中毒治疗：补液、补钾、纠正酸中毒Successfulcompensation

：HomeostasisreestablishedFailuretocompensate：PathophysiologyIllnessDeathRegulationBody'ssystemsoperatetogethertomaintainhomeostasis:Skinsystem SkeletalandmuscularsystemCirculatorysystem RespiratorysystemDigestivesystem UrinarysystemNervoussystem EndocrinesystemLymphaticsystem Reproductivesystem Howishomeostasisachieved?RegulationofbodyfunctionsNervousRegulationHumoralRegulationAutoregulationReflex反射1.Nervousregulation神经调节

aprocessinwhichbodyfunctionsarecontrolledbynervesystem

Characteristics:-responsefast;-actsexactlyorlocally,-lastforashorttimeReceptorAfferent(sensory)nerveReflexcenter(brainorspinalcord)Efferent(motor)nerveEffectorReflexArc反射弧Receptor2.HumoralregulationHormonesaretransportedintheextracellularfluidtoallpartsofthebodytohelpregulatecellularfunction.Itresponseslowly,actsextensivelyandlastsforalongtime.Endocrineaction:

thehormoneisdistributedinbloodandbindstodistanttargetcellsParacrineaction:

thehormoneactslocallybydiffusingfromitssourcetotargetcellsintheneighborhoodAutocrineaction:

thehormoneactsonthesamecellthatproduceditNeurocrineparacrine/autocrinetelecrineVasopressinOxytocinNeuroendocrine(Neurosecretion)Definition:

Intrinsic(independentofanyneuralorhumoralinfluences)abilityofanorgantomaintainaconstantbloodflowdespitechangesinperfusionpressureMechanism:Stretch-activatedconstrictionofvesselsSignificance:Maintenanceofnear-constantcerebral,renalandcoronarybloodflow3.AutoregulationSummary:

Manycontrolsystemsworktomaintainhomeostasis.Theregulationsystemsofhumanbodycanbedividedintonerveregulation,humoralregulationandautoregulation.

Manyphysiologicalactivitiesareregulatedbythenervoussystem.Thisiscallednervousregulation.Areflexisthebasicmodelofnervousregulationandthereflexarcisthepathwayinareflex.

Chemicalsubstancessecretedbysometissuesarriveattargetorgansthroughbodyfluidsandregulatephysiologicalactivityofthetargetorgan.Thisiscalledhumoralregulation.

Incertaincases,atissueororgancanresponddirectlytotheenvironmentalchange,dependingneitheronnervousnoronhumoralcontrol.Thisformofregulationiscalledautoregulation.ControlsystemsofthebodyCYBERNETICS控制论orControlandCommunication

intheAnimalandtheMachine

(MITPress1948)NorbertWiener(1894-1964)OriginatorofCyberneticsOpen-loopsystemSeldomseenunderphysiologicalconditionsStress1.Non-automaticControlSystemControlCenterEffectorsStimulusResponseClosed-loopsystemAutomaticcontrol Negativefeedback

负反馈 Positivefeedback正反馈2.FeedbackControlSystemControlCenterEffectorsStimulusResponseNegativefeedback负反馈:

common

AchangeinaconditionleadstoresponsesfromtheeffectorswhichcounteractsthatchangeSignificance:MaintenanceofthehomeostasisExamples: Regulationofbloodpressure, Regulationofbodytemperature, Regulationofhormonerelease…Positivefeedback正反馈:

uncommon

Achangeinaconditionleadstoresponsesfromtheeffectorswhichamplifiesthatchange

+

Significance:Enhancetheactionoforiginalstimulusoramplifyorreinforcechange,promoteanactivitytofinishExamples:ChildbirthBloodcoagulationViciouscircleunderpathophysiologicalconditions…3.Feed-forwardControl前馈控制系统OftenseeninnervoussystemRapidAdaptivecontrolExamples:somemusclecontraction, conditionedreflexControlCenterEffectorsStimulusResponseMonitorDisturbanceSignificance:adaptivefe