定语从句的结构及理解

.定语从句的结构及理解定语从句的关系词的使用定语从句的简化表达知识总结归纳（一）定语从句分为限定性定语从句和非限定性定语从句：限定性定语从句：从句对先行词进行必要的描述或说明，缺少它，则句义显得不完整，从句与先行词紧密相连。非限定性定语从句：对先行词进行补充说明，解释，它与先行词之间有逗号隔开。Beforeshecouldmove,sheheardaloudnoise,whichgrewtoaterribleroar.Treeaftertreewentdown,cutdownbythewater,whichmusthavebeenthreemetersdeep.Flora,whosebeautifulhairanddresswereallcoldandwet,startedcrying.Theirtalkincludesrhythmandrhymingwordsaswellastonguetwisters,whichoftenmaketheaudienceapplaud.（二）定语从句的结构：在复合句中，修饰某个名词或代词的句子（做这个名词或代词的定语）叫定语从句，定语从句一般放在被修饰的名词或代词后面，被修饰的名词或代词叫做定语从句的先行词，它与定语从句之间要有一个词连接，这个词指代先行词的内容叫做关系词（关系代词或关系副词：that,which,who,whose,when,where,why）。先行词在定语从句中充当主语，宾语，时间，地点，原因状语。结构：先行词+关系词+定语从句。Thereshesawawallofwaterthatwasquicklyadvancingtowardsher.InJapan,someonewhoseesanotherpersonmakingthegesturewillthinkitmeansmoney.Athemeparkisacollectionofrides,exhibitionsorotherattractionsthatarebasedonacommontheme.TheparkhasaconservationcenterthathelpsprotectmarineanimalsandtheirhabitatsintheriversandcoastalwatersofAsia.Visitorscangoonexcitingrideswheretheycanfeelwhatitisliketodothethingstheyhaveseentheirheroesdointhemovie.OprahWinfreyisablackwomanwhoserisetofameisaninspiringstory.（三）关系词前面可以根据定语从句的内容加上一些介词，这些关系词在介词后面常用which或whom.TherewasamanwithwhomIwouldhavetoworktogetherandfinallythemanagerofthecompany.Manypeoplewhosawthefilmwereafraidtoswimintheseawhentheyrememberedthescenesinwhichpeoplewereeatenbytheshark.知识重点与难点（一）当先行词有最高级，序数词修饰，是不定代词，或是all,no,only等形式时，关系代词一般用that，而不能用whichoTheTitanicwasthelargestshipthathadeverbeenbuiltatthattime.Thereisonethingthatkeepsworryingme.(三)定语从句的简化表达：ThemanwhoissittingontheplatformisaprofessorfromWuhanUniversity.Theletterthatwasmailedlastnightwillreachhimtomorrow.Thequestionthatisbeingdiscussedisveryimportant.Youarewelcometoapartytobegiveninourclassat7:45.说明：以上的定语从句部分可以用更加简单的非谓语形式表达出来：ThemansittingontheplatformisaprofessorfromWuhanUniversity.Thelettermailedlastnightwillreachhimtomorrow.Thequestionbeingdiscussedisveryimportant.Youarewelcometoapartytobegiveninourclassat7:45.说明：修饰一个名词除了后面用定语从句以外，还可以用非谓语动词形式：doing短语，done短语，beingdone短语，tobedone短语修饰。其结构和意思如下：被修饰名词+doing短语：正在做….的人/正在发生的事。被修饰名词+done短语：被•••..的人/事被修饰名词+beingdone短语：正在被•••..的人/事被修饰名词+tobedone短语：将要被•••..的人/事Doyouknowthemantalkingtomysister?The“crazy”gesture,movingtheindexfingerinacircleinfrontoftheear,means“youhaveaphonecall”inBrazil.Didyouseethatcarbeingrepaired?Inacamera,thelensmustbefocusedontheobjecttobephotographed.Thestudentstoattendthemeetingwillarriveheretomorrow.GoodsimportedfromabroadarenotalwaysbetterthanthosemadeinChina.TheYellowRiver,saidtobe“themotherriver”runsacrossChinalikeahugedragon.总结：以上做定语的那些短语就是英语语法中所说的分词，不定式的各种形式作定语。这些短语作定语应放在被修饰名词的后面。如果单独一个V-ing或V-ed形式作定语，则可以放在被修饰名词前面。分词作定语时，其动作应与全句动作同时发生。V-ing表示主动意义和正在做，V-ed表示被动意义。beingdone表示正在被做的不定式作定语表示将要发生的，tobedone表示将要被做的【典型例题】[例1]Friendshipisneededbyall,playsanimportantroleinpeople'slives.A.whichB.thatC.whoD.it分析：playsanimportantroleinpeople'slives为非限定性定语从句修饰先行词Friendship用which连接定语从句。答案：A[例2]UncleLiIworkedthreeyearsagohasretirednow.A.whoB.whomC.withwhomD.towhom分析：Iworkedthreeyearsago作为定语从句修饰先行词UncleLi，从句完整的表达是:IworkedwithUncleLithreeyearsago.所以关系词前应加上介词with。答案：C[例3]Isthisthereasonatthemeetingforhiscarelessnessinhiswork?A.heexplainedB.whatheexplainedC.howheexplainedD.whyheexplained分析：定语从句atthemeetingforhiscarelessnessinhiswork修饰先行词thereason指“他在会上就他工作中的粗心解释的原因。先行词在从句中做宾语。答案：A[例4]Teachers,workisratherhard,arebeingbetterpaidthanbefore.A.whoB.thatC.whichD.whose分析：非限定性定语从句workisratherhard修饰先行词teachers,它与从句中的work是从属关系，关系词用whose答案：D[例5]TheOlympicGames,in776BC,didn'tincludedwomenplayersuntil1912.A.firstplayingB.tobefirstplayedC.firstplayedD.tobefirstplaying分析：公元前776年被首次举行的奥运会，直到1912年才容纳女运动员。in776BC做定语修饰TheOlympicGames,指过去的内容，表示被动。用done做定语。答案：C[例6]Thehousesfortheteachersandtheconstructionworkwillstartsoon.A.builtB.tobebuiltC.tobuildD.beingbuilt分析:根据句意房子即将开工。fortheteachersandtheconstructionwork修饰Thehouses应为ThehousesThehouses将要为教师和施工修建的房子。答案：B[例7]Howmanyofus,ameetingthatisnotimportanttouswouldbeinterestedinthediscussion?A.attendedB.attendingC.toattendD.haveattended分析：根据句意：比如说，我们当中参加一个对我们毫不重要的会议的人会有多少人对这个讨论感兴趣呢？,say,ameetingthatisnotimportanttous修饰Howmanyofus做定语。与全句动作同步.答案：B[例8]Shehasthreechildren,isworkinginAustralia.A.whoB.oneofwhomC.oneofthemD.noneofthem分析：非限定性定语从句—isworkinginAustralia修饰先行词threechildren，根据从句中的is判断，是说：三个孩子中的一个在澳大利亚工作。答案：B【模拟试题】Susanistheverygirlthegooddeed.A.whomIthinkdidB.whomIthinkshedidC.whoIthinkdidD.IthinkwhodidLuckily,thepoorboyhadenoughmoneyhecouldbuyatrainticket.A.bywhichB.onwhichC.withwhichD.forwhichThebookhedevotedmuchtimeistocomeoutnextmonth.A.whereB.whichC.towhichD.onwhichThedaycamefinallyIwasgivenanopportunitytoactintheplay.A.whenB.inthatC.whichD.inwhich1.Don’tyouthinkthequestiontomorrowisofgreatimportance.A.beingdiscussedB.discussedC.tobediscussedD.todiscussThefoodatthemomentisforthedinnerparty.A.cookedB.tobecookedC.isbeingcookedD.beingcookedDoyouknowtheteacherunderthebigtree?A.readB.readsC.readingD.beingread【试题答案】CSusan正是我认为作了好事的那位女孩。先行词theverygirl在从句中做think的宾语，同时又是后面宾语从句didthegooddeed.的主语，所以关系词不能用whomC定语从句hecouldbuyatrainticket.修饰先行词money:用这笔钱买火车票。关系词前面需要加介词：withC定语从句hedevotedmuchtime意思是：他把大量的时间都投入在这本书上了。devote„.tosth.关系词前加介词：toA定语从句Iwasgivenanopportunitytoactintheplay修饰先行词theday:先行词theday在从句中做时间状语：在这一天我得到了扮演一个角色的机会。C短语tomorrow做定语修饰thequestion，根据表达的内容：明天即将被讨论的问题。应当用不定式的被动结构做定语。D短语atthemoment做thefood的定语，表示：正在做的食物。Beingdone做定语表示：正在被……的……。C现在分词短语readingunderthebigtree做定语修饰theteacher表示:正在大树下看书的那位老师。情态动词情态动词的推测表达情态动词表达虚拟语气某些情态动词的特殊用法知识重点与难点总结知识重点：情态动词在表达推测意义的句子中的运用：（一）用情态动词表达事实的推测。can，could，might，may，must可以用来表达对事实的推测。根据说话人对事实的把握性大小，must表示“肯定…”，may/might/can/could表示“可能”，must只用于肯定句中，may/might的否定式maynot/mightnot表示“可能不”，而can/could可以用于疑问句，表示“可能，可能吗*”，其否定式can’t/couldn’t表示“不可能”。用情态动词可以对现在或过去的事实进行推测。对不同的时间内容推测有不同的结构。（二）对现在的事实进行推测：主要结构：„must/may/might+动词原形be+名词/形容词/介词短语be+doing例句：YoumustbeJeanne.I’mMathldeLoisel.Weusedtoknoweachotherverywell.Theymustbeinbedalreadyatthistimeofthenight.Theteachermustbejoking.Fredaisn’tinclass.Shemustbesick.Theremustbesomethingwrong.Shemightbeveryclever,butshehasn’tgotmuchcommonsense.Hemaybearrivingthisevening.Hemaybetravelingaroundtheworld.Thekeyscan’tbeintheroom.Ihavejustsearcheditverycarefully.Canthenewsbetrue?（三）对过去的事实进行推测：结构：情态动词+havedone/been+名词/形容词/介词短语例句：Mrs.Longmansmusthavebeenaprettygirlinheryouth.Hecouldn’thaveseenAnnayesterday.She’sgoneabroad.IthinkImusthaveleftmyglassesinthelibrary.Hemighthaveoversleptagain.WherecanTomhavegone?情态动词表达虚拟语气：表达“本来…”，“不然早就…”。这是情态动词的一种虚拟语气用法。表示说话人所讲的与所发生的事实相反。表达了说话人的埋怨，后悔的语气。其结构是在一些情态动词后面加havedone结构。根据要表达的意思，有如下结构：shouldhavedone/oughttohavedone:本应该shouldn’thavedone/oughtn’ttohavedone:本不该couldhavedone:本来可以needn’thavedone:本来没必要wouldliketohavedone:本来很想wouldrathernothavedone:本来不愿意could/might/havedone:不然早就例句：Youshouldn’thavelaughedathismistakes.Youcouldhavetoldusearlier.Ioughttohaveboughtthatdictionarylastweek.Yououghtnottohavespentsomuchtimeinreadingnovels.Weneednothavebeeninatearinghurrytocatchthetrain.Theywouldliketohaveseenthatfilmlastfilm.Ifhehadgivenmehisnumber,Icouldhavetelephonedhim.Theymighthavebeenfrozentodeathbutfortherescueintime.知识难点：某些情态动词的特殊用法：need和dare的两种形式的用法need和dare可以用做实义动词，后面接不定式（todo）结构，在疑问句和否定句中，加助动词do/does/did/或don’t/doesn’t/didn’t。作为情态动词使用时，主要用于疑问句和否定句中。情态动词needn’t（没有必要，不必）相当于don’thaveto例句：Itiscold,youneedtowearsomewarmclothes.NeedIstayherewithyouforawhile?Thankyou,youneedn’t.Howdareyouspeaktoparentslikethat?注意：句型Idaresay+从句。意思是：我肯定=I’msure或Thereisnodoubtthat+从句。例句：IdaresaythatmyunclewillgetthemoneyifIdie.will和would表示“意志”或“愿意”，would则指过去愿意做例句：Hesaidthathewouldhelpus.Youmaytelephoneifyouwillacceptthisjob.would可以表达“过去习惯做”类似于“usedtodo”例句：Whenwewerechildren,wewouldgoswimmingeverysummerinthatriver.表示请求，固定的句型：Will/Wouldyoupleasedo„?/Wouldyouliketodo„?例句：Will/Wouldyoupleasegivehimamessagewhenyouseehim?shall用于第一，三人称，表示“请求”；“建议”或“推荐”例句：Shallwestartthemeetingnow?ShallIwatchTVnow?Shallmysoncarrythecaseforyou?用于第二人称，表示“命令，“要求”，“许诺”例句：Youshalltakewhateveryoulike.Youshallnotgotothepartywithmeifyoumakesomuchnoiseagain.在表示推测的否定句或疑问句中，常用can/can’t/could/couldn’t表示，意思是：“可能…吗？”；"…不可能…”。而不能使用mustn’t或must等词。【典型例题】1.—Doyouthinkhewilldomeafavor?—AsfarasIknow,heisthelastonetohelpothers.Hebepreparedtogiveyouahand,though.A.mightB.mustC.canD.should分析：本题考查情态动词推测性用法。根据heisthelastonetohelpothers.（他是最不可能帮助别人的人），既然如此，那么“帮助你”的可能性也就最小了。答案为A—Look,someoneiscoming.Guesswhoitbe?—IthinkitbeTom.—Idon’tthinkitbe.A.can;must;can;heB.may;can;must;himC.must;can;must;hisD.might;must;can;himself分析:根据备选答案。can表示推测时用于疑问句或否定句中。本题首句就应该是Guesswhocanitbe?第二句应该是IthinkitmustbeTom.（说话人十分肯定）。第三句表达了说话人对前一个人的否定。即：Idon’tthinkitcanbehim/he.（不可能是他）。答案为A—DoyouknowMs.Wanglikeswalkingaftersupper?—Sure.Shearoundthecampusnow.A.mustbewalkingB.mustwalkC.maywalkD.maybewalking分析：关键词Sure告诉我们说话人的口气十分肯定。根据句子语境：她此刻肯定正在校园散步呢。mustbedoing表示肯定正在做。答案为A—IstayedatahotelinNewYork.—Oh,didyou?YouwithBarbara.A.couldhavestayedB.couldstayC.wouldsayD.musthavestayed分析：首句说：我在纽约住在一家宾馆里。在此ahotel是泛指。所以D选项不合题意。第二句在说：你本来可以和Barbara.住在一起的。Couldhavedone表示：本来可以。答案为AWhydidn’tyoutellmetherewasnomeetingtoday?Iallthewayherethroughtheheavysnow.A.needn’thavedrivenB.can’thavedrivenC.mustn’thavedrivenD.shouldn’thavedriven分析：根据句意：你为什么不告诉我今天没有会？我本来没必要冒着大雪开车跑这么多路。Needn’thavedone表示本来没必要。答案为AIwasreallyanxiousaboutyou.Youhomewithoutaword.A.mustn7tleaveB.shouldn’thaveleftC.couldn’thaveleftD.needn’tleave分析：根据句意：我真的很担心你，你真不应该一句话都不说就离开家。“离开家”已经发生了。Shouldhavedone正好表达了本句的意思。答案为BA：AreyoucomingtoJeff’sparty?B：I’mnotsure.Igototheconcertinstead.A.mustB.wouldC.shouldD.might分析：根据B的回答：我不一定去，我有可能去听音乐会。Might表示推测：可能。答案为DA：Ipromisethatshegetanicepresentonherbirthday.B：Willitbeabigsurprisetoher?A.shouldB.mustC.wouldD.shall分析：A说：“我答应她在生日聚会上她会得到一份生日礼物。shall表示许诺。答案为D【模拟试题】A：IsJohncomingbytrain?B:Heshould,buthenot.Helikesdrivinghiscar.A.mustB.canC.needD.mayMr.Whiteat8:30forthemeeting,buthedidn’tshowup.A.shouldhavearrivedB.shouldarriveC.shouldhavehadarrivedD.shouldbearrivingSorry,I’mlate.Ihaveturnedoffthealarmandgonetosleepagain.A.mightB.shouldC.canD.willYoubetired—You’veonlybeenworkingforanhour.A.mustnotB.won’tC.can’tD.maynot—Ididn’tgotoworkyesterdayafternoonbecausemycarbrokedown.—Youmine.Iwasn’tusingit.A.mightborrowB.couldhaveborrowedC.canhaveborrowedD.oughttoborrow—Amanansweredthephone.Isupposeitwasherhusband.—Itherhusband.Hehasbeendeadforages.A.mustn’tbeB.couldn’thavebeenC.maynothavebeenD.mustn’thavebeen【试题答案】分析：根据B的回答“他应该（坐火车来），但是也不一定，他喜欢开自己的车。本题考查了情态动词的推测用法。may表示不十分有把握的推测。答案为D分析：根据句意：White先生本应该在8:30到这里出席会议的，可他（在8:30）没有到场。Shouldhavedone表示：本应该。答案为A分析：本句是说话人在解释迟到的原因：我或许是关掉闹钟又睡了。mighthavedo