2018年剑桥三中高中英语竞赛试题

2018年剑桥三中高中英语竞赛试题考试时间90分钟满分120分PARTONE:READINGTherearethreepassagesinthesection.Giveyou20minutestoreadeachpassageandanswerthequestionsaboutitandeachquestionisworth2points.Theentiresectionwilltake60minutestocomplete.Youmaylookbackatapassagewhenansweringthequestions.Youcanskipquestionsandgobackthemlateraslongasthereistimeremaining.PassageOneDirections:Readthepassage.Thenanswerthequestions.Giveyourself20minutestocompletethispracticeset.MineralsandPlantsResearchhasshownthatcertainmineralsarerequiredbyplantsfornormalgrowthanddevelopment.Thesoilisthesourceoftheseminerals,whichareabsorbedbytheplantwiththewaterfromthesoil.Evennitrogen,whichisagasinitselementalstate,innormallyabsorbedfromthesoilasnitrateions.Somesoilsarenotoriouslydeficientinmicronutrientsandarethereforeunabletosupportmostplantlife.So-calledserpentinesoils,forexample,aredeficientincalcium,andonlyplantsabletotoleratelowlevelsofthismineralcansurvive.Inmodernagriculture,mineraldepletionofsoilsisamajorconcern,sinceharvestingcropsinterruptstherecyclingofnutrientsbacktothesoil.Mineraldeficienciescanoftenbedetectedbyspecificsymptomssuchaschlorosis(lossofchlorophyllresultinginyelloworwhiteleafissue),necrosis(isolateddeadpatches),anthocyaninformation(developmentofdeepredpigmentationofleavesorstem),stuntedgrowth,anddevelopmentofwoodytissueinanherbaceousplant.Soilsaremostcommonlydeficientinnitrogenandphosphorus.Nitrogen-deficientplantsexhibitmanyofthesymptomsjustdescribed.Leavesdevelopchlorosis;stemsareshortandslender,andanthocyanindiscolorationoccursonstems,petioles,andlowerleafsurfaces.Phosphorus-deficientplantsareoftenstunted,withleavesturningacharacteristicdarkgreen,oftenwiththeaccumulationofanthocyanin.Typically,olderleavesareaffectedfirstasthephosphorusismobilizedtoyounggrowingtissue.Irondeficiencyischaracterizedbychlorosisbetweenveinsinyoungleaves.Muchoftheresearchonnutrientdeficienciesisbasedongrowingplantshydroponically,thatis,insoillessliquidnutrientsolutions.Thistechniqueallowsresearcherstocreatesolutionsthatselectivelyomitcertainnutrientsandthenobservetheresultingeffectsontheplants.Hydroponicshasapplicationsbeyondbasicresearch,sinceitfacilitatesthegrowingofgreenhousevegetablesduringwinter.Acroponics,atechniqueinwhichplantsaresuspendedandtherootsmistedwithanutrientsolution,isanothermethodforgrowingplantswithoutsoil.Whilemineraldeficienciescanlimitthegrowthofplants,anoverabundanceofcertainmineralscanbetoxicandcanalsolimitgrowth.Salinesoils,whichhavehighconcentrationsofsodiumchlorideandothersalts,limitplantgrowth,andresearchcontinuestofocusondevelopingsalt-tolerantvarietiesofagriculturalcrops.Researchhasfocusedonthetoxiceffectsofheavymetalssuchaslead,cadmium,mercury,andaluminum;however,evencopperandzinc,whichareessentialelements,canbecometoxicinhighconcentrations.Althoughmostplantscannotsurviveinthesesoils,certainplantshavetheabilitytotoleratehighlevelsoftheseminerals.Scientistshaveknownforsometimethatcertainplants,calledhyperaccumulators,canconcentratemineralsatlevelsahundredfoldorgreaterthannormal.Asurveyofknownhyperaccumulatorsidentifiedthat75percentofthemamassednickel,cobalt,copper,zinc,manganese,lead,andcadmiumareothermineralsofchoice.Hyperaccumulatorsruntheentirerangeoftheplantworld.Theymaybeherbs,shrubs,ortrees.Manymembersofthemustardfamily,spurgefamily,legumefamily,andgrassfamilyaretophyperaccumulators.Manyarefoundintropicalandsubtropicalareasoftheworld,whereaccumulationofhighconcentrationsofmetalsmayaffordsomeprotectionagainstplant-eatinginsectsandmicrobialpathogens.Onlyrecentlyhaveinvestigatorsconsideredusingtheseplantstocleanupsoilandwastesitesthathavebeencontaminatedbytoxiclevelsofheavymetals–anenvironmentallyfriendlyapproachknownasphytoremediation.Thisscenariobeginswiththeplantingofhyperaccumulatingspeciesinthetargetarea,suchasanabandonedmineoranirrigationpondcontaminatedbyrunoff.Toxicmineralswouldfirstbeabsorbedbyrootsbutlaterrelocatedtothestemandleaves.Aharvestoftheshootswouldremovethetoxiccompoundsoffsitetobeburnedorcompostedtorecoverthemetalforindustrialuses.Afterseveralyearsofcultivationandharvest,thesitewouldberestoredatacostmuchlowerthanthepriceofexcavationandreburial,thestandardpracticeforremediationofcontaminatedsoils.Forexamples,infieldtrials,theplantalpinepennycressremovedzincandcadmiumfromsoilsnearazincsmelter,andIndianmustard,nativetoPakistanandIndia,hasbeeneffectiveinreducinglevelsofseleniumsaltsby50percentincontaminatedsoils.Directions:Nowanswerthequestions.Paragraph1:Researchhasshownthatcertainmineralsarerequiredbyplantsfornormalgrowthanddevelopment.Thesoilisthesourceoftheseminerals,whichareabsorbedbytheplantwiththewaterfromthesoil.Evennitrogen,whichisagasinitselementalstate,innormallyabsorbedfromthesoilasnitrateions.Somesoilsarenotoriouslydeficientinmicronutrientsandarethereforeunabletosupportmostplantlife.So-calledserpentinesoils,forexample,aredeficientincalcium,andonlyplantsabletotoleratelowlevelsofthismineralcansurvive.Inmodernagriculture,mineraldepletionofsoilsisamajorconcern,sinceharvestingcropsinterruptstherecyclingofnutrientsbacktothesoil.1.AccordingtoParagraph1,whatistrueofplantsthatcangrowinserpentinesoil?A.Theyabsorbmicronutrientsunusuallywell.B.Theyrequirefarlesscalciumthanmostplantsdo.C.Theyareabletoabsorbnitrogeninitselementalstate.D.Theyaretypicallycropsraisedforfood.Paragraph2:Mineraldeficienciescanoftenbedetectedbyspecificsymptomssuchaschlorosis(lossofchlorophyllresultinginyelloworwhiteleafissue),necrosis(isolateddeadpatches),anthocyaninformation(developmentofdeepredpigmentationofleavesorstem),stuntedgrowth,anddevelopmentofwoodytissueinanherbaceousplant.Soilsaremostcommonlydeficientinnitrogenandphosphorus.Nitrogen-deficientplantsexhibitmanyofthesymptomsjustdescribed.Leavesdevelopchlorosis;stemsareshortandslender,andanthocyanindiscolorationoccursonstems,petioles,andlowerleafsurfaces.Phosphorus-deficientplantsareoftenstunted,withleavesturningacharacteristicdarkgreen,oftenwiththeaccumulationofanthocyanin.Typically,olderleavesareaffectedfirstasthephosphorusismobilizedtoyounggrowingtissue.Irondeficiencyischaracterizedbychlorosisbetweenveinsinyoungleaves.ThewordexhibitinthepassageisclosestinmeaningtoA.fightoffB.showC.causeD.spreadAccordingtoParagraph2,whichofthefollowingsymptomsoccursinphosphorus-deficientplantsbutnotinplantsdeficientinnitrogenoriron?A.ChlorosisonleavesB.ChangeinleafpigmentationtoadarkshadeofgreenC.Short,stuntedappearanceofstemsD.ReddishpigmentationontheleavesorstemAccordingtoParagraph2,asymptomofirondeficiencyisthepresenceinyoungleavesofA.Deepreddiscolorationbetweentheveins.B.Whiteoryellowtissuebetweentheveins.C.Deadspotsbetweentheveins.D.Characteristicdarkgreenveins.Paragraph3:Muchoftheresearchonnutrientdeficienciesisbasedongrowingplantshydroponically,thatis,insoillessliquidnutrientsolutions.Thistechniqueallowsresearcherstocreatesolutionsthatselectivelyomitcertainnutrientsandthenobservetheresultingeffectsontheplants.Hydroponicshasapplicationsbeyondbasicresearch,sinceitfacilitatesthegrowingofgreenhousevegetablesduringwinter.Acroponics,atechniqueinwhichplantsaresuspendedandtherootsmistedwithanutrientsolution,isanothermethodforgrowingplantswithoutsoil.ThewordfacilitatesinthepassageisclosestinmeaningtoA.slowsdownB.affectsC.makeseasierD.focusesonAccordingtoParagraph3,whatistheadvantageofhydroponicsforresearchonnutrientdeficienciesinplants?A.Itallowsresearcherstocontrolwhatnutrientsaplantreceives.B.Itallowsresearcherstoobservethegrowthofalargenumberofplantssimultaneously.C.Itispossibletodirectlyobservetherootsofplants.D.Itisunnecessarytokeepmistingplantswithnutrientsolutions.ThewordsuspendedinthepassageisclosestinmeaningtoA.grownB.protectedC.spreadoutD.hungParagraph5:Scientistshaveknownforsometimethatcertainplants,calledhyperaccumulators,canconcentratemineralsatlevelsahundredfoldorgreaterthannormal.Asurveyofknownhyperaccumulatorsidentifiedthat75percentofthemamassednickel,cobalt,copper,zinc,manganese,lead,andcadmiumareothermineralsofchoice.Hyperaccumulatorsruntheentirerangeoftheplantworld.Theymaybeherbs,shrubs,ortrees.Manymembersofthemustardfamily,spurgefamily,legumefamily,andgrassfamilyaretophyperaccumulators.Manyarefoundintropicalandsubtropicalareasoftheworld,whereaccumulationofhighconcentrationsofmetalsmayaffordsomeprotectionagainstplant-eatinginsectsandmicrobialpathogens.Whydoestheauthormentionherbs,shrubs,andtrees?A.Toprovideexamplesofplanttypesthatcannottoleratehighlevelsofharmfulminerals.B.Toshowwhysomanyplantsarehyperaccumulators.C.Tohelpexplainwhyhyperaccumulatorscanbefoundinsomanydifferentplaces.D.Toemphasizethathyperaccumulatorsoccurinawiderangeofplanttypes.ThewordaffordinthepassageisclosestinmeaningtoA.offerB.preventC.increaseD.removeParagraph6:Onlyrecentlyhaveinvestigatorsconsideredusingtheseplantstocleanupsoilandwastesitesthathavebeencontaminatedbytoxiclevelsofheavymetals–anenvironmentallyfriendlyapproachknownasphytoremediation.Thisscenariobeginswiththeplantingofhyperaccumulatingspeciesinthetargetarea,suchasanabandonedmineoranirrigationpondcontaminatedbyrunoff.Toxicmineralswouldfirstbeabsorbedbyrootsbutlaterrelocatedtothestemandleaves.Aharvestoftheshootswouldremovethetoxiccompoundsoffsitetobeburnedorcompostedtorecoverthemetalforindustrialuses.Afterseveralyearsofcultivationandharvest,thesitewouldberestoredatacostmuchlowerthanthepriceofexcavationandreburial,thestandardpracticeforremediationofcontaminatedsoils.Forexamples,infieldtrials,theplantalpinepennycressremovedzincandcadmiumfromsoilsnearazincsmelter,andIndianmustard,nativetoPakistanandIndia,hasbeeneffectiveinreducinglevelsofseleniumsaltsby50percentincontaminatedsoils.Whichofthesentencesbelowbestexpressestheessentialinformationinthehighlightedsentenceinthepassage?Incorrectchoiceschangethemeaninginimportantwaysorleaveoutessentialinformation.A.Beforeconsideringphytoremediation,hyperaccumulatingspeciesofplantslocaltothetargetareamustbeidentified.B.Theinvestigationbeginswithanevaluationoftoxicsitesinthetargetareatodeterminetheextentofcontamination.C.Thefirststepinphytoremediationistheplantingofhyperaccumulatingplantsintheareatobecleanedup.D.Minesandirrigationpondscanbekeptfrombecomingcontaminatedbyplantinghyperaccumulatingspeciesintargetedareas.ItcanbeinferredfromParagraph6thatcomparedwithstandardpracticesforremediationofcontaminatedsoils,phytoremediationA.doesnotallowfortheuseoftheremovedmineralsforindustrialpurposes.B.canbefastertoimplementC.isequallyfriendlytotheenvironmentD.islesssuitableforsoilsthatneedtobeusedwithinashortperiodoftime.WhydoestheauthormentionIndianmustard?A.TowarnaboutpossiblerisksinvolvedinphytoremediationB.TohelpillustratethepotentialofphytoremediationC.ToshowthathyperaccumulatingplantsgrowinmanyregionsoftheworldD.Toexplainhowzinccontaminationcanbereduced.Paragraph5:Scientistshaveknownforsometimethatcertainplants,calledhyperaccumulators,canconcentratemineralsatlevelsahundredfoldorgreaterthannormal.■A.Asurveyofknownhyperaccumulatorsidentifiedthat75percentofthemamassednickel,cobalt,copper,zinc,manganese,lead,andcadmiumareothermineralsofchoice.■B.Hyperaccumulatorsruntheentirerangeoftheplantworld.■C.Theymaybeherbs,shrubs,ortrees.■D.Manymembersofthemustardfamily,spurgefamily,legumefamily,andgrassfamilyaretophyperaccumulators.Manyarefoundintropicalandsubtropicalareasoftheworld,whereaccumulationofhighconcentrationsofmetalsmayaffordsomeprotectionagainstplant-eatinginsectsandmicrobialpathogens.Lookatthefoursquares[■]thatindicatewherethefollowingsentencecouldbeaddedtothepassage.Certainmineralsaremorelikelytobeaccumulatedinlargequantitiesthanothers.Wherecouldthesentencebestfit?Directions:Anintroductorysentenceforabriefsummaryofthepassageisprovidedbelow.CompletethesummarybyselectingtheTHREEanswerchoicesthatexpressthemostimportantideasinthepassage.Someanswerchoicesdonotbelonginthesummarybecausetheyexpressideasthatarenotpresentedinthepassageorareminorideasinthepassage.Thisquestionisworth2points.Plantsneedtoabsorbcertainmineralsfromthesoilinadequatequantitiesfornormalgrowthanddevelopment.●______●______●______AnswerChoicesA.Someplantsareabletoaccumulateextremelyhighlevelsofcertainmineralsandthuscanbeusedtocleanupsoilscontaminatedwithtoxiclevelsoftheseminerals.B.Thoughbeneficialinlowerlevels,highlevelsofsalts,otherminerals,andheavymetalscanbeharmfultoplants.C.Whenplantsdonotabsorbsufficientamountsofessentialminerals,characteristicabnormalitiesresult.D.Becausehighconcentrationsofsodiumchlorideandothersaltslimitgrowthinmostplants,muchresearchhasbeendoneinanefforttodevelopsalt-tolerantagriculturalcrops.E.Someplantscantoleratecomparativelylowlevelsofcertainminerals,butsuchplantsareoflittleuseforrecyclingnutrientsbackintodepletedsoils.F.Mineraldeficienciesinmanyplantscanbecuredbymistingtheirrootswithanutrientsolutionorbytransferringtheplantstoasoillessnutrientsolution.PassageTwoDirections:Readthepassage.Thenanswerthequestions.Giveyourself20minutestocompletethispracticeset.TheOriginofthePecificIslandPeopleThegreaterPacificregion,traditionallycalledOceania,consistsofthreeculturalareas:Melanesia,Micronesia,andPolynesia.Melanesia,inthesouthwestPacific,containsthelargeislandsofNewGuinea,theSolomons,Vanuatu,andNewCaledonia.Micronesia,theareanorthofMelanesia,consistsprimarilyofsmallscatteredislands.PolynesiaisthecentralPacificareainthegreattriangledefinedbyHawaii,EasterIsland,andNewZealand.BeforethearrivalofEuropeans,theislandsinthetwolargestculturalareas,PolynesiaandMicronesia,togethercontainedapopulationestimatedat700,000.SpeculationontheoriginofthesePacificislandersbeganassoonasoutsidersencounteredthem,intheabsenceofsolidlinguistic,archaeological,andbiologicaldata,manyfancifulandmutuallyexclusivetheoriesweredevised.PacificislandersarevariouslythoughttohavecomefromNorthAmerica,SouthAmerica,Egypt,Israel,andIndia,aswellasSoutheastAsia.ManyoldertheoriesimplicitlydeprecatedthenavigationalabilitiesandoverallculturalcreativityofthePacificislanders.Forexample,BritishanthropologistsG.ElliotSmithandW.J.PerryassumedthatonlyEgyptianswouldhavebeenskilledenoughtonavigateandcolonizethePacific.TheyinferredthattheEgyptiansevencrossedthePacifictofoundthegreatcivilizationsoftheNewWorld(NorthandSouthAmerica).In1947NorwegianadventurerThorHeyerdahldriftedonabalsa-lograftwestwardwiththewindsandcurrentsacrossthePacificfromSouthAmericatoprovehistheorythatPacificislanderswereNativeAmericans(alsocalledAmericanIndians).LaterHeyerdahlsuggestedthatthePacificwaspeopledbythreemigrations:byNativeAmericansfromthePacificNorthwestofNorthAmericadriftingtoHawaii,byPeruviansdriftingtoEasterIsland,andbyMelanesians.In1969hecrossedtheAtlanticinanEgyptianstylereedboattoproveEgyptianinfluencesintheAmericas.Contrarytothesetheorists,theoverwhelmingevidenceofphysicalanthropology,linguistics,andarchaeologyshowsthatthePacificislanderscamefromSoutheastAsiaandwereskilledenoughasnavigatorstosailagainsttheprevailingwindsandcurrents.ThebasicculturalrequirementsforthesuccessfulcolonizationofthePacificislandsincludetheappropriateboat-building,sailing,andnavigationskillstogettotheislandsinthefirstplace,domesticatedplantsandgardeningskillssuitedtooftenmarginalconditions,andavariedinventoryoffishingimplementsandtechniques.ItisnowgenerallybelievedthattheseprerequisitesoriginatedwithpeoplesspeakingAustronesianlanguages(agroupofseveralhundredrelatedlanguages)andbegantoemergeinSoutheastAsiabyabout5000B.C.E.Thecultureofthattime,basedonarchaeologyandlinguisticreconstruction,isassumedtohavehadabroadinventoryofcultivatedplantsincludingtaro,yarns,banana,sugarcane,breadfruit,coconut,sago,andrice.Justasimportant,theculturealsopossessedthebasicfoundationforaneffectivemaritimeadaptation,includingoutriggercanoesandavarietyoffishingtechniquesthatcouldbeeffectiveforoverseasvoyaging.DetailedstudiesofthewindsandcurrentsusingcomputersimulationssuggestthatdriftingcanoeswouldhavebeenamostunlikelymeansofcolonizingthePacific.Theseexpeditionswerelikelydrivenbypopulationgrowthandpoliticaldynamicsonthehomeislands,aswellasthechallengeandexcitementofexploringunknownwaters.BecauseallPolynesians,Micronesians,andmanyMelanesiansspeakAustronesianlanguagesandgrowcropsderivedfromSoutheastAsia,allthesepeoplesmostcertainlyderivedfromthatregionandnottheNewWorldorelsewhere.Theundisputedpre-ColumbianpresenceinOceaniaofthesweetpotato,whichisaNewWorlddomesticate,hassometimesbeenusedtosupportHeyerdahl’s“AmericanIndiansinthePacific”theories.However,thisisoneplantoutofalonglistofSoutheastAsiandomesticates.AsPatrickKirch,anAmericananthropologist,pointsout,ratherthanbeingbroughtbyraftingSouthAmericans,sweetpotatoesmightjusthaveeasilybeenbroughtbackbyreturningPolynesiannavigatorswhocouldhavereachedthewestcoastofSouthAmerica.Directions:Nowanswerthequestions.Paragraph1:ThegreaterPacificregion,traditionallycalledOceania,consistsofthreeculturalareas:Melanesia,Micronesia,andPolynesia.Melanesia,inthesouthwestPacific,containsthelargeislandsofNewGuinea,theSolomons,Vanuatu,andNewCaledonia.Micronesia,theareanorthofMelanesia,consistsprimarilyofsmallscatteredislands.PolynesiaisthecentralPacificareainthegreattriangledefinedbyHawaii,EasterIsland,andNewZealand.BeforethearrivalofEuropeans,theislandsinthetwolargestculturalareas,PolynesiaandMicronesia,togethercontainedapopulationestimatedat700,000.AccordingtoParagraph1,allofthefollowingaretruestatementsaboutMelanesia,Micronesia,andPolynesiaEXCEPTA.Collectively,theseregionsaretraditionallyknownasOceania.B.TheseislandsofMicronesiaaresmallandspreadoutC.Hawaii,EasterIsland,andNewZealandmarktheboundariesofPolynesia.D.MelanesiaissituatedtothenorthofMicronesia.Paragraph2:SpeculationontheoriginofthesePacificislandersbeganassoonasoutsidersencounteredthem,intheabsenceofsolidlinguistic,archaeological,andbiologicaldata,manyfancifulandmutuallyexclusivetheoriesweredevised.PacificislanderserevariouslythoughttohavecomefromNorthAmerica,SouthAmerica,Egypt,Israel,andIndia,aswellasSoutheastAsia.ManyoldertheoriesimplicitlydeprecatedthenavigationalabilitiesandoverallculturalcreativityofthePacificislanders.Forexample,BritishanthropologistsG.ElliotSmithandW.J.PerryassumedthatonlyEgyptianswouldhavebeenskilledenoughtonavigateandcolonizethePacific.TheyinferredthattheEgyptiansevencrossedthePacifictofoundthegreatcivilizationsoftheNewWorld(NorthandSouthAmerica).In1947NorwegianadventurerThorHeyerdahldriftedonabalsa-lograftwestwardwiththewindsandcurrentsacrossthePacificfromSouthAmericatoprovehistheorythatPacificislanderswereNativeAmericans(alsocalledAmericanIndians).LaterHeyerdahlsuggestedthatthePacificwaspeopledbythreemigrations:byNativeAmericansfromthePacificNorthwestofNorthAmericadriftingtoHawaii,byPeruviansdriftingtoEasterIsland,andbyMelanesians.In1969hecrossedtheAtlanticinanEgyptianstylereedboattoproveEgyptianinfluencesintheAmericas.Contrarytothesetheorists,theoverwhelmingevidenceofphysicalanthropology,linguistics,andarchaeologyshowsthatthePacificislanderscamefromSoutheastAsiaandwereskilledenoughasnavigatorstosailagainsttheprevailingwindsandcurrents.BystatingthatthetheoriesaremutuallyexclusivetheauthormeansthatA.ifoneofthetheoriesistrue,thenalltheothersmustbefalseB.thedifferencesbetweenthetheoriesareunimportantC.takentogether,thetheoriescoverallpossibilitiesD.thetheoriessupporteachotherThewordoverwhelminginthepassageisclosestinmeaningtoA.powerfulB.favorableC.currentD.reasonableAccordingtoParagraph2,whichofthefollowingledsomeearlyresearcherstobelievethatthePacificislandersoriginallycamefromEgypt?A.Egyptianswereknowntohavefoundedothergreatcivilizations.B.Sailorsfromotherpartsoftheworldwerebelievedtolacktheskillsneededtotravelacrosstheocean.C.Linguistic,archaeological,andbiologicaldataconnectedtheislandstoEgypt.D.EgyptianaccountsclaimedresponsibilityforcolonizingthePacificaswellastheAmericas.WhichofthefollowingcanbeinferredfromParagraph2aboutearlytheoriesofwherethefirstinhabitantsofthePacificislandscamefrom?A.Theyweregenerallybasedonsolidevidence.B.TheytriedtoaccountfortheoriginofthecharacteristicfeaturesofthelanguagesspokenbyPacificislanders.C.TheyassumedthatthepeopleslivinginSoutheastAsiadidnothavetheskillsneededtosailtothePacificislands.D.TheyquestionedtheideasofG.ElliotSmithandW.J.Perry.Paragraph3:ThebasicculturalrequirementsforthesuccessfulcolonizationofthePacificislandsincludetheappropriateboat-building,sailing,andnavigationskillstogettotheislandsinthefirstplace,domesticatedplantsandgardeningskillssuitedtooftenmarginalconditions,andavariedinventoryoffishingimplementsandtechniques.ItisnowgenerallybelievedthattheseprerequisitesoriginatedwithpeoplesspeakingAustronesianlanguages(agroupofseveralhundredrelatedlanguages)andbegantoemergeinSoutheastAsiabyabout5000B.C.E.Thecultureofthattime,basedonarchaeologyandlinguisticreconstruction,isassumedtohavehadabroadinventoryofcultivatedplantsincludingtaro,yarns,banana,sugarcane,breadfruit,coconut,sago,andrice,Justasimportant,theculturealsopossessedthebasicfoundationforaneffectivemaritimeadaptation,includingoutriggercanoesandavarietyoffishingtechniquesthatcouldbeeffectiveforoverseasvoyaging.ThewordimplementsinthepassageisclosestinmeaningtoA.skillsB.toolsC.opportunitiesD.practicesAllofthefollowingarementionedinParagraph3asrequiredforsuccessfulcolonizationofthePacificislandsEXCEPTA.knowledgeofvariousAustronesianlanguagesB.avarietyoffishingtechniquesC.navigationalskillsD.knowledgeofplantcultivationInParagraph3,whydoestheauthorprovideinformationaboutthetypesofcropsgrownandboatsusedinSoutheastAsiaduringtheperiodaround5000B.C.E.?A.ToevaluatetherelativeimportanceofagricultureandfishingtoearlyAustronesianpeoples.B.Toillustratetheeffectivenessofarchaeologicalandlinguisticmethodsindiscoveringdetailsaboutlifeinancienttimes.C.TocontrastlivingconditionsonthecontinentofAsiawithlivingconditionsonthePacificislands.D.TodemonstratethatpeoplefromthisregionhadtheskillsandresourcesnecessarytotraveltoandsurviveonthePacificislands.Paragraph4:ContrarytotheargumentsofsomethatmuchofthepacificwassettledbyPolynesiansaccidentallymaroonedafterbeinglostandadrift,itseemsreasonablethatthisfeatwasaccomplishedbydeliberatecolonizationexpeditionsthatsetoutfullystockedwithfoodanddomesticatedplantsandanimals.DetailedstudiesofthewindsandcurrentsusingcomputersimulationssuggestthatdriftingcanoeswouldhavebeenamostunlikelymeansofcolonizingthePacific.Theseexpeditionswerelikelydrivenbypopulationgrowthandpoliticaldynamicsonthehomeislands,aswellasthechallengeandexcitementofexploringunknownwaters.BecauseallPolynesians,Micronesians,andmanyMelanesiansspeakAustronesianlanguagesandgrowcropsderivedfromSoutheastAsia,allthesepeoplesmostcertainlyderivedfromthatregionandnottheNewWorldorelsewhere.Theundisputedpre-ColumbianpresenceinOceaniaofthesweetpotato,whichisaNewWorlddomesticate,hassometimesbeenusedtosupportHeyerdahl’s“AmericanIndiansinthePacific”theories.However,thisisoneplantoutofalonglistofSoutheastAsiandomesticates.AsPatrickKirch,anAmericananthropologist,pointsout,ratherthanbeingbroughtbyraftingSouthAmericans,sweetpotatoesmightjusthaveeasilybeenbroughtbackbyreturningPolynesiannavigatorswhocouldhavereachedthewestcoastofSouthAmerica.Whichofthesentencesbelowbestexpressestheessentialinformationinthehighlightedsentenceinthepassage?Incorrectchoiceschangethemeaninginimportantwaysorleaveoutessentialinformation.A.Somepeo