7环境工程专业英语unit8

7环境工程专业英语unit8第一页，共49页。PART2ATMOSPHERICCHEMISTRYANDAIRPOLLUTION＆CONTROLUnit8TypeandSourcesofAirPollutantsGODSAVEME!O3:我快完了SO2CO2:哈哈(hāha)，你死定了第二页，共49页。BackgroundIntroductionAirPollutants

！！！第三页，共49页。primarypollutant一次污染物secondarypollutant二次污染物airstagnation空气流动(liúdòng)停滞，大气停滞herbicide除草剂pesticide杀虫剂/农药正常浓度normalconcentration严重污染的seriouspolluted/heavilypolluted

NewWordsandPhrases第四页，共49页。determiningfactor决定因素photochemicaloxidant光化学氧化物liquiddroplet液体(yètǐ)微滴radioactivesubstance放射性物质incompleteoxidization/incompletecombustion不完全氧化automobileexhaust汽车尾气

NewWordsandPhrases第五页，共49页。Whatisairpollution?Airpollutionisnormallydefinedasairthatcontainsoneormorechemicalsinhighenoughconcentrationtoharmhumans,otheranimals,vegetationormaterials.什么(shénme)是大气污染？大气污染通常是指空气中一种或多种化学物质富集到高浓度，以至于对人类、其它动物、植物或材料造成了危害。Text第六页，共49页。Aprimaryairpollutantisachemicaladdeddirectlytotheairthatoccursinaharmfulconcentration.Itcanbeanaturalaircomponent,suchascarbondioxide,thatriseaboveitsnormalconcentration,orsomethingnotusuallyfoundintheair,suchasaleadcompoundemittedbycarsburningleadedgasoline.一次大气污染物是指直接排放到大气中的污染物质，其浓度到达了造成危害的程度。一次大气污染物中有的是大气中自然组成成分〔如二氧化碳〕浓度超过了其正常浓度，或一些(yīxiē)通常大气中没有的物质如汽车使用含铅汽油时燃烧所排放的含铅化合物。第七页，共49页。Asecondaryairpollutantisaharmfulchemicalformedintheatmospherethroughachemicalreactionamongaircomponents.次生空气污染物是空气中的各组分(zǔfèn)在大气中相互发生化学反响所产生的有害物质。

Secondarypollutantsincludesomeparticlesformedfromgaseousprimarypollutantsandcompoundsinphotochemicalsmog,suchasnitrogendioxide,ozoneandperoxyacetylnitrate(PAN).二次污染物包括一些由气态一次污染物形成的颗粒物和光化学烟雾化合物，如二氧化氮、臭氧(chòuyǎng)和硝酸过氧化乙酰(PAN)。第八页，共49页。Notethatsomepollutantsmaybebothprimaryandsecondary:thatis,theyarebothemitteddirectlyandformedfromotherprimarypollutants.需要注意的是，一些污染物可能是既是一次污染物又是二次污染物：换言之，它们(tāmen)既可直接排放，又能由其他一次污染物形成。第九页，共49页。Seriousairpollutionusuallyresultsoveracityorotherareathatisemittinghighlevelsofpollutantsduringaperiodofairstagnation.在城市或其它区域上空发生的严重大气污染通常是由于(yóuyú)在空气停滞期所排放的高浓度的污染物造成的。第十页，共49页。Thegeographiclocationofsomeheavilypopulatedcities,suchasLosAngelesandMexicoCity,makesthemparticularlysusceptibletofrequentairstagnationandpollutionbuildup.一些人口稠密的城市的地理位置，例如洛杉矶和墨西哥城(mòxīɡēchénɡ)，使他们特别容易受到频繁的空气停滞和空气污染累积的影响。Bythemselves,measuredconcentrationstellusnothingaboutthedangercausedbypollutants,becausethresholdlevels,synergy,andbiologicalmagnificationarealsodeterminingfactors.测量所得的污染物浓度本身并不能告诉我们这些污染物所造成的危害的信息，因为临界浓度、协同作用还有生物放大效应都是决定因素。第十一页，共49页。Majorairpollutants1.Carbonoxides:carbonmonoxide,carbondioxide.碳氧化物：一氧化碳，二氧化碳。2.Sulfuroxides:sulfurdioxide,sulfurtrioxide.硫氧化物：二氧化硫，三氧化硫(sānyǎnɡhuàliú)。3.Nitrogenoxides:nitrousoxide,nitricoxide,nitrogendioxide.氮氧化物：一氧化二氮，一氧化氮，二氧化氮.4.Hydrocarbons(organiccompoundscontainingcarbonandhydrogen):methane,butane,benzene.碳氢化合物〔有机含有碳氢化合物〕：甲烷丁烷苯。第十二页，共49页。5.Photochemicaloxidants:ozone,PAN(agroupofPeroxyacylnitrates),andvariousaldehydes.光化学氧化剂：臭氧(chòuyǎng)，一组过氧酰基硝酸酯和各种醛Majorairpollutants第十三页，共49页。Neartheground,ozoneisacolourless,gaseoussecondarypollutant.Itisformedbychemicalreactionsbetweenreactiveorganicgasesandoxidesofnitrogeninthepresenceofsunlight.靠近地面时臭氧是一种无色的气态的二次污染物。它是由活性有机气体和氮氧化物在阳光下的化学反响形成的。Ozoneisoneoftheirritantsecondarypollutantsinphotochemicalsmogandisoftenusedasameasureofit.臭氧是光化学烟雾中的一种刺激性的二次污染物，通常(tōngcháng)是作为光化学烟雾的衡量指标。Ozoneisstronglyoxidisingandcanirritatetheeyesandtherespiratorytract.Italsodamagesplants.臭氧具有强烈的氧化性并能刺激眼睛(yǎnjing)和呼吸道.它也会破坏植物。Ozone第十四页，共49页。Theformationofozoneintheupperlevelsoftheatmosphereor“stratosphere〞isbyadifferentprocess.在上层大气或“同温层〞的臭氧的形成过程不同。Ozonethereisnotregardedasapollutantbecauseitisproducednaturally.臭氧不被视为一种污染物是因为它是自然产生的。Itisimportantinabsorbingharmfulultravioletradiationandpreventingitfromreachingtheearth.它吸收有害的紫外线辐射、阻止(zǔzhǐ)紫外线到达地球。第十五页，共49页。

PAN(agroupofPeroxyacylnitratesPeroxyacetylnitrateisasecondarypollutantpresentinphotochemicalsmog.Itisthermallyunstableanddecomposesintoperoxyethanoylradicalsandnitrogendioxidegas.Peroxyacetylnitrate,orPAN,isanoxidantmorestablethanozone.Hence,itisbettercapableoflong-rangetransportthanozone.Itservesasacarrierforoxidesofnitrogen(NOx)intoruralregionsandcausesozoneformationintheglobaltroposphere〔对流层〕.第十六页，共49页。Photochemicalsmog1．formation大气中碳氢化合物〔HC〕、氮氧化物〔NOX〕等一次污染物在阳光照射下，发生光化学反响产生二次污染物，这种由参加反响的一、二次污染物的混合物〔包括气体(qìtǐ)污染物和气溶胶〕形成的烟雾污染现象，称为光化学烟雾。Practice:TranslatetheabovetoEnglish第十七页，共49页。Photochemicalsmogisformedwhensunlightinteractswithcertainchemicalsintheatmosphere.Ozoneisthemaincomponentinthistypeofairpollution.Ozoneinthestratosphere〔平流层〕protectsusagainstharmfulultravioletradiation,butontheground,itishazardoustohumanhealth.Ground-levelozoneformswhenmotorvehicleemissionscontainingnitrogenoxideandvolatileorganiccompounds(producedfrompaintandevaporationoffuelandsolvents)reactinthepresenceofsunlight.

Readmore:://ehow/about_6575829_effect-photochemical-smog.html#ixzz29HsNBgF3第十八页，共49页。characteristic：bluesmog，strongoxidability，irritative，lowvisibility.source：industrialwastegasesandmotorvehicleexhaust.

第十九页，共49页。Theprevioussectionsuggeststhatthedevelopmentofphotochemicalsmogisprimarydeterminedbyabundanceofnitrogenoxidesandvolatileorganiccompoundsintheatmosphereandthepresenceofparticularenvironmentalconditions.

前一局部说明，光化学烟雾的开展主要是由大气中大量的氮氧化物和挥发性有机化合物和特定(tèdìng)环境条件的存在所决定。photochemicalsmog第二十页，共49页。condition：NOx

＋CHUVLightbluesmogO3过氧酰基硝酸(xiāosuān)酯other主要(zhǔyào)为过氧乙酰硝酸酯PAN(peroxyacetylnitrate醛类aldehydes、酮类ketones、过氧化氢(ɡuòyǎnɡhuàqīnɡ)等⑴NOX；⑵CH；⑶strongsunlight.theindexesofformation:O3、PAN

andotherproduct.第二十一页，共49页。greenhousegasAgreenhousegas(sometimesabbreviatedGHG)isagasinanatmospherethatabsorbsandemitsradiationwithinthethermalinfraredrange.Thisprocessisthefundamentalcauseofthegreenhouseeffect.[1]TheprimarygreenhousegasesintheEarth'satmospherearewatervapor,carbondioxide,methane,nitrousoxide,andozone.第二十二页，共49页。VolatileorganiccompoundVolatileorganiccompounds(VOCs)areorganicchemicalsthathaveahighvaporpressureatordinaryroomtemperature.Theirhighvaporpressureresultsfromalowboilingpoint,whichcauseslargenumbersofmoleculestoevaporateorsublimatefromtheliquidorsolidformofthecompoundandenterthesurroundingair.Forexample,formaldehyde,whichevaporatesfrompaint,hasaboilingpointofonly–19°C(–2°F).

OtherVolatileorganiccompoundscontain:Benzene,

Chlorofluorocarbonsandchlorocarbons,Methylenechloride,Perchloroethylene,MTBE(tert-ButylMethylether)第二十三页，共49页。Chlorofluorocarbonsandchlorocarbons

Chlorofluorocarbons(CFCs),whicharebannedorhighlyregulatedbecauseitisharmfultotheozonelayer,werewidelyusedcleaningproductsandrefrigerants.Tetrachloroetheneisusedwidelyindrycleaningandbyindustry.第二十四页，共49页。Persistentorganicpollutants(POPs)Persistentorganicpollutants(POPs)areorganiccompoundsthatareresistanttoenvironmentaldegradationthroughchemical,biological,andphotolyticprocesses.Becauseofthis,theyhavebeenobservedtopersistintheenvironment,tobecapableoflong-rangetransport,bioaccumulateinhumanandanimaltissue,biomagnifyinfoodchains,andtohavepotentiallysignificantimpactsonhumanhealthandtheenvironment.第二十五页，共49页。Thesmokeandfumesfromburningfossilfuelsriseintotheatmosphereandcombinewiththemoistureintheairtoformacidrain.Themainchemicalsinairpollutionthatcreateacidrainaresulfurdioxideandnitrogenoxides.

Acidrainusuallyformsinthecloudswheresulfurdioxideandnitrogenoxidesreactwithwater,oxygen,andoxidants.Thisformsasolutionofsulfuricacidandnitricacid.Acidrain第二十六页，共49页。6.Particulates(solidparticlesorliquiddropletssuspendedinair):smoke,dust,soot,asbestos,metallicparticles(suchaslead,berylliumcadmium),oil,saltspray,sulfatesalts.颗粒〔在空气中的固体颗粒或液滴悬浮〕：烟雾，尘埃，油烟(yóuyān)，石棉，金属粒子〔例如铅，镉铍〕，石油，盐雾，硫酸盐。Majorairpollutants第二十七页，共49页。〔Asbestos，5.5FeO,1.5MgO,8SiO2,H2O〕绝热材料石棉(shímián)公害石棉(shímián)第二十八页，共49页。7.Otherinorganiccompounds:asbestos,hydrogenfluoride,hydrogensulfide,ammonia,sulfuracid,nitricacid.其他无机化合物：石棉，氟化氢，硫化氢，氨气，硫酸，硝酸。8.Otherorganiccompounds:pesticides,herbicides,variousalcohols,acids,andotherchemicals.其他有机(yǒujī)化合物：杀虫剂，除草剂，各种醇，酸和其他化学品。9.Radioactivesubstances:tritium,radon,emissionsfromfossilfuelandnuclearpowerplants.放射性物质：氚，氡，化石燃和核能发电厂排放物。10.Heat.10.热。11.Noise.11.噪声。Majorairpollutants第二十九页，共49页。CarbonoxidesCarbonMonoxide(CO):Forestfiresanddecayingorganicmatter;incompletecombustionoffossilfuels(abouttwo-thirdsoftotalemissions)andotherorganicmatterincarsandfurnaces;cigarettesmoke森林火灾和腐烂的有机物质;不完全燃烧(ránshāo)化石燃料〔约占三分之二的总量〕和其他来自汽车和熔炉的有机质;香烟烟雾.Themajorsourcesofthesepollutants第三十页，共49页。Carbondioxide

(CO2):

Naturalaerobicrespirationoflivingorganisms;burningoffossilfuels

自然有氧呼吸的生物体;燃烧化石燃料Sulfuroxides

(SO2andSO3)：Combustionofsulfur-containingcoalandoilinhomes,industriesandpowerplants;smeltingofsulfur-containingores;volcaniceruptions

家庭、工厂和发电厂燃烧含硫的煤和石油；冶炼(yěliàn)含硫矿石；火山爆发.Themajorsourcesofthesepollutants第三十一页，共49页。Particulatesdustsootandoil:煤烟粉尘颗粒物和石油forestsfires,winderosion,andvolcaniceruptions;coalburning;farming,miningconstruction,roadbuilding,andotherland-clearingactivities;chemicalreactionsintheatmosphere;duststirredupbyautomobiles;automobileexhaust;coal-burningelectricpowerandindustrialplants

森林火灾，风蚀，和火山爆发;燃煤;农业，采矿工程，道路建设，以及其他土地清理活动;大气中的化学反响；汽车引发的粉尘；汽车尾气；燃煤电力厂房(chǎngfáng)和工业厂房(chǎngfáng).Themajorsourcesofthesepollutants第三十二页，共49页。Nitrogenoxides(NOandNO2):High-temperaturefuelcombustioninmotorvehiclesandindustrialandfossilfuelpowerplants;lighting机动车辆高温燃料燃烧(ránshāo)，工业和矿物燃料发电厂;照明Photochemicaloxidants

光化学氧化剂Sunlightactingonhydrocarbonsandnitrogenoxides碳氢化合物和氮氧化物在阳光下反响.Themajorsourcesofthesepollutants第三十三页，共49页。Hydrocarbons

碳氢化合物Incompletecombustionfossilfuelsinautomobilesandfurnaces;evaporationofindustrialsolventsandoilspills;tobaccosmoke;forestfires;plantdecay(about85percentofemissions)

不完全燃烧化石燃料的汽车和火炉；蒸发的工业溶剂和石油泄漏；烟草烟雾(yānwù)；森林火灾；植物的腐烂〔大约%85的排放〕.Themajorsourcesofthesepollutants第三十四页，共49页。Pesticidesandherbicides:杀虫剂和除草剂

Agriculture;forestry;mosquito

control农业;林业;蚊虫控制Asbestos:石棉(shímián)Asbestos

mining;spraying

of

fireproofing

insulation

in

buildings;deterioration

of

brake

linings

石棉(shímián)开采;防火隔热建筑的喷漆;制动片的变质MetalsandMetalCompounds:

Mining;industrial

processes;

coal

burning;

automobile

exhaust.挖掘；工业生产过程;燃煤;汽车尾气.Themajorsourcesofthesepollutants第三十五页，共49页。HydrogenSulfide(H2S):Chemical

industry;petroleum

refiningAmmonia(NH3):Chemical

industry;petroleum

refining化学工业;石油炼制SulfuricAcid(H2SO4):Reactionof

sulfur

trioxide

and

water

vapor

inatmosphere;

ChemicalindustryNitricAcid(HNO3):Reaction

ofsulfur

trioxide

and

water

vaporin

atmosphere;Chemical

industry三氧化硫和水汽(shuǐqì)在大气中反响;化学工业.Themajorsourcesofthesepollutants第三十六页，共49页。Noise:

Automobiles,

airplanes,

and

trains;

industry;

construction汽车，飞机，列车;产业建设OtherInorganicHydrogenFluoride(HF):Petroleum

refining;

glass

etching;

aluminumand

fertilizer

production石油炼制;玻璃(bōlí)刻蚀;铝和化肥生产.Themajorsourcesofthesepollutants第三十七页，共49页。TechnologyforcontrolofparticulateemissionsCyclone旋风(xuànfēng)除尘器Electrostaticprecipitators静电沉淀器Wetscrubber/wetcollector湿式除尘器Fabricfilters袋式过滤器Biofiltration生物过滤第三十八页，共49页。控制工业来源(láiyuán)的颗粒物的排放的主要方法是利用旋风别离器、静电除尘器、布袋过滤器和洗涤器。TechnologyofAirPollutionControlBiofiltration:AnInnovativeAirPollutionControlTechnologyforVOCEmissions.生物(shēngwù)过滤：一种创新的大气挥发性有机物污染控制技术Theprincipalmeansforcontrolofparticulateemissionsfromindustrialsourcesarecyclones，electrostaticprecipitators,fabricfiltersandscrubbers.第三十九页，共49页。Biofiltration

Biofiltrationisapollutioncontroltechniqueusingmaterialtocaptureandbiologicallydegradeprocesspollutants.生物过滤是使用材料来捕获和生物降解污染物的一种污染控制技术。Commonusesincludeprocessingwastewater,capturingharmfulchemicalorsiltfromsurfacerunoff,andmicrobioticoxidationofcontaminantsinair．常见的用途包括处理(chǔlǐ)废水、从地表径流或泥沙中捕捉有害化学物质和空气中污染物的微生物氧化。第四十页，共49页。Flue-gasdesulfurizationFlue-gasdesulfurization(FGD)isasetoftechnologiesusedtoremovesulfurdioxide(SO2)fromexhaustfluegasesoffossil-fuelpowerplants,andfromthee