黄金29篇真题经典难句收集

黄金29篇真题经典难句收集

1.Onlythelastofthesewassuitedat

alltothecontinuousoperatingof

machines,andalthoughwaterpower

aboundedinLancashireandScotland

andrangrainmillsaswellastextile

mills,ithadonegreatdisadvantage：

Streamsflowedwherenature

intendedthemtoandwater-driven

factorieshadtobelocatedontheir

bankswhetherornotthelocation

wasdesirableforotherreasons.

2.Earlyinthecentury,apumphad

comeintouseinwhichexpanding

steamraisedapiston（活塞）ina

cylinder（汽缸），andatmospheric

pressurebroughtitdownagainwhen

thesteamcondensedinsidethe

cylindertoformavacuum.

3.Thefinalstepcamewhensteam

wasintroducedintothecylinderto

drivethepistonbackwardaswellas

forwardtherebyincreasingthespeed

oftheengineandcuttingitsfuel

consumption.

4.Coalgasrivaledsmokyoillamps

andflickeringcandles,andearlyin

thenewcentury,well—to-do

Londonersgrowaccustomedto

gaslightshousesandevenstreets.

5.Ironmanufacturerswhichhad

starvedforfuelwhiledependingon

charcoalalsobenefitedfrom

ever-increasingsuppliesofcoal;blast

furnaceswithsteam-powered

bellowsturnedoutmoreironand

steelforthenewmachinery.

6.Atthesametime,operatorsofthe

firstprintingpressesrunbysteam

ratherthanbyhandfounditpossible

toproduceathousandpagesinan

hourratherthanthirty.

7.Insomeindustrialregions,heavily

ladenwagons,withflangedwheels,

werebeinghauledbyhorsesalong

metalrails;andthestationarysteam

enginewaspuffinginthefactoryand

mine.

8.Anothergenerationpassedbefore

Inventorssucceededincombining

theseingredientsbyputtingthe

engineonwheelsandthewheelson

therails,soastoprovideamachine

totaketheplaceofthehorse.

9.WhenhegrewolderWilliamSmith

taughthimselfsurveyingfrombooks

heboughtwithhissmallsavingsand

attheageofeighteenhewas

apprenticedtoasurveyorofthelocal

parish.

10.Thecompaniesbuildingthe

canalstotransportcoalneeded

surveyorstohelpthemfindthecoal

depositsworthminingaswellasto

determinethebestcoursesforthe

canals.

11.Helaterworkedonsimilarjobs

acrossthelengthandbreadthof

Englandallthewhilestudyingthe

newlyrevealedstrataandcollecting

allthefossilshecouldfind.

12.Butasmoreandmore

accumulationsofstratawere

catalogedinmoreandmoreplaces,it

becameclearthatthesequencesof

rockssometimesdifferedfromregion

toregionandthatnorocktypewas

evergoingtobecomeareliabletime

markerthroughouttheworld.

13.Quartzisquartz—asiliconion

surroundedbyfouroxygenions一

there'snodifferenceatallbetween

two-million-year-oldPleistocene

quartzandCambrianquartzcreated

over500millionyearsago.

14.Ashecollectedfossilsfrom

stratathroughoutEngland,Smith

begantoseethatthefossilstolda

differentstoryfromtherocks

particularlyintheyoungerstratathe

rockswereoftensosimilarthathe

hadtroubledistinguishingthestrata,

butheneverhadtroubletellingthe

fossilsapart.

15.Whilerockbetweentwo

consistentstratamightinoneplace

beshaleandinsandstone,thefossils

inthatshaleorsandstonewere

alwaysthesame.

16.Somefossilsenduredthroughso

manymillionsofyearsthatthey

appearinmanystrata,butothers

occuronlyinafewstrata,andafew

specieshadtheirbirthsand

extinctionswithinoneparticular

stratum.

17.Byfollowingthefossils,Smith

wasabletoputallthestrataof

England'searthintorelativetemporal

sequence.

18.Limestonemaybefoundinthe

Cambrianor-300millionyears

later-intheJurassicstratabuta

trilobite—theubiquitousmarine

arthropodthathaditsbirthinthe

Cambrian—willneverbefoundin

Jurassicstrata,noradinosaurinthe

Cambrian.

19.Thesheerpassageoftimedoes

notaccountforit;adultshave

excellentrecognitionofpicturesof

peoplewhoattendedhighschool

withthem35yearsearlier.

20.Childrentwoandahalftothree

yearsoldrememberexperiencesthat

occurredintheirfirstyear,and

elevenmontholderthanthemcan

remembersomeeventsayearlater.

21.Nordoesthehypothesisthat

infantileamnesiareflectsrepression-

orholdingback-ofsexuallycharged

episodesexplainthephenomenon.

22.Maturationofthefrontallobes

ofthebraincontinuesthroughout

earlychildhood,andthispartofthe

brainmaybecriticalforremembering

particularepisodesinwaysthatcan

beretrievedlater.

23.Consistentwiththisview

parentsandchildrenincreasingly

engageindiscussionsofpastevents

whenchildrenareaboutthreeyears

old.

24.Thebetterablethepersonisto

reconstructtheperspectivefrom

whichthematerialwasencoded,the

morelikelythatrecallwillbe

successful.

25.Theworldlooksverydifferentto

apersonwhoseheadisonlytwoor

threefeetabovethegroundthanto

onewhoseheadisfiveorsixfeet

aboveit,Olderchildrenandadults

oftentrytoretrievethenamesof

thingstheysaw,butinfantswould

nothaveencodedtheinformation

verbally.

26.Conversely,improvedencoding

ofwhattheyhearmayhelpthem

betterunderstandandremember

storiesandthusmakethestories

moreusefulforrememberingfuture

events.

27.Missinguntilrecentlywere

fossilsclearlyintermediate,or

transitional,betweenlandmammals

andcetaceans.

28.Pakicetuswasfoundembedded

inrocksformedfromriverdeposits

thatwere52millionyearsold.

29.Theskulliscetacean-likebutits

jawboneslacktheenlargedspace

thatisfilledwithfatoroilandused

forreceivingunderwatersoundin

modernwhales.

30.Severalskeletonsofanother

earlywhale,Basilosaurus,were

foundinsedimentsleftbytheTethys

SeaandnowexposedintheSahara

desert.

31.Theexpansionofdesertlike

conditionsintoareaswheretheydid

notpreviouslyexistiscalled

desertification.

32.Insomecasestheloosesoilis

blowncompletelyaway,leavinga

stonysurface.

33.Desertificationisaccomplished

primarilythroughthelossof

stabilizingnaturalvegetationandthe

subsequentacceleratederosionof

thesoilbywindandwater.

34.Theimpactofraindropsonthe

loosesoiltendstotransferfineclay

particlesintothetiniestsoilspaces,

sealingthemandproducingasurface

thatallowsverylittlewater

penetration.

35.Thegradualdryingofthesoil

causedbyitsdiminishedabilityto

absorbwaterresultsinthefurther

lossofvegetation,sothatacycleof

progressivesurfacedeteriorationis

established.

36.Insomeregions,theincreasein

desertareasisoccurringlargelyas

theresultofatrendtowarddrier

climaticconditions.

37.Theprocessmaybeaccelerated

insubsequentdecadesifglobal

warmingresultingfromairpollution

seriouslyincreases.

38.Thesemiaridlandsbordering

thedesertsexistinadelicate

ecologicalbalanceandarelimitedin

theirpotentialtoadjusttoincreased

environmentalpressures.

39.Duringthedryperiodsthatare

commonphenomenaalongthedesert

margins,though,thepressureonthe

landisoftenfarinexcessofits

diminishedcapacity,and

desertificationresults.

40.Sincetheraisingofmostcrops

necessitatesthepriorremovalofthe

naturalvegetation,cropfailures

leaveextensivetractsoflanddevoid

ofaplantcoverandsusceptibleto

windandwatererosion.

41.Theconsequencesofan

excessivenumberoflivestock

grazinginanareaarethereduction

ofthevegetationcoverandthe

tramplingandpulverizationofthe

soil.

42.Theincreasedpressuresof

expandingpopulationshaveledto

theremovalofwoodyplantssothat

manycitiesandtownsare

surroundedbylargeareascompletely

lackingintreesandshrubs.

43.Theincreasinguseofdried

animalwasteasasubstitutefuelhas

alsohurtthesoilbecausethis

valuablesoilconditionerandsource

ofplantnutrientsisnolongerbeing

returnedtotheland.

44.Thewaterevaporatesandthe

saltsareleftbehind,creatingawhite

crustallayerthatpreventsairand

waterfromreachingtheunderlying

soil.

45.Theextremeseriousnessof

desertificationresultsfromthevast

areasoflandandthetremendous

numbersofpeopleaffected,aswell

asfromthegreatdifficultyof

reversingorevenslowingthe

process.

46.Inareaswhereconsiderablesoil

stillremains,though,arigorously

enforcedprogramoflandprotection

andcover-cropplantingmaymakeit

possibletoreversethepresent

deteriorationofthesurface.

47.Thecinemadidnotemergeasa

formofmassconsumptionuntilits

technologyevolvedfromtheinitial

"peepshow"formattothepoint

whereimageswereprojectedona

screeninadarkenedtheater.

48.Forthepriceof25cents(or5

centspermachine),customers

movedfrommachinetomachineto

watchfivedifferentfilms(or,inthe

caseoffamousprizefights,

successiveroundsofasinglefight).

49.Inthephonographparlors,

customerslistenedtorecordings

throughindividualeartubes,moving

fromonemachinetothenexttohear

differentrecordedspeechesorpieces

ofmusic.

50.Herefusedtodevelopprojection

technology,reasoningthatifhemade

andsoldprojectors,thenexhibitors

wouldpurchaseonlyonemachine-a

projector-fromhiminsteadof

several.

51.Exhibitors,however,wantedto

maximizetheirprofits,whichthey

coulddomorereadilybyprojectinga

handfuloffilmstohundredsof

customersatatime(ratherthanone

atatime)andbycharging25to50

centsadmission.

52.Butthemoviesdiffered

significantlyfromtheseotherforms

ofentertainment,whichdependedon

eitherliveperformanceor(inthe

caseoftheslide-and-lanternshows)

theactiveinvolvementofamasterof

ceremonieswhoassembledthefinal

program.

53.Althoughearlyexhibitors

regularlyaccompaniedmovieswith

liveacts,thesubstanceofthemovies

themselvesismass-produced,

prerecordedmaterialthatcaneasily

bereproducedbytheaterswithlittle

ornoactiveparticipationbythe

exhibitor.

54.Eventhoughearlyexhibitors

shapedtheirfilmprogramsbymixing

filmsandotherentertainments

togetherinwhicheverwaythey

thoughtwouldbemostattractiveto

audiencesorbyaccompanyingthem

withlectures,theircreativecontrol

remainedlimited.

55.Whataudiencescametosee

wasthetechnologicalmarvelofthe

movies;thelifelikereproductionof

thecommonplacemotionoftrains,of

wavesstrikingtheshore,andof

peoplewalkinginthestreet;andthe

magicmadepossiblebytrick

photographyandthemanipulationof

thecamera.

56.Withtheadventofprojection,

theviewer'srelationshipwiththe

imagewasnolongerprivate,asithad

beenwithearlierpeepshowdevices

suchastheKinetoscopeandthe

Mutoscope,whichwasasimilar

machinethatreproducedmotionby

meansofsuccessiveimageson

individualphotographiccardsinstead

ofonstripsofcelluloid.

57.Atthesametime,theimage

thatthespectatorlookedat

expandedfromtheminuscule

peepshowdimensionsof1or2inches

(inheight)tothelife-sizeproportions

of6or9feet.

58.Thoseindividualswhopossess

characteristicsthatprovidethem

withanadvantageinthestrugglefor

existencearemorelikelytosurvive

andcontributetheirgenestothe

nextgeneration.

59.Becauseaggressiveindividuals

aremorelikelytosurviveand

reproduce,whatevergenesarelinked

toaggressivebehavioraremore

likelytobetransmittedto

subsequentgenerations.

60.Oneisthatpeople'scapacityto

outwitotherspecies,nottheir

aggressiveness,appearstobethe

dominantfactorinhumansurvival.

61.Anotheristhatthereistoo

muchvariationamongpeopleto

believethattheyaredominatedby,

oratthemercyof,aggressive

impulses.

62.Forexample,peoplewho

believethataggressionisnecessary

andjustified-asduringwartime-are

likelytoactaggressively,whereas

peoplewhobelievethataparticular

waroractofaggressionisunjust,or

whothinkthataggressionisnever

justified,arelesslikelytobehave

aggressively.

63.Peopledecidewhethertheywill

actaggressivelyornotonthebasisof

factorssuchastheirexperienceswith

aggressionandtheirinterpretationof

otherpeople'smotives.

64.Apprenticeswereconsidered

partofthefamily,andmasterswere

responsiblenotonlyforteaching

theirapprenticesatradebutalsofor

providingthemsomeeducationand

forsupervisingtheirmoralbehavior.

65.Also,skilledartisansdidnot

workbytheclock,atasteadypace,

butratherinburstsofintenselabor

alternatingwithmoreleisurelytime.

66.Goodsproducedbyfactories

werenotasfinishedorelegantas

thosedonebyhand,andpridein

craftsmanshipgavewaytothe

pressuretoincreaseratesof

productivity.

67.Factorylifenecessitatedamore

regimentedschedule,wherework

beganatthesoundofabelland

workerskeptmachinesgoingata

constantpace.

68.Industrializationnotonly

producedafundamentalchangein

thewayworkwasorganized;it

transformedtheverynatureofwork.

69.Thelabormovementgathered

somemomentuminthedecade

beforethePanicof1837,butinthe

depressionthatfollowed,labor's

strengthcollapsed.

70.Morethanadecadeofagitation

didfinallybringaworkdayshortened

to10hourstomostindustriesbythe

18505s,andthecourtsalso

recognizedworkers'righttostrike,

butthesegainshadlittleimmediate

impact.

71.Interestinglyenough,severalof

thesehydrodynamicadaptations

resemblefeaturesdesignedto

improvetheaerodynamicsof

high-speedaircraft.

72.Theyarealsocoveredwitha

slick,transparentlidthatreduces

drag.

73.Whennotinuse,thefinsare

tuckedintospecialgroovesor

depressionssothattheylieflushwith

thebodyanddonotbreakupits

smoothcontours.

74.Thekeels,finlets,andcorselet

helpdirecttheflowofwateroverthe

bodysurfaceinsuchaswayasto

reduceresistance(seethefigure).

75.Onepotentialproblemisthat

openingthemouthtobreathe

detractsfromthestreamliningof

thesefishesandtendstoslowthem

down.

76.Theirhigh,narrowtailswith

swept-backtipsarealmostperfectly

adaptedtoprovidepropulsionwith

theleastpossibleeffort.

77.Theycanglidepasteddiesthat

wouldslowthemdownandthengain

extrathrustby"pushingoff"the

eddies.

78.Theyhaveevolvedspecial

"heaters'*ofmodifiedmuscletissue

thatwarmtheeyesandbrain,

maintainingpeakperformanceof

thesecriticalorgans.

79.Althoughwenowtendtorefer

tothevariouscraftsaccordingtothe

materialsusedtoconstruct

them-clay,glass,wood,fiber,and

metal-itwasoncecommontothinkof

craftsintermsoffunction,whichled

totheirbeingknownasthe"applied

arts."

80.Theappliedartsarethusbound

bythelawsofphysics,whichpertain

toboththematerialsusedintheir

makingandthesubstancesand

thingstobecontained,supported,

andsheltered.

81.Sincethelawsofphysics,not

somearbitrarydecision,have

determinedthegeneralformof

applied-artobjects,theyfollowbasic

patterns,somuchsothatfunctional

formscanvaryonlywithincertain

limits.

82.Whatvariesisnotthebasicform

buttheincidentaldetailsthatdonot

obstructtheobject'sprimary

function.

83.Theseareproblemsthatmustbe

overcomebytheartistbecausethey

tendtointrudeuponhisorher

conceptionofthework.

84.Inotherwords,thedemandsof

thelawsofphysics,notthesculptor's

aestheticintentions,placedtheball

there.

85.Thatthisdevicewasanecessary

structuralcompromiseisclearfrom

thefactthatthecannonballquickly

disappearedwhensculptorslearned

howtostrengthentheinternal

structureofastatuewithironbraces

(ironbeingmuchstrongerthan

bronze).

86.Eventhoughthefineartsinthe

twentiethcenturyoftentreat

materialsinnewways,thebasic

differenceinattitudeofartistsin

relationtotheirmaterialsinthefine

artsandtheappliedartsremains

relativelyconstant.

87.11wouldthereforenotbetoo

greatanexaggerationtosaythat

practitionersofthefineartsworkto

overcomethelimitationsoftheir

materials,whereasthoseengagedin

theappliedartsworkinconcertwith

theirmaterials.

88.This"papermoneyaristocracy"of

bankersandinvestorsmanipulated

thebankingsystemfortheirown

profit,Democratsclaimed,and

sappedthenation*svirtueby

encouragingspeculationandthe

desireforsudden,unearnedwealth.

89.Theywantedthewealththatthe

marketofferedwithoutthe

competitive,changingsociety;the

complexdealing;thedominanceof

urbancenters;andthelossof

independencethatcamewithit.

90.NordidtheWhigsenvisionany

conflictinsocietybetweenfarmers

andworkersontheonehandand

businesspeopleandbankersonthe

other.

91.Religionandpolitics,they

believed,shouldbekeptclearly

separate,andtheygenerallyopposed

humanitarianlegislation.

92.Whigsappealedtoplanterswho

neededcredittofinancetheircotton

andricetradeintheworldmarket,to

farmerswhowereeagertoselltheir

surpluses,andtoworkerswho

wishedtoimprovethemselves.

93.Neitherpartycouldwinan

electionbyappealingexclusivelyto

therichorthepoor.

94.Democratsattractedfarmers

isolatedfromthemarketor

uncomfortablewithit,workers

alienatedfromtheemerging

industrialsystem,andrising

entrepreneurswhowantedtobreak

monopoliesandopentheeconomyto

newcomerslikethemselves.

95.TheWhigswerestrongestinthe

towns,cities,andthoseruralareas

thatwerefullyintegratedintothe

marketeconomy,whereasDemocrats

dominatedareasofsemi-subsistence

farmingthatweremoreisolatedand

languishingeconomically.

96.TheForealsodisplayedfamiliar

facialexpressionswhenaskedhow

theywouldrespondiftheywerethe

charactersinstoriesthatcalledfor

basicemotionalresponses.

97.Ekmanandhiscolleaguesmore

recentlyobtainedsimilarresultsina

studyoftenculturesinwhich

participantswerepermittedtoreport

thatmultipleemotionswereshown

byfacialexpressions.

98.Thefacial-feedbackhypothesis

argues,however,thatthecausal

relationshipbetweenemotionsand

facialexpressionscanalsoworkin

theoppositedirection.

99."Thefreeexpressionbyoutward

signsofanemotionintensifiesit.On

theotherhand,therepression,asfar

aspossible,ofalloutwardsigns

softensouremotions."

100.Causingparticipantsin

experimentstosmile,forexample,

leadsthemtoreportmorepositive

feelingsandtoratecartoons

(humorousdrawingsofpeopleor

situations)asbeingmorehumorous.

101.Self-perceptionofheightened

arousalthenleadstoheightened

emotionalactivityOtherlinksmay

involvechangesinbraintemperature

andthereleaseofneurotransmitters

(substancesthattransmitnerve

impulses.)

102.Ekmanhasfoundthatthe

so-calledDuchennesmile,whichis

characterizedby"crow'sfeet"

wrinklesaroundtheeyesandasubtle

dropintheeyecoverfoldsothatthe

skinabovetheeyemovesdown

slightlytowardtheeyeball,canlead

topleasantfeelings

103.Ekman'sobservationmaybe

relevanttotheBritishexpression

“keepastiffupperlip”asa

recommendationforhandlingstress.

11mightbethata“stiff”lip

suppressesemotionalresponse--as

longasthelipisnotquiveringwith

fearortension.

104.Hillsandmountainsareoften

regardedastheepitomeof

permanence,successfullyresisting

thedestructiveforcesofnature,but

infacttheytendtoberelatively

short-livedingeologicalterms.

105.Lowermountainstendtobe

older,andareoftentheerodedrelics

ofmuchhighermountainchains.

106.Somemountainswereformedas

aresultoftheseplatescrashinginto

eachotherandforcinguptherockat

theplatemargins.

107.Othermountainsmayberaised

byearthquakes,whichfracturethe

Earth'scrustandcandisplaceenough

rocktoproduceBlockMountains.

108.Theexposedrocksareattacked

bythevariousweatherprocessesand

graduallybrokendowninto

fragments,whicharethencarried

awayandlaterdepositedas

sediments.

109.Rainwashesawayloosesoiland

penetratescracksintherocks.

110.Glaciersmayformin

permanentlycoldareas,andthese

slowlymovingmassesoficecutout

valleys,carryingwiththemhuge

quantitiesoferodedrockdebris.

111.Byfarthemostabundanttypeof

groundwaterismeteoricwater;this

isthegroundwaterthatcirculatesas

partofthewatercycle.

112.Atfirstthoughtitseems

incrediblethattherecanbeenough

spaceinthe“solid”groundunderfoot

toholdallthiswater.

113.Thecommonestspacesare

thoseamongtheparticles—sand

grainsandtinypebbles—ofloose,

unconsolidatedsandandgravel.

114.Bedsofthismaterial,outof

sightbeneaththesoil,arecommon.

115.Theyarefoundwhereverfast

riverscarryingloadsofcoarse

sedimentonceflowed.

116.Thewaterwasalwaysladen

withpebbles,gravel,andsand,

knownasglacialoutwash,thatwas

depositedastheflowsloweddown.

117.Thesamethinghappenstothis

day,thoughonasmallerscale,

whereverasediment-ladenriveror

streamemergesfromamountain

valleyontorelativelyflatland,

droppingitsloadasthecurrentslows:

thewaterusuallyspreadsout

fanwise,depositingthesedimentin

theformofasmooth,fan-shaped

slope.

118.Sedimentsarealsodropped

whereariverslowsonenteringa

lakeorthesea,thedeposited

sedimentsareonalakefloororthe

seaflooratfirst,butwillbelocated

inlandatsomefuturedate,whenthe

sealevelfallsorthelandrises;such

bedsaresometimesthousandsof

metersthick.

119.Inlowlandcountryalmostany

spotonthegroundmayoverliewhat

wasoncethebedofariverthathas

sincebecomeburiedbysoil;ifthey

arenowbelowthewater5supper

surface(thewatertable),thegravels

andsandsoftheformerriverbed,and

itssandbars,willbesaturatedwith

groundwater.

120.Thisisbecausethegapsamong

theoriginalgrainsareoftennot

totallypluggedwithcementing

chemicals;also,partsoftheoriginal

grainsmaybecomedissolvedby

percolatinggroundwater,either

whileconsolidationistakingplaceor

atanytimeafterwards.

121.Butnotethatporosityisnotthe

sameaspermeability,which

measurestheeasewithwhichwater

canflowthroughamaterial;this

dependsonthesizesoftheindividual

cavitiesandthecreviceslinking

them.

122.Muchofthewaterinasampleof

water-saturatedsedimentorrockwill

drainfromitifthesampleisputina

suitabledryplace.

123.11isheldtherebytheforceof

surfacetensionwithoutwhichwater

woulddraininstantlyfromanywet

surface,leavingittotallydry.

124.Thetotalvolumeofwaterinthe

saturatedsamplemustthereforebe

thoughtofasconsistingofwaterthat

can,andwaterthatcannot,drain

away.

125.Iftheporesarelarge,thewater

inthemwillexistasdropstooheavy

forsurfacetensiontohold,anditwill

drainaway;butiftheporesaresmall

enough,thewaterinthemwillexist

asthinfilms,toolighttoovercome

theforceofsurfacetensionholding

theminplace;thenthewaterwillbe

firmlyheld.

126.Themostwidelyaccepted

theory,championedby

anthropologistsinthelatenineteenth

andearlytwentiethcentury,

envisionstheaterasemergingoutof

mythandritual.

127.Havinglittleunderstandingof

naturalcauses,itattributesboth

desirableandundesirable

occurrencestosupernaturalor

magicalforces,anditsearchesfor

meanstowinthefavorofthese

forces.

128.Perceivinganapparent

connectionbetweencertainactions

performedbythegroupandthe

resultitdesires,thegrouprepeats,

refinesandformalizesthoseactions

intofixedceremonies,orrituals.

129.Butthemythsthathavegrown

uparoundtheritesmaycontinueas

partofthegroup'soraltraditionand

mayevencometobeactedoutunder

conditionsdivorcedfromtheserites.

130.Whenthisoccurs,thefirststep

hasbeentakentowardtheaterasan

autonomousactivity,andthereafter

entertainmentandaestheticvalues

maygraduallyreplacetheformer

mysticalandsociallyefficacious

concerns.

131.Althoughorigininritualhaslong

beenthemostpopular,itisbyno

meanstheonlytheoryabouthowthe

theatercameintobeing.

132.Thus,therecallingofanevent(a

hunt,battle,orotherfeat)is

elaboratedthroughthenarrator5s

pantomimeandimpersonationand

eventuallythrougheachrolebeing

assumedbyadifferentperson.

133.Acloselyrelatedtheorysees

theaterasevolvingoutofdancesthat

areprimarilypantomimic,rhythmical

orgymnastic,orfromimitationsof

animalnoisesandsounds.

134.Admirationfortheperformer5s

skill,virtuosity,andgraceareseenas

motivationforelaboratingthe

activitiesintofullyrealizedtheatrical

performances.

135.Forexample,onesignofthis

conditionistheappearanceofthe

comicvision,sincecomedyrequires

sufficientdetachmenttoviewsome

deviationsfromsocialnormsas

ridiculousratherthanasserious

threatstothewelfareoftheentire

group.

136.Forexample,someearly

societiesceasedtoconsidercertain

ritesessentialtotheirwell-beingand

abandonedthem,nevertheless,they

retainedaspartsoftheiroral

traditionthemythsthathadgrown

uparoundtheritesandadmiredthem

fortheirartisticqualitiesratherthan

fortheirreligioususefulness.

137.Withinaverticaldistanceofjust

afewtensofmeters,treesdisappear

asalife-formandarereplacedbylow

shrubs,herbs,andgrasses.

138.Inmanysemiaridareasthereis

alsoalowertimberlinewherethe

forestpassesintosteppeordesertat

itsloweredge,usuallybecauseofa

lackofmoisture.

139.Timberlinetreesarenormally

evergreens,suggestingthatthese

havesomeadvantageoverdeciduous

trees(thosethatlosetheirleaves)in

theextremeenvironmentsofthe

uppertimberline.

140.Thisisparticularlytruefortrees

inthemiddleandupperlatitudes,

whichtendtoattaingreaterheights

onridges,whereasinthetropicsthe

treesreachtheirgreaterheightsin

thevalleys.

141.Late-lyingsnowreducesthe

effectivegrowingseasontothepoint

whereseedlingscannotestablish

themselves.

142.Windvelocityalsoincreases

withaltitudeandmaycauseserious

stressfortrees,asismadeevidentby

thedeformedshapesathig