真题版2016年12月四级第3套

COLLEGEENGLISH—Band 年月第套)试题册请将试题册背面条形码粘贴条揭下后粘贴在答题卡1的条形码粘贴框内，并将和准考请在答题卡1和答题卡2指定位置用黑色签字笔填写准考证号、和学校名称，并用作文题内容印在试题册背面作文题及其他题必须用黑色签字笔在答题卡指定区域内考试期间在非考试时间佩戴耳机大四、六级考试Part (30Directions:Forthispart,youareallowed30minutestowriteanessay.Supposeyouhavetwooptionsupongraduation:oneistoworkinastate-ownedbusinessandtheotherinajointventure.Youaretomakeachoicebetweenthetwo.Writeanessaytoexinthereasonsforyourchoice.Youshouldwriteatleast120wordsbutnomorethan180words.Part Listening (25本套中不再重复出现。Part Reading (40Directions:Inthissection,thereisapassagewithtenblanks.Youarerequiredtoselectonewordforeachblankfromalistofchoicesgiveninawordbankfollowingthepassage.Readthepassagethroughcarefullybeforemakingyourchoices.Eachchoiceinthebankisidentifiedbyaletter.PleasemarkthecorrespondingletterforeachitemonAnswerSheet2withasinglelinethroughthecentre.YoumaynotuseanyofthewordsinthebankmorethanQuestions26to35arebasedonthefollowingManymenandwomenhavelongboughtintotheideathatthereare"male"and"female"brains,believingthatexinsjustabouteverydifferencebetweenthees.Anewstudy26thatbelief,questioningwhetherbrainsreallycanbedistinguishedbygender.Inthestudy,AvivUniversityresearchers27fordifferencesthroughouttheentirehumanAndwhatdidtheyfind?Notmuch.Ratherthanofferevidencefor28brainsas"male"or"female,"researchshowsthatbrainsfallintoawiderange,withmostpeoplefallingrightinthemiddle.DaphnaJoel,wholedthestudy,saidherresearchfoundthatwhiletherearesomegender-based 29,manydifferenttypesofbraincan'talwaysbedistinguishedbygender.Whilethe"average"maleand"average"femalebrainswere30different,youcouldn'tlitbylookingatindividualbrainscans.Onlyasmall31ofpeoplehad"all-male"or"all-female"characteristics.LarryCahill,anAmericanneuroscientist(神经科学家),saidthestudyisanimportantadditiontoabodyofresearchquestioning32beliefsaboutgenderandbrainfunction.Buthecautionedagainstconcludingfromthisstudythatallbrainsarethesame,33ofgender."There'samountainofevidence34theimportanceof influencesatalllevelsofbrainfunction,"hetoldTheSeattleTimes.Ifanything,hesaid,thestudy35thatgenderysaveryimportantroleinthebrain--"evenwhenwearenotclearexactlyhow."

N.tastesSectionDirections:Inthissection,youaregoingtoreadapassagewithtenstatementsattachedtoit.Eachstatementcontainsinformationgiveninoneoftheparagraphs.Identifytheparagraphfromwhichtheinformationisderived.Youmaychooseaparagraphmorethanonce.Eachparagraphismarkedwithaletter.AnswerthequestionsbymarkingthecorrespondingletteronAnswerSheet2.When esaWhatmotivatesemployeestodotheirjobswell?Competitionwithcoworkers,forsome.Thepromiseofrewards,forothers.Pureenjoymentofproblem-solving,foraluckyfew.Increasingly,companiesaretapintothesedesiresdirectlythroughwhathascometobeknownas"gamification":essentially,turningworkintoagame."Gamificationisaboutunderstandingwhatitisthatmakesgamesengagingandwhatgamedesignersdotocreateagreatexperienceingames,andtakingthoselearningsandapplyingthemtoothercontextssuchastheworkceandeducation,"exinsKevinWerbach,agamificationexpertwhoteachesattheWhartonSchoolofBusinessattheUniversityofPennsylvaniaintheUnitedStates.Itmightmeanmonitoringemployeeproductivityonadigitalleaderboardandofferingprizestothewinner,orgivingemployeesdigitalbadgesorstarsforcompletingcertainactivities.Itcouldalsomeantrainingemployeeshowtodotheirjobsthroughgametforms.CompaniesfromtoL'OréaltoIBMtoWellsFargoareknowntousesomedegreeofgamificationintheirworkces.Andmoreandmorecompaniesarejoiningthem.Arecentreportsuggeststhattheglobalgamificationmarketwillgrowfrom$1.65billionin2015to$11.1billionbyTheconceptofgamificationisnotentirelynew,Werbachsays.Companies,marketersandteachershavelonglookedforfunwaystoengagepeople'sreward-seekingorcompetitivespiritsCrackerJackshasbeen"gamifying"itssnackfoodbyputtingasmallprizeinsideformorethan100years,headds,andtheturn-of-the-centurysteelmagnate(巨头)CharlesSchwabissaidtohaveoftencomeintohisfactoryandwrittenthenumberoftonsofsteelproducedonthepastshiftonthefactoryfloor,thusmotivatingthenextshiftofworkerstobeatthepreviousone.Buttheword"gamification"andthewidespread,consciousapplicationoftheconceptonlybeganinearnestaboutfiveyearsago,Werbachsays.Thanksinpartto games,thegenerationnowenteringtheworkisespeciallyopentotheideaofhavingtheirworkgamified."Weareatapointwhereinmuchofthedevelopedworldthevastmajorityofyoungpeoplegrewupying games,andanincreasinglyhighpercentageofadultsy gamestoo,"Werbachsays.Anumberofcompanieshavesprungup--GamEffective,BunchbailandBadgeville,tonameafew--inrecentyearsofferinggamificationtformsforbusinesses.Thetformsthataremosteffectiveturnemployees'ordinaryjobtasksintopartofarichadventurenarrative."Whatmakesagamegame-likeisthattheyeractuallycaresaboutthe e,"Werbachsays."Theprincipleisaboutunderstandingwhatismotivatingtothisgroupofyers,whichrequiressomeunderstandingofpsychology."Somepeople,Werbachsays,aremotivatedbycompetition.Salespeopleoftenfallintothiscategory.Forthem,therightkindofgamificationmightbeturningtheirsaiespitchesintoacompetitionwithotherteammembers,completewithadigitalleaderboardshowingwhoiswinningatalltimes.Othersaremoremotivatedbycollaborationandsocialexperiences.One Werbachhasstudiedusesgamificationtocreateasenseofcommunityandboostemployees'morale(士气).Whenemployeeslogintotheircomputers,they'reshownapictureofoneoftheircoworkersandaskedtoguessthat 'sname.Gamificationdoesnothavetobedigital.MonicaCornettirunsa thatgamifiesemployeetrainings.Sometimesthisinvolvestechnology,butoftenitdoesnot.Sherecentlydesignedagamificationstrategyforasaies withastorm-chasingtheme.Employeesformed"stormchaserteams"andcompetedinstorm-themededucationalexercisestoearnvariousrewards."Rewardsdonothavetobestuff,"Cornettisays."Rewardscanbeflexibleworkinghours."Anothertraining,thisoneforpayrolllaw,usedaSnowWhiteandtheSevenDwarfstheme."SnowWhite"isavailableforeveryonetouse,butthe"dwarfs"arestillundercopyright,soCornettiinventedsound-alikecharacters(GrumpyGus,DopeyDan)toillustratespecificpayrolllawprinciples.Somepeopledonottakenaturallytogamifiedworkenvironments,Cornettisays.Inherexperience,peopleinpositionsofpowerorpeopleinfinanceorengineeringdonottendtolikethesoundoftheword"Ifwearedesigningforengineers,I'mnottalkingabouta'game'atall,"Cornettisays."I'mtalkingabouta'simulation'(模拟),I'mtalkingabout'beingabletosolvethisproblem.'"Gamificationis"notamagicbullet,"Werbachwarns.Agamificationstrategythatisnotsufficientlythoughtthroughorwelltailoredtoitsyersmayengagepeopleforalittlewhile,butitwillnotmotivatepeopleinthelongterm.Itcanalsobeexploitative,especiallywhenusedwithvulnerablepopulations.Forworkers,especiallylow-paidworkers,whodesperayneedtheirjobsyetknowtheycanbeeasilyreced,gamificationmayfeelmoreliketheHungerGames.WerbachgivestheexampleofseveralDisneylandhosinAnaheim,Caiifornia,whichusedlargedigitalleaderboardstodisyhowefficientlylaundryworkerswereworkingcomparedtooneanother.Someemployeesfoundtheboardmotivating.Toothers,itwastheoppositeoffun.Somebegantotakingbathroombreaks,worriedthatiftheirproductivityfelltheywouldbefired.Pregnantemployeesstruggledtokeepup.InaLosAngelesTimesarticle,oneemployeereferredtotheboardasa"digitalwhip.""Itactuallyhadaverynegativeeffectonmoraleandperformance,"Werbachsays.Still,gamificationonlystandsto emorepopular,hesays,"asmoreandmorepeoplecomeintotheworkwhoarefamiliarwiththestructuresandexpressionsofdigitalgames.""Wearefarfromreachingthepeak,"Cornettiagrees."Thereisnoreasonthiswillgoaway."SomefamouscompaniesarealreadyusinggamificationandmorearetryingtodotheGamificationisnotamiraclecureforallworkcesasitmayhavenegativeToenhancemorale,one asksitsemployeestoidentifytheirfellowworkerswhenstartingtheirTheideaofgamificationwaspracticedbysomebusinessesmorethanacenturyThereisreasontobelievethatgamificationwillbeheretogamescontributedinsomewaystothewideapplicationofgamification.Whenturningworkintoagame,itisnecessarytounderstandwhatmakesgamesGamificationinemployeetrainingdoesnotalwaysneedThemostsuccessfulgamificationtformstransformdailyworkassignmentsintofunItisnecessarytousetermsotherthan"gamification"forsomeSectionDirections:Thereare2passagesinthissection.Eachpassageisfollowedbysomequestionsorunfinishedstatements.ForeachofthemtherearefourchoicesmarkedA,B,CandD.YoushoulddecideonthebestchoiceandmarkthecorrespondingletteronAnswerSheet2withasinglelinethroughthecentre.PassageQuestions46to50arebasedoilthefollowingRecentlyIattendedseveralmeetingswherewetalkedaboutwaystoretainstudentsandkeepyoungerfacultymembersfromgoingelsewhere.Itseemshighereducation eanindustryofmeeting-holderswhosetaskitisto"solve"problems--orimagined.Andinmypositionasaprofessoratthreedifferentcolleges,theactualproblemsineducatingour-hasincreasedsignificantly.Everynewproblemcreatesanewjobforanadministrativefixer.TakeourCenterforTeachingExcellence.Contrarytoitstitle,thecenterisaclearinghouse(信息交流中心)forusingtechnologyinclassroomsandinonlinecourses.It'sanadministrativesham()ofthekindthathasmultipliedoverthelast30Iofferasimplepropositioninresponse:Manyofourproblems--classattendance,educationalsuccessstudenthappinessandwell-being--mightbeimprovedbycuttingdownthebureaucratic(的)mechanismsandmeetingsandinsteadhiringanarmyofgoodteachers.Ifwerecedhalfofouradministrativestaffwithclassroomteachers,wemightactuallygetamajorityofourclassesbackto20orfewerstudentsperteacherThiswouldbeanenvironmentinwhichteachersandstudentsactuallykneweachother.Theteachersmustbetoteachintheirownway--thecurriculumshouldbeflexibleenoughsothattheycanusetheirindividualtalentstoachievethegoalsofthecourse.Additionally,theyshouldbeallowedtoteach,andberewardedforngitwell.Teachersarenotpeoplewhoaregreatatandconsumedbyresearchandhappentoappearinaclassroom.Goodteachingandresearcharenotexclusive,buttheyarealsonotautomaticcompanions.Teachingisanartandacraft,talentandpractice;itisnotsomethingthatjustanyonecanbegoodat.Itisutterlyconfusingtomethatpeopledonotrecognizethis,despitethefactthatprettymuchanyonewhohasbeenastudentcanlthedifferencebetweentheirbestandworstteachers.Whatdoestheauthorsayaboutpresent-dayTheyareeffectivelytacklingrealorimaginedTheyoftenfailtocombineteachingwithTheyareover-burdenedwithadmires"trativeTheylacktalenttofixtheirdeepeningAccordingtotheauthor,whatkindofpeopledouniversitieslackGoodclassroomEfficientMotivatedWhatdoestheauthorimplyabouttheclassesatTheyfacilitatestudents'independentTheyhelpstudentsformcloserTheyhavemoreolderstudentsthanTheyaremuchbiggerthanisWhatdoestheauthorthinkofteachingItrequirestalentandItiscloselyrelatedtoItisachieffactoraffectingstudents'ItcanbeacquiredthroughpersistentWhatistheauthor'ssuggestionforimprovinguniversityCreatinganenvironmentforteacherstosharetheirteachingHiringmoreclassroomteachersandallowingthemtoteachintheirownUsinghightechnologyinclassroomsandpromotingexchangeofCuttingdownmeetingsandencouragingadministrativestafftogotoPassageQuestions51to55arebasedonthefollowingThesecrettoeatinglessandbeinghappyaboutitmayhavebeencrackedyearsago--byMcDonald's.AccordingtoanewstudyfromCornellUniversity'sFoodandBrandLab,smallnon-foodrewards--likethetoysinMcDonald'sHappyMeals--stimulatethesamerewardcentersinthebrainasfooddoes.Theresearchers,ledbyMartinReimann,carriedoutaseriesofexperimentstoseeifpeoplewouldchooseasmallermealffitwaspairedwithanon-fooditem.Theyfoundthatthemajorityofbothkidsandadultsoptedforahaft-sizedportionwhencombinedwithaBothoptionswerepricedtheEvenmoreinterestingisthatthepromiseofafuturerewardwasenoughtomakeadultschoosethesmallerportion.Oneoftheprizesusedwasalotteryticket(),witha$10,$50or$100payout,andthiswasaseffectiveasatangiblegiftinpersuadingpeopletoeatless."Thefactthatparticipantswerewillingtosubstitutepartofafooditemforthemereprospectofarelativelysmallmonetaryawardisinteresting,"saysReimann.Hetheorizesthatitistheemotionalcomponentoftheseintangibleprizesthatmakethemeffective.Infact,vaguely-statedpossibilitiesofwinningaprizeweremoreeffectivethanoptionswithhardoddsincluded."OneexnationforthisfindingisthatpossiblemaybemoreemotionallyprovokingthancertaintyReimann."Theofaddedattractionand,"saysuncertaintywinningprovidesdesirabilitythroughemotional'thrills.'Thepossibilityofreceivinganawardalsoproducesastateofhope--astatethatisinitselfpsychologicallyrewarding."Inotherwords,there'sareasonwhypeopleliketogamble.HowmightthisknowledgebeusedtohelppeopleeatmoreOnepossibilityisahealthyoptionthatoffersthechancetowinaspa(温泉疗养)weekend.Ormaybetherewardofahalf-sizedportioncouldbeahalf-sizeddesserttobeclaimedonlyonafut