土工程管理专业英语翻译chapter

ChapterTheproductofaconstructionprojectcanexistforhundredsofyears.建筑项目可以存在数百年。Peopleoccupythebuildings,maintaintherefineriesoperatethepipelinesandusethebridges.人However,nooneinctsquiteasintimaywiththesefacilitiesasthosewhodreamofthem,designthemandbuildthem然而，没有人能像构思者、设计者、建造者一样与建筑设施有如Constructionprojectsarebornfromideas.Foranideatoberealized,itmustbetranslatedintographicformwhichinturnmustbetransformedintoafinishedproduct.要使一个想法成为现实，就必须把它转变为图象形式，接着把图纸形Theideaisdefinedbytheownerdevelopedbythedesignerandproducedbytheconstructorwhothenturnsitovertotheowner.这个构思是优业主定义，由设计师发展，由建造者生产并将其Thiscircledefinestheconstructionproject.Thischapterconcentratesonthepeoplewhofilltherolesofowner,designer,andconstructor.这Whofillstheserolesandhowtheyrelatetoeachotheraredeterminedbymanyfactors,includingthetimemoneyprojectuniquenessandculturalenvironment.这些人扮演这些角色和他们如何Atfirstglance,therolesseemsimpletodefine:theowneristheonewiththedeeppockets,thedesigneristheexpert,andtheconstructoristheguywiththetruckandthebackhoe.乍一Acloserlook,howeverrevealsamorecomplexandinterestingreality.然而研究的越仔细，我们Thecloseryouexaminethem,themorecomplicatedandindistincttheroles e.当你越仔细Asprojectsgrowincomplexity,ownersareincreasinglyturningtooutsideconsultantstorepresenttheirinterests.随着项目变得越来越复杂，业主越来越多地寻求外部顾问来代表他们的利益。Theseprogrammanagersmayinfactbeemployedbydesignorconstructionfirmsthatmayormaynothaveadirectstakeinthedesignorconstructionoftheproject.事实上，这些项目经理可能会Ownersespeciallyinlargecompaniesmayalsobearchitectsengineersorconstructorsbytraining;andexperiencedconstructioncompaniesoftenemployarchitectsandengineersasstaffmembers.theownerTheemployer,promoter,owner,ortheastheymaybecalledindifferentces,aretheoneswhoareresponsiblefortheinitiationandthefinancingofnewconstructionprojects.通常我们说Theymaybeinthepublicsectororintheprivatesector.业主可能会在公共领域中或在私人领Publicsectorownerarebasicallytheernmentagencies/departmentsandareinvolvedincivilengineeringworkssuchashighways,dams,bridges,tunnels,andbuildingworkssuchasschools,libraries,hospitals,etc.公共领域业主基本上市部门里，并且参与像公路，水坝，桥梁，Privatesectorownerismostlyassociatedwithbuildingconstructionworkssuchasofficecomplexes,hos,shopmalls,apartmentcomplexes,privatehousingestates,etc.私营领域业主大多数是sinthepublicsectormaybeinfluencedbybothsocialandpoliticaltrendsandneeds,andthedesiretobuildmaybelimitedbythesefactors.在公共领域的业主既受社会需求和政治倾向的Theprivatesector,which passestheindividualhouseownerandthelargemultinationalcorporation,willprobablydirectitscapitalspendingtotheventuresthatareconsideredtobefinanciallyprofitable.包括私人住宅和大型公司的私营领域，可能会将投入到被认Thishastendedtobeviewedonabuilding’slifecycleratherthanuponinitialconstructioncoststhearchitectThearchitecthastraditionallybeentheleaderofthedesignteam.在传统意义上来讲，建筑师是Becauseprojectstodayrequirealargeamountofspecializedtocompletethedesign,thearchitectmayrequiretheassistanceofconsultantsfromotherprofessionaldisciplines.由于的项目需要Thearchitectsfunctionistoprovidethewithanacceptableandsatisfactorybuildinguponcompletion.建筑师的职责是给业主提供一完工基础上的、可接受的和令人满意的结果。Thiswillinvolvetheproperarrangementofspacewithinthebuilding,shapes,form,typeofconstructionandmaterialsenvironmentalcontrolsandaestheticconsideration.这就包括建筑形态、Acontractorwhobelievesthatthearchitectisattemptingtoexercisepowersbeyondthoseassignedunderthecontract,caninsistthatthearchitectspecifyinwritingtheconditionsthatallowsuchpowers.如果确信建筑师正在试图行使合同以外的权利时，他可以坚持让建筑师以的形Thearchitectwillgenerallyoperateundertherulesofagencyonthepartoftheemployer.ThismeansthatinstructionsgiventothecontractorwillbeacceptedandpaidforbytheInthenormalpre-contractstagethearchitect’sdutyistoprepareadesignfortheworks.在正常的Thismayinvolvethreefacts:architecturaldesign,constructionaldetailingandcontractadministration.这可能设计三个方面：建筑设计，构造详图和合同管理。ThearchitectureduringtheworkmustexhibitreasonableskillandcareinthedesignoftheThearchitectwillalsogenerallybeheldresponsibleforanyworkdelegatedtoanother.建筑师通常Duringthepost-contractstagetheworktobeundertakenbythearchitectislargelysupervisionandadministration.在合同履约阶段，建筑师的工作大部分是大量的监督和管理。Somedrawingsanddetailsmaystillneedtobeprepared,particularlywherethecontractorrequestssuchinformation.可能需要准备一些图纸和详细信息，特别是承包商需要了解详细信s.Thedutiesofadministrationareusuallytodescribethevariousfunctionssuchasissuinginstructionstothecontractorthatmustbecarriedoutduringtheprogressoftheworks.的职责通常是描述thetysurveyor测量Thetysurveyorhasfunctionsrangingfromameasurertobuildingaccountantandacostadviser.工料测量师的职责范围涵盖了从测量师到建设会计和成本顾问的一系列工作。Theemphasisofthetysurveyor’sworkhasshiftedfromonesolelyassociatedwithaccountingfunctions,tooneinvolvedinallmattersofforecastingfinancialmattersregardingtheTheinitialdutyofthetysurveyoristoforecastandevaluatethedesignineconomictermsbothonaninitialandlife-cyclecostbasis.工料测量师的最初职责是预测和估计基于建设成本Secondly,heorshemustpreparethetenderingationusedbythecontractorand,finallyreportoninterimpaymentsandfinancialprogress,andthepreparationandcontrolofthefinaltheThereisawiderangeofdifferenttypesofengineersemployedinaconstructionproject.在一个建Thesemayrangefromcivilandstructuralengineerstobuildingservicesengineers.这些范围可能Civilengineersareresponsibleforthedesignandsupervisionofcivilandpublicworksengineering,andareemployedinasimilarwaytothatofarchitectsemployedonabuildingconstructionproject.Inaddition,theengineer’scounterpartworkingforthecontractorisoftenacivilengineer.Theirworkcanbeverydiverse,andmayincludeprojectsassociatedwithtransportation,energyrequirementssewageschemesorlandreclamationprojects.他们的工作非常多样化，包括与运Thearchitectonbehalfoftheusuallyemploysstructuralengineers.代表业主的建筑师通Theyactasconsultantstodesigntheframeandtheotherstructuralmembersinbuildings.他们作Thebuildingservicesengineersareresponsiblefordesigningthemechanical,electrical,HVAC(heating,ventilationandair-conditioning),andotherrelatedsystemsthatarerequiredintoday’smodernbuildings.设备工程师负责设计机械设备，电力，暖通系统（热风，通风和空themaincontractorAgeneralormaincontractorundertakesthemajorityoftheconstructionwork.总承包商承担主Thesefirmswillvaryinsizeemployingfromafewtomanythousandsofemployees.这些公司规Althoughthereisnocleardividinglinebetweenbuildingandcivilengineeringworks,manyfirmstendtospecializeinonlyoneoftheresectors.虽然在建筑和土木工程建筑中没有明确的分界线，Thesmallestbuildingfirmsmayspecializeinonetrade,andassuchmayactaseitherdomesticsubcontractorsorjobbingbuildercarryingoutmainlyrepairsandsmallalternations.最小型的建Ontheverylargeprojectsitisgenerallyusualtofindspecialistfirmsforpiling,steelwork,tunneling,dredgingoperations,etc.在非常大的项目上，总承包商通常会寻找专业公司来打桩，钢结构的Thecontractorsagreetocarryouttheworksinaccordancewiththecontractsandtheinstructionsfromthearchitect.承包商同意按照合同文件和建筑师的指令来开展工作。Theyagreetodothisusuallywithinastatedperiodoftimeandforanagreedsumofmoney.他们Themaincontractormustalsocomplywithallstatutorylawsandregulationsduringtheexecutionofthework,andensurethatsubcontractors,rs,andvendorswhoareemployedonthesiteabidebytheseconditionsalso.在工程的执行过程中，总承包商也必须符合所有法定的法律和subcontractorItisveryunusualtodayforasinglecontractortoundertakealltheconstructionworkswiththeirownwork.如果今要一个承包商承担所有的整个建设工作，这是非常不寻常的。Eveninthecaseofminorbuildingprojectsthemaincontractorislikelytorequiretheassistanceofspecialisttradefirms.专业贸易公司的帮助。Workundertakenbyfirmsotherthanthemaincontractorsiscalledsubcontractors.承担工作的公Whenthemaincontractorhasthedomtochooseanysubcontractorsofhisownchoice,thenthissubcontractorisknownasthe’domesticsubcontractor’.当总承包商可以任何分包Eveninthecaseofthedomesticsubcontractor,approvalhastobesoughtfromthearchitect,althoughitisrarefortheapprovalnottobegiven.即使是指定内部分包商，也必须寻求建筑师Incasetheowner(throughthearchitect)specifiescertainfirmsorcontractorswhothemaincontractorcanemploysassubcontractorsthentheyarecallednominatedsubcontractors’.如果业thetradesFromthetimethefirstpencilislaidtopaperinthedesignprocesstothecompletionofshopdrawingsandcoordinationdrawings,thegoalistoinstructthepeoplewhoactuallyperformtheworkinthefield:thetrades-people.从在设计图纸上画下第一笔开始到完成施工图纸和一些相Thetradesformthecoreoftheconstructionindustry--aconstantthroughoutitshistory.Thewaysinwhichprojectsaremanagedhavechangedovertheyearsbutdespiteimprovementsinmethodsandmaterialsandtheintroductionofrobotics,buildingsarestillerectedpiecebypiece.Whathaschangedisthemakeupofthetrades.Thenumberoftradesneededonthejobhasgrownwiththecomplexityofthebuildings.工作上所Whereoncetherewereelectricians,therearenowalsospecialistsin municationsandsecurity.曾经有电工的地方，现在还需要有 Whereoncetherewereplumbers,therearenowalsopipefittersandsprinklercontractors.Mostconstructionprocessesrequirespecializedtraining.大多数建设施工过程需要专业的培训。Oncomplexbuildingsitesasmanyasfifteendifferenttradesmaybeworkingonagivenday.在复15个不同专业的人在工作。material 材料供应Aprojectmayhavetalenteddesigners,innovativeconstructorsandwealthysophisticatedowners;butwithoutmaterialstobuildwith,theprojectwouldbeonlyadream.一个项目可能具有天才的Materialsandbuildingcomponentsaremanufactured,andsometimesinstalledbyrs.材料Auser'schoiceofmaterialsisbasedpartonperformance,durability,andaestheticappeal.用户对Butwithoutthehelpofrsandtheirtradeassociations,architectsandengineerswouldbedauntedbywhichmaterialstospecifyconstructorsbywhichmethodsofmaterialassemblytouse.但如果没有供应商和他们行业的帮助和工程师可能要为指定什么材料而感到发equipmentrs设备供应Dependingontheproject,equipmentcanyaverybigroleinconstruction.就建设项目情况而Highwayjobs,largeexcavations,bridges,tunnels,andtallbuildingsallrelyheavilyontheuseofequipmenttocarryoutthework.公路建设工作，大型开挖，桥梁，隧道和建筑等工作的Thepeoplewhosupplythisequipmentofferitforsaleorrent.设备供应商会提供设备的或Rentalarrangementscanvaryonpointsconcerningwhomaintainstheequipmentandwhetheritcomeswithanoperator.租赁协议要使设备是否配备有操作员而有所不同。Constructioncompaniesdecidetobuyorrentbasedsolelyoneconomicsandwhethertherewillbealaterusefortheequipment.施工企业买或租用设备仅仅基于他们的经济状况以及后期是否Smallhandtoolsportablegeneratorshugetowercranesexcavatorsbackhoesandscaffoldingareallexamplesofequipmentusedonconstructionprojects.小型手动工具，手提式发电机，巨型Amajordifferencebetweenequipmentandmaterialisthattheequipmentdoesnot epartoftheprojectattheend.设备和材料之间的主要区别在于最后设备不会成为该项目的一部分。otherBeforeaprojectevenstarts,manyissuesmustberesolved.甚至在项目开始前，我们就需要解决许多问题。Financingiscertainlyoneofthebiggest.融资问题当然是头等大事。Wherethemoneycomesfromhowthefundingissetup,andthetermsandconditionsofthefundingallyadirectroleinhowtheprojectwillbemanaged.从何而来，项目基金如何建立以Manyfinancialinstitutionsareinvolvedinfundingconstructionprojectsandsomeofthefundingmaycomefromernmentagenciesaswell.建设项目项目的融资涉及到许多金融机构，一些也可能来自于的部门。Certainpublicagenciesareinterestedintheprojectfromaregulatory.从的角度，Theyhavetheauthoritytoruleontheconditionsofbuildingandcandenytherighttobuildiftheprojectisdeemednotinthepublicinterest.他们有权力去规定建设的环境并且如果他们认为项Theseagenciesincludezoningboards,nningboards,historicalcommissions,andbuildingcodeofficials--alllocallyadministeredandcontrolled.这些机构包括区域，规划部门，档Theprojectalsomustbeinsured.Insurancecomesfrommanysources.有很多种类Somecompaniesprovidepropertyinsurancetotheowner,liabilityinsurancetothedesigner,andbondinginsurancetotheconstructor.一些公司为业主提供财产为设计者提供责任，Whencontractsarebeingprepared,companiesoftenconsultwithlawyersbeforeagreeingtoanyconditions.当我们准备合同的时候，公司经常在签订任何合同之前咨询。Lawyersadvisetheirsonwaystominimizeliability,risk,anddisputeresolutionandhelptheirsnegotiatetheseissuesthroughcontractlanguage.会使责任风险最小化以及解决，Whendisputesemergethatcannotbesolvedbytheprojectteammembers,thelawyerswilloftengetinvolve