法律英语侵权法

英国(yīnɡɡuó)微小说大赛获奖作品Finallyspoketoher,leftflowers.终于(zhōngyú)跟她搭上话了，留下了一束花〔在坟墓前〕。Birthcertificate,deathcertificate,onepen.出生证明，死亡证明，一支笔写完。2023/5/21法律(fǎlǜ)英语第一页，共54页。1Sorry,solder,shoessoldinpairs.对不起士兵，我们的鞋子(xiézi)按双出售。Imetmysoulmate，shedidn’t.我遇见了我的那个她，但她没有。2023/5/22法律(fǎlǜ)英语第二页，共54页。2IntroducedmyselftoMomagaintoday.今天我又一次向妈妈介绍了自己(zìjǐ)。〔阿兹海默症〕。Strangers,friends,bestfriends,lovers,strangers.陌生人，朋友，好朋友，爱人，陌生人。2023/5/23法律(fǎlǜ)英语第三页，共54页。3LessonTenTortLaw2023/5/24法律(fǎlǜ)英语第四页，共54页。4Delict/TortWhatisatort?侵权行为是民事主体违反民事义务，侵害他人合法权益，依法应当承担民事责任的行为。WhatisTortiousLiability?侵权责任是指民事主体因实施(shíshī)侵权行为而应承担的民事法律后果。2023/5/25法律(fǎlǜ)英语第五页，共54页。5WhatarecomponentsofTortLiability?(a)illegalbehavior(b)damages(c)causality(d)fault2023/5/26法律(fǎlǜ)英语第六页，共54页。6Whataremethodsofbearingtortliability?(a)

cessation

of

infringement(b)removal

of

obstruction(c)elimination

of

danger(d)

return

of

property(e)restoration

to

the

original

status2023/5/27法律(fǎlǜ)英语第七页，共54页。7(f)compensation

for

losses(g)apology(h)elimination

of

consequences

and

restoration

of

reputation2023/5/28法律(fǎlǜ)英语第八页，共54页。8doctrineofliabilityfixationA.DoctrineofLiabilityforWrongsArticle6,Para1----TortLaw“行为人因过错侵害他人民事权益，应当承担侵权责任〞BurdenofProof?Plantiff----原告〔受害人〕负举证责任证明被告(bèigào)〔加害人〕主观上有过错.2023/5/29法律(fǎlǜ)英语第九页，共54页。9doctrineofliabilityfixationB.DoctrineofpresumptionArticle38教育机构的~Article58医疗机构的~【conditional】Article75高度危险物非法占有管理的~Article81动物园的过错推定责任Article85坠落(zhuìluò)悬挂物的所管使人~Article88堆放物2023/5/210法律(fǎlǜ)英语第十页，共54页。10doctrineofliabilityfixationArticle90折断林木的所管人的~Article91窨井管理人的~Burdenofproof?Defendant----被告〔加害人〕负举证责任证明自己(zìjǐ)主观上无过错2023/5/211法律(fǎlǜ)英语第十一页，共54页。11doctrineofliabilityfixationC.DoctrineofStrictLiablityArticle41产品生产者销售者的~Article65环境污染者的~Article69高度危险(wēixiǎn)经占使者的~Article78动物的饲养管理者的~BurdenofProof？Defendant——加害人证明行为与损害无因果关系2023/5/212法律(fǎlǜ)英语第十二页，共54页。12Part1:Introductiondamagesclaims

要求赔偿mostcivilsuits

大多数民事诉讼tortlaw

侵权法1.Automobileaccidents2023/5/213法律(fǎlǜ)英语第十三页，共54页。13ManycircumstancesTheplaintiffinacivilsuitisordinarilyentitledtotryhisclaimbeforeajurywhichwilloftenrelymoreonhumanthanonlegalconsiderations……民事诉讼的原告通常(tōngcháng)会向陪审团提出索赔主张，这主要是出于人道的考虑而不是法律的考虑。儿童受伤2023/5/214法律(fǎlǜ)英语第十四页，共54页。14ApermanentdisabilityoflossofalimbCompensationanddamages

补偿费和损害(sǔnhài)赔偿金Actualloss实际损害Intangibledamage无形损害Aplaintiffcanplayonthehumanreactionofthejury原告(yuángào)利用陪审团的人性反响2023/5/215法律(fǎlǜ)英语第十五页，共54页。15Americanlawpermitstheparticipationoftheattorneyintheplaintiff’srecovery(contingentfee)美国允许律师分享原告所获得的赔偿金〔胜诉酬金〕Amountto25to33%oftheverdict酬金到达(dàodá)法院判付金额的25-33%。2023/5/216法律(fǎlǜ)英语第十六页，共54页。16Atortaction侵权诉讼(sùsònɡ)Alengthyproceeding诉讼程序时间长Largeexpenses—honorariaforexperts代价大〔专家证人的酬金〕Averylargeverdict〔inexcessof$100000〕判决金额(jīné)非常大〔10万美元以上〕2023/5/217法律(fǎlǜ)英语第十七页，共54页。172.TortlawandthelawofcontractsoverlapAninjurypartyhasthechoicebetweenatortclaimandasuitincontracts.Conversion

非法占有财产(cáichǎn)Personalinjury

人身伤害Impliedcontract默示合同(hétong)Personalinjury人身伤害Breachofwarranty

违背保证诺言Recoveryofintangibledamage2023/5/218法律(fǎlǜ)英语第十八页，共54页。183.Everyoneisliableforhistortact,每个人都要对其侵权行为负责，inlimitedformalsochildren〔however,parentsonlywhentheyactedasthechild’sagentordidnotcomplywiththeirdutytosupervise〕,在有限的情况下儿童亦然〔但是，父母仅当其作为该儿童的代理人或未能按照其监护义务行事时才负此责〕，butnotthestateunlessexpressstatutoryprovisionhasabolishedstateimmunity.但国家(guójiā)不在此列，除非法律明文规定取消了国家(guójiā)的豁免权。2023/5/219法律(fǎlǜ)英语第十九页，共54页。19TheFTCApermitsrecoveryofmoneydamagesbecauseofanegligentorwrongfulactoromissionbytheFederalGovernmentoranemployeeoftheFederalGovernmentwhiletheemployeewasactingwithinhis/herscopeofemploymentoroffice.FederalTortclaimsAct〔FTCA〕2023/5/220法律(fǎlǜ)英语第二十页，共54页。204.Everyoneisprotectedagainsttortiousact,includingtheembryo.每个人包括胎儿都受保护，免遭侵权行为的伤害。Theheirsornextofkinmayhaveadamageclaimfortheintentionalornegligentdeathoftheirrelativeortestator(wrongfuldeathaction)继承人或近亲属可以对他们亲属或立遗嘱人因成心或疏忽侵权造成(zàochénɡ)的死亡〔非正常死亡之诉〕提出损害赔偿要求。2023/5/221法律(fǎlǜ)英语第二十一页，共54页。21“dram-shopacts〞小酒店(jiǔdiàn)法令Apartyinjuredasaresultoftheintoxicationofthetortfeasorhasaclaimagainsthimwhocontributedtothetortfeasor’sintoxication.作为侵权行为人醉酒之结果而受到伤害的当事人有权向造成(zàochénɡ)该侵权行为人醉酒的人提出索赔请求。2023/5/222法律(fǎlǜ)英语第二十二页，共54页。22“dram-shopacts〞DramShopacts,enactedinthe19thcentury,usuallyimposeliabilityfornegligenceonthesellersofalcoholicbeveragesforsalesto:personsunderthelegaldrinkingage,orthosewhoareobviouslyintoxicated.Peoplewhoservealcoholicbeveragesmaybeliableunderstatelawsfordamagesresultingfromtheconsumptionofthosebeverages.drunkendriving2023/5/223法律(fǎlǜ)英语第二十三页，共54页。23Part2:IntentionalTorts成心(chéngxīn)侵权行为Battery殴打Assault侵犯他人身体Conversionofproperty非法侵占财产Falseimprisonment非法拘禁Trespasstopersonalandrealproperty侵占动产(dòngchǎn)、不动产(dòngchǎn)Defamation诽谤Invasionofprivacy侵犯隐私权Productsliability产品质量责任2023/5/224法律(fǎlǜ)英语第二十四页，共54页。24Part3:LiabilityforNegligence过失(guòshī)侵权的责任NegligentactInjuryCausality2023/5/225法律(fǎlǜ)英语第二十五页，共54页。25Apersonisnegligentifhehasnotcompliedwithhis“dutyofcare〞and,hasnotactedas“areasonableandprudentman〞.如果一个人没有尽到“照看(zhàokàn)义务〞，没有象“一个理性且谨慎的人〞那样行事。过失2023/5/226法律(fǎlǜ)英语第二十六页，共54页。26要考虑(kǎolǜ)到Thespecialprofessionalqualificationforthetortfeasor侵权者的特别(tèbié)专业资质ArchitectDifferentcriteriaConstructionworker2023/5/227法律(fǎlǜ)英语第二十七页，共54页。27DutyofcareRestrictiveinterpretation:Thedutymustbeowedtowardtheparticularplaintiff.必须(bìxū)对特定的原告负有照看义务Thereisnodutyofcaretothepublicatlarge.不是对广阔公众负有照看义务（某人）对侵犯财产者的照看义务比对被邀请客人的照看义务小2023/5/228法律(fǎlǜ)英语第二十八页，共54页。28Gueststatutes宾客(bīnkè)法规Somestatesexcludeadutyofcarebythedriverofamotorvehicle–towardpassengerswhomhetransportsgratuitously.汽车司机(sījī)对于他免费搭载的乘客不负照看责任。2023/5/229法律(fǎlǜ)英语第二十九页，共54页。29Insomestates,legislationrequiringthataguestpassengermustprovesomethinghigherthanordinarynegligenceinordertorecoverfromthehostdriver.2023/5/230法律(fǎlǜ)英语第三十页，共54页。30Noclaimforcompensation不能要求(yāoqiú)赔偿Theinjuredpartyhasbeenguiltyofcontributorynegligence共同过失(guòshī)hasassumedtherisk预计到有危险2023/5/231法律(fǎlǜ)英语第三十一页，共54页。31Contributorynegligence共同(gòngtóng)过失adoctrineofcommonlawthatifapersonwasinjuredinpartduetohis/herownnegligence(his/hernegligence"contributed"totheaccident),theinjuredpartywouldnotbeentitledtocollectanydamages(money)fromanotherpartywhosupposedlycausedtheaccident./2023/5/232法律(fǎlǜ)英语第三十二页，共54页。32Comparativenegligence比较(bǐjiào)过失共同过失辩护的严格性……已经因为一些州采用了“比较过失〞原那么(nàme)而得到减弱。Itrequiresthattherespectivedegreeofnegligenceofbothpartiesbedeterminedandcompensationassessedaccordingly.要求确定当事各方的各自疏忽程度，并由此确定补偿金。2023/5/233法律(fǎlǜ)英语第三十三页，共54页。33ComparativenegligenceAruleoflawappliedinaccidentcasestodetermineresponsibilityanddamagesbasedonthenegligenceofeverypartydirectlyinvolvedintheaccident./2023/5/234法律(fǎlǜ)英语第三十四页，共54页。34ComparativenegligenceTheruleunderwhichnegligenceismeasuredbypercentage,anddamagesarediminishedinproportiontotheamountofnegligenceattributabletothepersonseekingrecovery./2023/5/235法律(fǎlǜ)英语第三十五页，共54页。35ThedoctrineoflastclearchanceEventhecontributorilynegligentplaintiffwillbecompensatedifhecanprovethatthedefendanthadthe“lastclearchance〞topreventthedamage.有共同过失(guòshī)的原告如果能证明被告“有最后明显时机〞防止伤害，那么该原告就可以获得赔偿。2023/5/236法律(fǎlǜ)英语第三十六页，共54页。36Lastclearchance最后(zuìhòu)明显时机Thelastreasonableopportunitytoavoidanaccidentorinjury.Onewhohasthelastclearchancetoavoidaninjuryandfailstodosoisusuallyheldsolelyresponsible,notwithstandingtheinjuredperson'sowncontributorynegligence.2023/5/237法律(fǎlǜ)英语第三十七页，共54页。37TheextraordinarilycomplexlawofnegligenceTodayleadstotwoeffortsofreformStrictLiability

严格责任Nofault

无过错责任Inconsistent2023/5/238法律(fǎlǜ)英语第三十八页，共54页。38Part4:TortlawreformA.StrictLiability严格(yángé)责任Strictliabilityisalegaldoctrinethatmakessomepersonsresponsiblefordamagestheiractionsorproductscause,regardlessofany"fault"ontheirpart.2023/5/239法律(fǎlǜ)英语第三十九页，共54页。39ForinstanceThemaintenanceofdangerousanimals饲养(sìyǎng)危险的动物Defamation诽谤Arebuttablepresumption可反驳的推定Thedoctrineofresipsaloquitur不言自明原那么2023/5/240法律(fǎlǜ)英语第四十页，共54页。40StrictliabilityDeducedfaultornegligencefromthenatureofthethingoractitself.从事情(shìqing)或行为本身的特性可以推断出存在过错或过失Defectiveconstruction

有缺陷的设计Negligentuse

过失使用2023/5/241法律(fǎlǜ)英语第四十一页，共54页。41productliabilityDangerousproducts危险(wēixiǎn)的产品Theproductionitself产品本身、Itspackage包装InadefectiveconditionUnreasonabledangeroustotheuserorconsumerortohisproperty.对使用者或消费者及其财产造成过度危险(wēixiǎn)2023/5/242法律(fǎlǜ)英语第四十二页，共54页。42“defective〞Theproductdoesnotmeetthereasonableexpectationsoftheordinaryconsumerconcerningthesafetyoftheproduct.“缺陷〞是指产品未到达一般消费者关于该产品平安性能(xìngnéng)的合理期望标准。2023/5/243法律(fǎlǜ)英语第四十三页，共54页。43b.“No-fault〞Anotherreformendeavorwhichseekstofindmorejustsolutionsforordinaryclaimsbasedonnegligence.另一个改革努力试图寻求对过失侵权普通(pǔtōng)索赔要求的更公正的解决方案。automobileaccidents2023/5/244法律(fǎlǜ)英语第四十四页，共54页。44ProfessorsRobertKeetonandJeffreyO'ConnellSeektoabolishthefaultprincipleintortlaw试图(shìtú)消除侵权法中的过错原那么；Toawardcompensationwithoutproofoffaultaccordingtoinsuranceprinciples.按照保险原那么，在不要过错证明的情况下给予赔偿。2023/5/245法律(fǎlǜ)英语第四十五页，共54页。45No-faultTrafficaccidentProductliabilityMedicalmalpracticeGrantcompensationforcertaininjurieswithoutproofoffaultForactualloss,notforintangibledamage2023/5/246法律(fǎlǜ)英语第四十六页，共54页。46No-fault的优点(yōudiǎn)Liabilitywillbelimitedforthemanufacturer,制造商的责任有限Requirearelativelylesserinsurancepremium