专题04词句猜测题上下取证知其意-备战2023年高考英语破解阅读理解讲练测

专题04词句猜测题-上下取证知其意熟知题型特点与设问方式题型特点设问方式词句猜测题着重考查利用同义或反义关系、构词法、语法和语篇文脉等理解生词的能力。主要通过以下两点进行考查：(1)要求根据阅读材料，结合学生应有的常识和经验判断生词、词组或熟词在特定语境中的含义以及一些句子的意思；(2)代词指代题也是词句猜测的常考类型。①Whatdotheunderlinedwords“...”meaninParagraph...？②Whatdoes“...”underlinedinParagraph...referto？③Whichofthefollowingwordscantaketheplaceoftheword“...”inParagraph...？④WhatdoestheunderlinedsentenceinParagraph...suggest？用活4大猜测词义技法为做好词义猜测题，学生应当熟练掌握《普通高中英语课程标准》规定的词汇，在日常学习、训练中还要注重积累生僻词汇和短语，掌握构词法的基本知识，对各种前缀、后缀的变化形式了然于胸；还应学会根据上下文语境进行合理推测，掌握一定的解题技巧。在高考阅读理解中，学生遇到的最大障碍往往有两个：一是被已认识的单词的某一熟知含义所误导；二是被完全不认识的单词的意思所阻挡，从而出现理解偏差或理解困难，影响阅读速度以及对文章的理解。其实解决这两个困难的一个重要法宝是学生在心目中树立起上下文观念，要学会“顺藤摸瓜”，通过构词法、语法、定义、同位、对比、因果、常识和上下文等线索确定词义。词义猜测题不仅要求具备一定构词法，而且也要求对上下文具有比较全面的理解。做词义猜测题时，应注意画线生词后面的定语从句、同位语从句。定语从句、同位语从句通常用来解释生词的意义。另外，还要注意生词后的标点符号，如逗号、破折号、引号、括号都可用于提示词意。下面介绍4种行之有效的猜词技法，希望对学生提高阅读理解中词义猜测题的解题能力有所帮助。技法(一)利用上下文线索猜测词义类型1定义作者有时会通过给某些词汇下定义来帮助读者理解词义，尤其是在一些科普类、社科类以及与专业内容相关的文章中。此时，常使用的信号词汇有i.e.、is、are、is/arecalled、mean、referto、knownas等。【典例】(2021·全国甲卷阅读C)Southbank,ataneasternbendintheThames,isthecenterofBritishskateboarding,wherethecontinuouscrashingofskateboardsleftyourheadringing.Ilovedit.Isoonmadefriendswiththelocalskaters.Wespokeourownlanguage.Andmyfavorite:Safe.Safemeantcool.Itmeanthello.Itmeantdon'tworryaboutit.Once,whentryingacertaintrickonthebeam(横杆),Ifellontothestones,damaginganerveinmyhand,andTobycameover,helpingmeup:Safe,man.Safe.Afewminuteslater,whenIlandedthetrick,myfriendsbeattheirboardsloud,shouting:“Safe!_Safe!_Safe！”Andthat'swhatmattered—landingtricks,beingagoodskater.29.Whatdotheunderlinedwords“Safe!Safe!Safe！”probablymean？A．Becareful！B．Welldone！C.Noway!D．Don'tworry！解析根据选段中的Andmyfavorite:Safe.Safemeantcool.可知，作者将Safe定义为cool，即“出色的”；同时结合下文可知，在作者成功完成了一次滑板动作后，同伴们都大喊Safe!Safe!Safe！来表示祝贺或鼓励作者，夸作者“做得好”。自主解答__B__类型2举例有时，画线词后会跟一些具体的例子，这些例子能帮助学生理解该词的词义。此时常出现的信号词汇有suchas、such...as、forexample、forinstance、like、including、especially等。【典例】(2020·北京高考阅读D)CertainformsofAIareindeedbecomingubiquitous.Forexample,algorithms(算法)carryouthugevolumesoftradingonourfinancialmarkets,self-drivingcarsareappearingoncitystreets,andoursmartphonesaretranslatingfromonelanguageintoanother.Thesesystemsaresometimesfasterandmoreperceptivethanwehumansare.Butsofarthatisonlytrueforthespecifictasksforwhichthesystemshavebeendesigned.ThatissomethingthatsomeAIdevelopersarenoweagertochange.42.Whatdoestheunderlinedword“ubiquitous”inParagraph1probablymean？A．Enormousinquantity.B．Changeabledaily.C.Stableinquality.D．Presenteverywhere.解析根据画线词后的Forexample可知，下文是对画线词所在句的举例：算法帮助人们在金融市场进行大量的交易，自动驾驶汽车出现在城市的街道，智能手机实现不同语言间的转换等。这些例子都是人工智能被广泛应用到生活中不同领域的体现，由此可以推测出，画线词用于形容人工智能的普遍现象。自主解答__D__类型3重述作者为了使某一复杂难懂的词或术语的含义更清楚，通常会使用常用的、简明的词或词组对其进行解释，这就是重述。重述部分通过逗号(有时也使用破折号、冒号、分号或括号)与句子的其他部分隔开或用信号词引导。常见的信号词汇有or、namely、thatis、inotherwords、thatistosay、tobemoreexact、toputinanotherway等。【典例】(2021·全国乙卷阅读B)Still,55percentofAustralianshavealandlinephoneathomeandonlyjustoveraquarter(29%)relyonlyontheirsmartphones,accordingtoasurvey(调查)．OfthoseAustralianswhostillhavealandline,athirdconcedethatit'snotreallynecessaryandthey'rekeepingitasasecurityblanket—19percentsaytheyneveruseitwhileafurther13percentkeepitincaseofemergencies.Ithinkmyhomefallsintothatcategory.25.Whatdoestheunderlinedword“concede”inparagraph3mean？A．Admit.B．Argue.C.Remember.D．Remark.解析画线词所在的句子中有破折号，而画线词又位于破折号之前，因此，须特别注意破折号后面的内容，破折号后的内容一般是对上文的进一步解释说明。根据画线词所在句的下文可知，很多人保留座机是为了预防紧急情况，并有一部分人根本不用座机。画线词所在句是说，有三分之一的人承认座机不是必须要有的东西，他们将其作为一种心理安慰。因此concede意为“承认”。自主解答__A__类型4同义词或近义词有时，在画线单词或短语的上下文会出现与之同义或近义的词汇，它往往暗示了该词或短语的含义，这时就可以根据同义、近义的替代关系推知生词或短语的含义。同义词、近义词常见的信号词汇有and、or、like、aswell、similarly、too、also、either等。【典例】(2022·全国乙卷阅读C)Thatincludeshugesavingsin_maintenancecostsandbetterprotectionofrailwaypersonnelsafety.ItiscalculatedthatEuropeanrailwaysalonespendapproximately20billioneurosayearonmaintenance,includingsendingmaintenancestaff,oftenatnight,toinspectandrepairtherailinfrastructure.Thatcanbedangerousworkthatcouldbeavoidedwithdronesassistingthecrews'efforts.29.Whatdoes“maintenance”underlinedinparagraph3referto？A．Personnelsafety.B.Assistancefromdrones.C.Inspectionandrepair.D.Constructionofinfrastructure.解析根据文章选段第一句的句意“那包括大幅节省maintenance的费用和更好地保护铁路人员安全”可知，A项不符合该处语境，故排除；选段第二句两次出现了maintenance一词，下文提到了inspectandrepair，由此可以推出，maintenance的含义就是inspectandrepair。B项出现在选段最后一句，与maintenance关系不大，D项在选段中未出现，故排除B、D两项。自主解答__C__类型5反义词有时作者会用表示对比或转折的信号词连接意思相反的两个词或句子，这时就可以根据反义词线索猜测词义。常见的表示对比或反义的信号词汇有(whether...)or、unlike、but、yet、however、while、although、nevertheless、instead、ratherthan、incontrast、onthecontrary、ontheotherhand等。【典例】(2020·新高考Ⅰ卷阅读D)AccordingtoarecentstudyintheJournalofConsumerResearch,boththesizeandconsumptionhabitsofoureatingcompanionscaninfluenceourfoodintake.Andcontrarytoexistingresearchthatsaysyoushouldavoideatingwithheavierpeoplewhoorderlargeportions(份),it'sthebeanpoleswithbigappetitesyoureallyneedtoavoid.13.Whatdoestheunderlinedword“beanpoles”inparagraph1referto？A．Bigeaters.B．Overweightpersons.C.Pickyeaters.D．Tallthinpersons.解析根据画线词所在句的前半句Andcontrarytoexistingresearchthatsaysyoushouldavoideatingwithheavierpeoplewhoorderlargeportions可知，现有的研究认为：你应该避免和体重较重、点大份饭菜的人一起吃饭；后半句认为，你真正应该避免的是thebeanpoleswithbigappetites。由contraryto可推断出，画线词和heavierpeople意义相反。自主解答__D__技法(二)根据上下文逻辑猜测词义有时作者并未在文中对某个单词或短语进行明显的解释说明，此时可根据上下文的逻辑关系进行推理，以确定某一复杂难懂的单词或短语的意义。类型1转折关系【典例】(2021·新高考Ⅰ卷阅读C)WhentheexplorersfirstsetfootuponthecontinentofNorthAmerica,theskiesandlandswerealivewithanastonishingvarietyofwildlife.NativeAmericanshadtakencareofthesepreciousnaturalresourceswisely.Unfortunately,ittooktheexplorersandthesettlerswhofollowedonlyafewdecadestodecimatealargepartoftheseresources.Millionsofwaterfowl(水禽)werekilledatthehandsofmarkethuntersandahandfulofoverlyambitioussportsmen.Millionsofacresofwetlandsweredriedtofeedandhousetheever-increasingpopulations,greatlyreducingwaterfowlhabitat(栖息地).29.Whatdoestheunderlinedword“decimate”meaninthefirstparagraph？A．Acquire.B．Export.C.Destroy.D．Distribute.解析根据选段前两句可知，探险家们第一次踏上北美大陆之前，北美土著人把这里多种多样的野生动物照顾(takecareof)得很好。由画线词所在句可知，此处讲述的是不幸的事情，Unfortunately表示转折关系，再结合下文的描述可猜出此处表达的是，这些探险者和定居者只用了几十年的时间就破坏了这些资源的大部分。由此可推断，decimate与takecareof的含义相反。自主解答__C__类型2对比关系有时，文中会对两个事物或现象进行对比性的描述，或会出现与生词意思相反的词。因此，学生可以根据句中的对比关系来猜测词义。【典例】(2020·5月天津高考阅读D)Historygroundsusinourroots.Historyisanimportantandinterestingfieldofstudy,andlearningthehistoryofourhomecountrycangiveusadeeper,moremeaningfulglimpse(一瞥)intoourancestralpasts,andhowwegottowhere_we_are_today．Manypeoplefeelliketheyneedasenseofculturalbelonging,whichissomethingthatstudyingyourrootsandbeingopen-mindedtotheevolutionofyourculturecanprovide.51.Theunderlinedpart“wherewearetoday”inPara.2probablymeans________.A．theturningpointinourhistoryB.thepresentstateofournationC.thelocationofourhomelandD.thetotalareaofourcountry解析根据画线部分前的learningthehistoryofourhomecountrycangiveusadeeper,moremeaningfulglimpse(一瞥)intoourancestralpasts可知，学习祖国的历史可以让我们更深入、更有意义地了解我们祖先的过去，下文与其形成对比关系，即学习历史也可以帮助我们了解我们国家的现在。自主解答__B__类型3类比关系作为一种推理方法，类比关系是指类比各对象之间存在的一种相似性(共同特征)，它通过比较不同对象间的某些相似属性，从而推出另一属性也可能相似。常见的表示类比关系的信号词汇有similarly、like、also、justas、aswell等。【典例】(2019·天津高考阅读D)...Andthestoryposesaninterestingquestion：whydosomepeoplediscovernewvitalityandcreativitytotheendoftheirdays,whileothersgotoseedlongbefore？We'veallknownpeoplewhorun_out_of_steambeforetheyreachlife'shalfwaymark.I'mnottalkingaboutthosewhofailtogettothetop.Wecan'tallgetthere.I'mtalkingaboutpeoplewhohavestoppedlearningongrowingbecausetheyhaveadoptedthefixedattitudesandopinionsthatalltoooftencomewithpassingyears.52.WhatdoestheunderlinedpartinParagraph3probablymean？A．Endone'sstruggleforliberty. B．Wasteone'senergytakingrisks.C.Misstheopportunitytosucceed.D．Losetheinteresttocontinuelearning.解析在本句中，people与蒸汽机形成隐性类比，两者的一个共同特征就是“动力，活力”，而runoutof表示“用完，用尽”。由此可推知，画线短语的意思是“失去动力”。再联系选段最后一句中的I'mtalkingaboutpeoplewhohavestoppedlearningongrowing可知，作者谈论的是那些不再学习成长的人。因此，画线短语runoutofsteam指失去学习的动力。自主解答__D__技法(三)根据构词法猜测词义很多情况下，我们在阅读理解中遇到的生词是派生词或合成词。根据这些词的前缀、后缀、词根或所构成合成词的意思，熟练运用构词法来判断生词的含义是一种十分快速且有效的阅读技巧。【典例】(2020·新高考Ⅱ卷阅读B)IdecidedtothinkupamethodofdealingwithforbiddenfruitMyimaginaryGrandma'sBoxworkedlikemagicthatspring,andlater.SometimesstudentswouldaskmetodescribeallthethingsIhadinit.ThenIwouldtrytorememberthedifferentpossessionsIsupposedlyhadtakenaway—sinceIseldomactuallykeptthem.Usuallythe_offenderwouldappearattheendoftheday,andIwouldreturnthebelonging.25.Whatdotheunderlinedwords“theoffender”inparagraph8referto？A．Thestudent'sparent.B.ThemakeroftheGrandma'sBox.C.Theauthor'sgrandchild.D.Theowneroftheforbiddenfruit.解析根据构词法知识可知，“-er”为后缀，当其与动词组合时，表示“做某事的人或物”；offend为动词，意为“违反；冒犯”。所以offender有“犯规者；违反者”之意。结合上文中出现的forbiddenfruit以及下文提到的returnthebelonging可推断，画线词所在句表示，通常theoffender会在放学的时候过来，作者就会把东西归还给他/她。因此，theoffender就是携带“违禁物品”的人。自主解答__D__技法(四)根据常识或上下文语境猜测词义【典例】(2022·全国甲卷阅读C)Eversinceherchildhood,Ginni,now71,hashadadeeplovefortravel.Throughouthercareer(职业)asaprofessionaldancer,shetouredintheUK,butalwayslongedtoexplorefurther.Whensheretiredfromdancingandhersonseventuallyflewthenest,shedecideditwastimetotake_the_plunge．AftertakingadegreeatChichesterUniversityinRelatedArts,Ginnibegantotraveltheworld,eventuallygettingworkteachingEnglishinJapanandChile.AnditwasinChileshediscoveredshecouldgetlast-minutecheapdealsonshipsgoingtoAntarcticafromtheislandsoffTierradelFuego,thesouthernmosttipoftheSouthAmericanmainland.“IjustdecidedIwantedtogo，”shesays.“IhadnoideaaboutwhatI'dfindthereandIwasn'tnervous.Ijustwantedtodoit.AndIwantedtodoitaloneasIalwayspreferitthatway.”28.Whichofthefollowingbestexplains“taketheplunge”underlinedinparagraph2?A．Trychallengingthings. B．Takeadegree.C.Bringbacklostmemories. D．Sticktoapromise.解析根据画线词所在段内容可知，主人公Ginni从小就对旅行情有独钟，她去过英国，但总是渴望去探索更远的地方，当她从舞蹈行业退休并且她的儿子最终自立门户后，她决定是时候去……。再结合下文所阐述的她拿到学位后去周游世界和去南极洲的经历可推断，taketheplunge的含义类似于“尝试冒险”。自主解答__A__ANearMountEverest'speak,theclimbersfacedachoice:headforthesummit,likeothershaddone,orstoptosavetheinjuredman.DanielMazurhadspentsevenhoursclimbingupthemountainthroughiceandsnow,andnowhesensedthatsuccesswasnear.Heandhiscompanionswerelessthanthreehoursawayfromthespectacular29，035-footsummit.Asthemenlookedoutonthesnow-coveredpeaksbelow,Mazursuddenlysawaflashofbrightyellowtohisleft.Ontheedgeofacliffwasamansittingcross-legged.Withoutanoxygenmask,sleepingbag,foodorwater,therewasnoreasonforhimtobealiveat28，000feet,andheseemedtoknowit.HelookedupatMazur.Almostanyexperiencedclimberwho'sbeentoMountEverestknowssomebodywhodidn'tmakeitback.“Therearetimeswhenyouliterallyhavetostepoversomebody'sbodytogettothetop，”saysMazur.NearthepeakonthatclearMaymorning—amountaineer'sdream,Mazurdescribes—heandhisteammembersquietlyrealizedtheyhadachoicetomake:Shouldtheyphoneintheman'ssituationtohisgroupandcontinueon?Orstaywithhim,untilhelparrived?Intheend,Mazurknew,therewasonlyonepossibledecisiontobemade.“Luckily，”hesays,“everyonemadethe_right_one．”Theygotthemanawayfromthecliff'sedgeandhelpedhimbackintohissnowsuit.Withtheinjuredclimbersecured,Mazurradioeddowntohighbasecamp.ItwasalmostnoonwhenadozenSherpasfinallyarrivedtohelptakethemandownthemountain.Theman'snameisLincolnHall.Hallknowshe'saluckyman,thathecouldverywellhavebecomethe12thpersontodieonEverestthisyear—thedeadliestseasonsincethe1996tragedy.Althoughhisrescueisincredible,ithassparkedadebateaboutclimberswholeavebehindthesickandinjuredinpursuitofEverest'sgrandprize.语篇解读：本文是一篇记叙文。即将登上珠穆朗玛峰的DanielMazur一行遇到一名奄奄一息的登山者，他们会做出怎样的选择呢？1．HowlongwouldittakeDanielMazurtoreachEverest'speak?A．Threehours. B．Sevenhours.C．Tenhours. D．Thirteenhours.解析：C细节理解题。根据第二段可知，DanielMazur一行已经攀登了7个小时，还差3个小时就能登上珠穆朗玛峰。2．DanielMazurfoundtheman________．A．attheveryhalfwaypointB．onthetopofthemountainC．whenhewasclimbingdownD．whenhenearlyreachedthetop解析：D细节理解题。根据第五段可知，当DanielMazur一行发现那名奄奄一息的登山者时，已经离山顶不远了。3．Whatdoestheunderlinedpart“therightone”inParagraph6referto?A．Tomakeaphonecall.B．Tohelpsavetheman.C．Torealizetheirdream.D．Tocontinuethejourney.解析：B词义猜测题。根据上文可知，DanielMazur一行只面临两种选择：继续前行或留下来救助那名登山者；根据下文可知，他们选择了后者。因此画线词指的是帮助救助那名登山者。4．Whatcanweinferfromthelastparagraph?A．12peoplediedonEverestin1996.B．11peoplediedonEverestthisyear.C．ThepublicdoubtLincolnHall'sstory.D．RescuestoriesarecommononEverest.解析：B推理判断题。根据最后一段可知，如果LincolnHall没有被救，那么他将成为今年死在珠峰上的第12名登山者。BBlueskythinking,mostoftenusedinproductdesignandmarketing,isarequesttoeliminateallconstraints,andtoworkonaprojectfreeofanyrestrictions.Theproblemisthatthebenefitsofworkingonablue-skyprojectareoften,butnotalways,moreromancethanreality.Constraintsareveryusefulinfindingnewideas.Therequestto“thinkbluesky”canoftenleadpeopleintothetrapofignoringseeminglysmaller,orsimplerideas,that,ifexplored,couldleadtothebestsolutions.Itcancertainlybefuntothinkaboutsolvingbiggerormoreopenproblems.Imaginingwhatyou'ddowitha500%largerbudgetoranextramonthofprojectschedulemightyieldaninsightthattransfersbacktotheactualconstraints.Butthedesiretowork“bluesky”reflectsamisunderstandingofhowconstraintsoftenhelp,ratherthanhinder,_thecreativeprocess.Aconstraint,whichcaninitiallyseemfrustrating,isanimportantkindofinformation.Itgivesyousomethingtostartwith,andworkagainstingeneratingandtestingideas.Forexample,it'smucheasiertowriteapoemthatrhymes,thantowriteoneinfreeverse.Thestructureofarhymeprovidesinformationtoworkwithandastructure,orshape,totryputtingideasinto.Dr.SeussfamouslywroteTheCatinTheHatbasedonaconstraintfromthepublishertouselessthan250differentwords.Therearemanydifferentkindsofconstraints,andthewaytheconstraintisdefinedcanchangehowusefulornotitisinsolvingaproblem.Oftenit'sdefiningtheproblemthoughtfully,andworkingtoexamineandstudythedifferencesofitsconstraints,thatiswheretherealbiginsightsarefound.Ofcoursehavingtoomanyconstraints,oronesthatconflictwitheachother,canmakeaproblemunsolvable.Sometimespeopleareaskedtodothefirstrateworkonthethirdratebudgetandit'dbeunfairtotellthemthatiftheywerecreativeenoughtheycouldsucceed.语篇解读：本文是一篇说明文。在完成一项任务时，我们都讨厌各种限制。本文告诉我们，限制其实也有其有利的一面。5．What'stheproblemwithblueskythinking?A．Beingtoospecific.B．Beingtoorealistic.C．Losingsightofdetails.D．Makingdecisionsslowly.解析：C细节理解题。根据第一段可知，“蓝天思维”的一个问题是，人们往往会忽略一些表面细小之处。6．Whatdoestheunderlinedword“hinder”inParagraph2mean?A．Prevent. B．Change.C．Improve. D．Influence.解析：A词义猜测题。根据第二段可知，画线词所在句中的ratherthan后面的词应该与前面的help意义相反。因此画线词与prevent意思相近。7．WhatdoestheauthorwanttotellusbygivingsomeexamplesinParagraph3?A．Constraintsmakepeoplecreative.B．Constraintshelpartiststosucceed.C．Constraintshelpustobeginaproject.D．Constraintscanbefrustratingsometimes.解析：C细节理解题。根据第三段可知，约束和限制的一个好处是：它为我们开始一项工作提供了一些已有的信息，后面的举例都是为了说明此意。8．Whatdoestheauthorthinkofconstraints?A．Enoughisenough.B．Themore,thebetter.C．Bettertobeavoided.D．Alittleisbetterthannone.解析：A推理判断题。作者前面指出了限制的一些好处，但是结尾又强调限制多了不是好事。由此判断A项(适可而止)表达了作者的意思。C(2022·长春市学业质量调研抽测)There'sachildlikejoythatcomeswithorderingsomethingonline—whetheritbeclothesorkitchenstuff.Wesitanxiouslyrefreshingthepostalserviceorexpresspagestoseewhenouritemswillarrive,andwebecomeoverlyexcited,hopefulandanxious.AccordingtoOwenO'Kane,apsychologistandwriter,eventhesmallestpositivefutureeventscanmotivateuswhenwe'refeelingdown—especiallyduringtheCOVID-19pandemic,whichhasbeenfilledwithunexpecteddisappointments.Waitingforaparcelmaynotjustrepresentanimaginedpositivefuturewhereyoucancontrolyourneedsforabookoratoasterorashirt,makinglifefeelmoremanageable,butcanalsoserveasatemporarydistraction(分心的事物)fromtheboringlifebecauseitgivesyousomethingnewtowakeuptoandgetexcitedabout.However,peoplewent_into_a_frenzywhenthepostalserviceannouncedthatitsmaildeliverywouldbecomepermanentlyslower.Andthen,manybecameworriedaboutwhethertheiritemswouldarriveontime,appearinabrokenstate,orsimplynotliveuptotheirexpectations.Adelayedpackagemayseeminsignificanttosome.Butforothers,ge