2022年信息管理专业英语实用教程-1-10单元课后翻译

Unit11.Managementistheattainmentoforganizationalgoalsinaneffectiveandefficientmannerthroughplanning,organizing,leading,andcontrollingorganizationalresources.管理就是通过筹划、组织、领导和控制组织资源,有效率有效果地实现组织目的。2.Planningdefineswheretheorganizationwantstobeinthefutureandhowtogetthere.筹划定义了组织将来要实现蓝图以及如何去实现它。3.Organizationfailurecanoccurwhenmanagersarenotseriousaboutcontrolorlackcontrolinformation.当管理者不能严肃对待控制或者缺少控制信息时,组织也许发生失败。4.Theultimateresponsibilityofmanagersistoachievehighperformance,whichistheattainmentoforganizationalgoalsbyusingresourcesinanefficientandeffectivemanner.管理人员最后责任是获得高业绩,而这是有效率有效果地运用资源而达到组织目的。5.Thereareno‘peopleless’organizations,somanagersmustlearnhowtomotivate,leadandcommunicate;theymustalsounderstandinterpersonalrelationsandthebehaviorofgroupsofpeople.“无人”组织是不存在,因此管理者必要懂得如何勉励、领导和沟通,还必要理解人际关系和群体行为。6.Managersareexcellentcommunicatorsandvalueshapers,lightningrodstogetthejobdone.管理者是卓越沟通者和价值塑造者,指挥完毕工作。7.Itisnowapparentthatoverlycentralized,excessivelylayered,andrigidorganizationalstructuresarenotalwayseffectiveorefficient.当前很清晰是,过于集中、过度分层、以及过于严格组织构造并不是总有效或者有效率。8.Amanagerfrequentlyremindshisorhermanagementteamofthecompany’sgoalsandhowwellthosegoalsarebeingachieved.一种管理者会不断提示她或她管理团队组织目的以及目的完毕状况。9.Strategicplanningistheprocessofdevelopingandanalyzingtheorganization’smission,overallgoals,generalstrategies,andallocatingresources.战略规划是开发和分析组织使命、总体目的、总体战略以及分派资源过程。10.Thepurposeoftheorganizingfunctionistomakethebestuseoftheorganization’sresourcestoachieveorganizationalgoals.组织职能目是为了充分地运用组织资源去实现组织目的。Unit2Asusedinabroadersense,statisticsreferstothestatisticaltoolsusedtocollect,present,analyze,andinterpretdataforthepurposeofmakingmoreeffectivedecisions.广泛意义上说,记录就是为了做出有效决策而用于收集、提出、分析、解释数据记录工具。Statisticalthinkingisnecessarynotonlyforefficientcitizenship,butalsoforeffectivedecisionmakinginvariousfacetsofbusiness.记录思想不但是对于有效公民有用,对于在公司经营各个层面做出有效决策也是必要。W.EdwardsDeming,notedstatisticianandqualitycontrolexpert,insistedthatweshouldstartstatisticseducationbeforehighschool.W.爱德华兹·戴明——知名记录学家和质量控制专家——坚持以为人们在高中之前就应当开始记录教育。Justasattorneyshave“rulesofevidence”andaccountantshave“commonlyacceptedpractices”,personsdealingwithnumericaldatafollowsomestandardguidelines.正如律师有“关于证据法规”和会计有“普通接受惯例”同样,解决数字数据人也遵循某些原则指南。Massesofunorganizednumericaldata,suchasthecensusofpopulation,areoflittlevalueasis,however,statisticaltechniquesareavailabletoorganizethistypeofdataintoameaningfulform.大量未加工数字数据,例如人口普查,原数据只有很少价值,然而,运用记录办法可以把此类数据加工成一种故意义形式。Toinfersomethingaboutapopulation,weusuallytakeasamplefromthepopulation.为了推断一种总体某些状况,人们普通从总体中选用一种样本。Muchoftheappealofstatisticalmethodisthattheyallowustodescribe,predict,andsometimescontroltheworldaroundus.大某些记录办法引人之处在于它们容许人们描述、预测、并且有时间控制周边世界。Informationdevelopedthroughtheuseofstatisticshasenhancedourstudyingofhowlifeworks,helpeduslearnabouteachother,allowcontroloversomesocietalissues,andhelpedindividualsmakeinformeddecisions.通过使用记录加工信息已经提高了人们对生活如何运作研究,协助了人们理解彼此,容许对某些社会问题进行控制,并且协助个人做出明智决定。Arepresentativesamplecanbeusedtomakeinferencesaboutalargerpopulation,butdescriptivestatisticsaretheonlyusefulresultsforanunrepresentativesample.一种代表性样本可以用来做出关于较大总体推论,但是只有描述记录能得出对没有代表性样本有用成果。Whentheindividualsmeasuredconstitutethewholepopulation,thereisnoneedforstatisticalinferencebecausethetruthisknown.当被测量个体构成了整个总体,就没有记录推断必要了,由于事实已经懂得了。Unit3Allinformation,fromtrainschedulestodiscount-pricegoods,willbeascloseasthepressofakey所有信息,从火车时刻表到折扣价商品,只需按一下按钮就能得到。Thechildrenhaveahappyenvironmentatschool.孩子们在学校有一种高兴环境Themanufacturerinvoicedourcompanyfortwotypewriters.制造厂家给我们公司开了一张两台打字机发票。Myaccountsbalanceforthefirsttimethisyear!我账上今年第一次浮现了收支平衡!TheEiffelTowerisoneofthemostfamousstructuresintheworld.埃菲尔铁塔是世界上最知名建筑物之一。Pleaseprogramthecomputertodothejobinsteadofmanualoperation.请给电脑编制一种程序做这项工作以此代替手工操作。Thebinarysystemofnumbersisusedindigitalcomputers.数字计算机都使用二进制数字系统。Themotherboardismainboardofacomputer,usuallycontainingthecircuitryforthecentralprocessingunit,keyboard,andmonitorandoftenhavingslotsforacceptingadditionalcircuitry.计算机重要某些是主板,普通涉及中央解决单元电路系统、键盘、显示屏和为了接受额外电路所安顿插槽。Programmersusetheterm“datastructures”todescribevariouswaystoorganizedatawithinaprogram.程序员使用术语“数据构造”来描述在一种程序里组织各种数据办法。10.Atwhatratedoesthedollarconvertintopounds?美元以什么汇率兑换成英镑?Unit4Theresearchprojecthasonlybeenunderwayforthreemonths,soit’stooearlytoevaluateitssuccess.这个研究项目进行了但是三个月,因此对它成绩做出评价为潮流早。Thefirmdecidedtocomputerizeitswagesdepartment.公司决定使用电脑管理发薪部门工作。ThebossgavemesomanyinstructionsatonetimethatIgotmuddledup.老板一下子给了我那么多批示,把我弄得糊里糊涂Heisn’tparticularlycleverbutindustrious.她并不特别聪颖,但很勤奋。Newsettlerscameinincreasingnumbers.新移民日益增多。Thelocallibraryisavaluableresource.本地图书馆是个宝贵资源。Thecommitteediscussedstrategicmarketingfactors.委员会讨论了至关重要市场因素。Thesedifficultiesarecausedbynaturaldisasters.这些困难都是由自然灾害导致。Therearethreeoptionsopentousinthatmatter.在这个问题上我们有三个选取。Thisinformationwillbelessconfusingifit’sproducedintabularform.这一信息如果制成表格,就不太容易让人混淆。Unit5Thelowestlevelmanagercanaccessonlythedatathatheneedsathislevel.最底层管理员只能存取她所在层次所需数据。DecisionSupportisanewUniversityfunctiondesignedtosupportaccess,integrationanddeliveryofadministrativedata.决策支持是用来支持访问,集成和交付管理数据新大学功能。DecisionSupportisalsoresponsiblefortransitionofdatafromUniversitymainframestoserversoverthenext5yearsandfortheexistingInformationWarehouse.在将来五年里,决策支持也负责把现存信息库从大学主机传播到服务器,也负责既有信息仓库。Theprimaryjoboftheuseisinthedefinitionanddiscoveryofinformationusedindecisionmaking.顾客重要工作是定义和发掘用于决策信息。Ifclientprofileinformationisavailable,servicescanbemoreeasilytailoredtotheclient.如果客户配备信息是有效,那么对客户服务就更容易实现了。ModernMarketingtechniquescanbeusedtoattractandretainclients.当代化市场技术可以用来吸引和留住客户。Riskassessmentoftheprojectscanbedeterminedbeforetheprojectisbegun.项目风险评价可以在项目开始之前就做出。SharingthesameconceptsofaDSS,anESSfocusesmoreintheend-userrequirementofmaximuminteractivityanduser-friendliness.共享同一种DSS概念,ESS更多关注于最后顾客最多需求和顾客和谐关系。TheGDSSstaredoriginallyfromtheManagementInformationSystematUniversityofArizona.GDSS最早来源于亚利桑那大学管理信息系统Artificialintelligenceisthestudyofhowtomakecomputersdothingswhich,atthemoment,peopledobetter.人工智能是研究如何让计算机在同一时刻完毕只有人工才干完毕工作。Unit6ERPattemptstointegratealldepartmentsandfunctionsacrossacompanyontoasinglecomputersystemthatcanserveallthosedifferentdepartments’particularneeds.ERP试图整合公司所有部门和智能到单个电脑系统上,这个系统能服务于所有不同部门各自特定需要。Peopledon’tliketochangehowtheydotheirjobs.ThatiswhythevalueofERPissohardtopindown.人们不喜欢变化她们工作方式,这就是为什么ERP价值难以忽视因素。TogetthemostfromtheERPsoftware,youhavetogetpeopleinsideyourcompanytoadopttheworkmethodsoutlinedinthesoftware.为了从使用ERP中获得最多好处,你不得不让在你公司内人采用软件里描述工作办法。EvenifacompanyinstallsERPsoftwarefortheso-calledrightreasonsandeveryonecanagreeontheoptimaldefinitionofacustomer,theinherentdifficultiesofimplementingsomethingascomplexasERPisliketeachinganelephanttodothehootchy-kootchy.尽管一家公司为所谓对的因素安装ERP软件,并且每个人都对一种顾客最佳定义达到始终意见,但是实现如ERP同样复杂实物内在难度就像教一头大象跳肚皮舞那么困难。ERPhelpsthemanufacturingprocessflowmoresmoothly,anditimprovesvisibilityoftheorderfulfillmentprocessinsidethecompany.ERP协助制造流程更运转平稳,并改进公司内部订单完毕过程可见度。Don’texpecttorevolutionizeyourbusinesswithERP.Itisanavel-gazingexercisethatfocusesonoptimizingthewaythingsaredoneinternallyratherthanoncustomers,suppliersorpartners.不要盼望用ERP彻底改革你业务。关注于优化公司内部做事方式,而不是关注顾客、供应商或合伙伙伴,是木棺狭隘行为。Needlesstosay,themovetoERPisaprojectofbreathtakingscope,andthepricetagsonthefrontendareenoughtomakethemostplacidCFOalittletwitchy.固然,运作ERP是一项惊人工程,虽然最镇定首席财务官也会为前期标价而焦躁不安。WehavetreatedERPsasprojects,withtheassumptionthatsomedaytheprojectswouldend.Butanenterprisesystemisnotaproject.It’sawayoflife.我们始终将ERP当作项目来对待,以为它总有结束那一天,但是一种公司系统不是一种工程,它是一种生活方式。EvenifanorganizationcoulddeclarefinalvictoryonimplementationofERPs,manyadditionalyearscouldbespentingettingrealbusinessvaluefromthem.虽然一种组织能对ERP系统实行宣布最后胜利,它也也许投入此外许近年时间去获得其真正业务价值。Justascourtshipsandhoneymoonsaredifferentfrommarriages,livingwithERPsystemswillbedifferentfrominstallingthem.正如求爱和蜜月不同于婚姻生活,真正接受ERP系统和安装上ERP系统也不是一回事。Unit71.Structuraldesigngivesasystemthelong-termstablestructurethatcanreducediscoverycosts,localizemaintenancework,andprovideafoundationforreuse.构造化设计给系统一种长期稳定构造,从而可以减少开发成本,使维护工作局部化、提供了重复使用基本。2.Ibelievetherearesomesimplewaystointegratethefunctionalandstructuralview.我相信有有某些简朴办法可以把功能化和构造化观点结合在一齐。3.Mostpopularprogramminglanguagesuseclassesastheirbasicbuildingblock.最流行编程语言使用雷作为基本构建块。4.Classesarethefoundationofobject-basedandobject-orientedprogramminginC++.在C++中,类是基于对象基本,也是面向对象编程基本。5.Ithinkthistendencytohierarchycomesfromourneedtoorganize—andthat’sfine—butIthinkitgoestoofarinmostpopularprogramminglanguageswork.我以为这种层次化趋势来源于我们对组织需要,这较好,但是我以为它在大多数面向对象中走得太远。6.Westarttoreducecomplexitybygroupingobjectstogetherintoclasses,whichisinaccordancewithhowmostpopularprogramminglanguageswork. 我们通过将对象组合成类,是依照最流星编程语言工作,以减少复杂性。7.Theseprogramminglanguagesarepopularbecausetheyareefficient.这些编程语言由于很有效,因此很受欢迎。8.Becauserolesareclosertoobjects,theyareclosertothestructureofUseCasesthanclassesare.由于角色更接近对象,因此它们比类更接近用案构造。9.Hierarchyhasbecomeanimportantabstractiontoolinmanydesignparadigms.层次构造已成为许多设计范例一种重要抽象工具。10.Object-orientedprogramhasbecomethedominantprogrammingstyleinthesoftwareindustryoverthelast10yearsorso.在软件工程领域,面向对象变成在后来十年或更长时间里将占据主导地位。Unit8ThegeneralprincipleinDataFlowDiagrammingisthatasystemcanbedecomposedintosubsystems,andsubsystemscanbedecomposedintolowerlevelsubsystems,andsoon.数据流程图普通原则是系统可划分为子系统,一种子系统又可以被划分为下一级子系统,直到完毕。Dataentersthesystemfromtheenvironment;dataflowsbetweenprocesseswithinthesystem;anddataisproducedasoutputfromthesystem.数据从外部环境进入系统,在系统内解决过程之间流动,最后作为产品从系统中输出。SSADMhasbeenusedbythegovernmentincomputingsinceitslaunchin1981.SSADM(构造化系统分析办法模型)自从1981年产生以来,已经在政府部门系统解决中使用。SSADMrevolvesaroundtheuseofthreekeytechniques,namelyLogicalDataModeling,DataFlowModelingandEntity/EventModeling.SSADM经常使用3个核心技术,即逻辑数据建模、数据流建模和实体/事件建模。TheRADapproachhasbeenusedsuccessfullyinmanyorganizationsandiscurrentlygainingmoreformalsupportwiththeadventofDSDM(DynamicSystemsDevelopmentMethod,DSDMConsortium,1995),aframeworkforRAD.RAD办法已经在各种组织中成功使用,随着DSDM(动态系统开发办法,DSDN协会建立于1995年),RAD一种架构浮现,普通可获得改正式支持。Themodelisthebasisofthemethodology’sviewoftheworld,e.g.theWaterfallandSpiralmodelsofInformationSystemsEngineering.模型是办法学观测客观世界基本,例如信息系统工程中瀑布模型和蜘蛛模型。ThescopeofamethodologydefinesitsstartandendpointswithintheISElifecycle.办法论研究范畴定义了她在信息系统工程生命周期中起始点和结束点。TheSDLCisbasedupontwoprinciples:dividingprojectsintophases,andusingwrittendocumentationandapprovalstomaintaincontrol.SDLC(系统开发生命周期)基于2个原则:把工程划分为不同阶段,用记录文档和审查来维持其控制。Rapidresponsemethodologiesareclearlyborneoutoftheneedforamethodologythatisflexibleandusr-involvedwithashortimplementationschedule,yetretainscriticalcontrolsthatdonotslowdowntheprocess.在办法学中,迅速响应办法清晰证明了需要一种具备灵活性和顾客有关短期执行进度表,然而也严格控制迅速解决过程办法。TheSDLCincludestenphasesduringwhichdefinedITworkproductsarecreatedormodified.SDLC定义IT产品开发和修改过程时划分为10个阶段。Unit9Abasicunderstandingofcomputernetworksisrequisiteinordertounderstandtheprinciplesofnetworksecurity.要理解网络安全原理一方面要理解计算机网络基本知识。TheInternationalStandardsOrganization(ISO)OpenSystemInterconnect(OSI)ReferenceModeldefinessevenlayersofcommunicationstypes,andtheinterfacesamongthem.国际原则化组织(ISO)开放系统互连(OSI)参照模型定义了通信类型7层构造和她们之间接口。InorderforyouandItotalkwhenwe’reoutofearshot,weneedadevicelikeatelephone.为了在听力范畴外进行交谈,我们需要像电话机同样设备。Thekeytobuildingasecurenetworkistodefinewhatsecuritymeanstoyourorganization.建立一种安全网络核心就是定义什么对你组织来说才是安全。AsimplenetworkcanbeconstructedusingthesameprotocolsandsuchthattheInternetuseswithoutactuallyconnectingittoanythingelse.一种简朴网络由同一合同连接,因此它同Internet连接不需要其她东西。TheInternetismadeupofawidevarietyofhosts,fromsupercomputerstopersonalcomputers,includingeveryimaginabletypeofhardwareandsoftware.互联网由各种各样主机构成,从超级计算机到个人电脑,涉及能想象到各种硬件和软件。UDP(UserDatagramProtocol)isasimpletransport-layerprotocol.UDP(顾客数据合同)是一种简朴传播层合同。Afirewallissimplyagroupofcomponentsthatcollectivelyformabarrierbetweenanorganization’sintranetandtheInternet.防火墙是简朴一种单元组,在公司网和Internet之间共同形成安全屏障。Routerisaspecialpurposecomputerforconnectingnetworkstogether.路由器是用于连接各种网络专用计算机。Ifmodemaccessistob