Lecture-2：句子分类、句子结构分析

Lecture-2：句子分类、句子结构分析第一页，共62页。Lecture2★.句子分类、句子结构分析第二页，共62页。句子分类一、按照句子用途分1.陈述句—陈述一件事情，说明一个看法Shearrivedatthestation5minutesaheadoftime.Heisalwaysmodestandprudent(谦虚谨慎).第三页，共62页。2.疑问句—提出问题询问情况1)一般疑问句(用yes或no回答)AreyoufromChengdu?Haveyoufinishedyourhomework?Didhegotothecinemalastnight?Willyoucomeagain?第四页，共62页。2）特殊疑问句(when,where,what,who,whom,how,why)（针对问题回答）Whathaveyoubeendoingthesedays?Whenshallwemeetagain?第五页，共62页。3）选择疑问句（选择其一回答）Isheateacherorastudent?Wouldyoulikecoffeeortea?Shallwegobackorstayhere?第六页，共62页。4）反意疑问句(注意回答时使用的yes或no与后面一致)Youdon’tknowher,doyou?你不认识她，是吗？Yes,Ido.不，我认识。No,Idon’t.是的，我不认识。第七页，共62页。3.祈使句—提出请求，给予告诫，或发出命令Getoutofhere!Don’tbelateagain.第八页，共62页。4.感叹句—发出感叹，流露情感Whatabeautifuloil-painting!Howwellshesings!第九页，共62页。二、按照句子结构分1.简单句1）一主一谓Hestudiesinauniversity.Sheisondutytoday.第十页，共62页。

2）一主两谓Hestudiesandlivesinauniversity.Acandlelightsothersandconsumesitself.第十一页，共62页。3）两主一谓Heandhissisterstudyinthesameschool.Windandraincomeontime.风调雨顺。第十二页，共62页。

4）两主两谓Heandhissisterstudyandliveinthesameschool.Sheandherclassmateslearnfromandhelpeachother.

说明：以此类推有多主一谓或者多主多谓或者一主多谓。第十三页，共62页。简单句简单句只有一个限定动词（即只有一个主谓结构），它是最小的句子单位。主要起下列四种作用中的一种。作一种陈述提出一个问题发出一种命令或请求表示一种感叹Examples:Theboyhitthedog./Thedogbittheboy.Thegirlreadthebooks./Thebookspleasedthegirl.Stephenapologizedatonce.Doestheshopcloseat7tonight?Shutthedoor.Whataslowtrainthisis!第十四页，共62页。主语＋不及物动词（S+Vi）主语＋及物动词＋宾语(S+Vt+O)主语＋系动词＋表(S+LV+predicative)主语＋双宾动词+间宾+直宾(S+Vt+O.indir+O.dir)主语＋宾补动词＋宾语＋宾语补语(S+Vt.+O+O.compl)There+be/stand/lie/live...简单句的五种基本句型主语、动词（不及物动词、及物动词、双宾动词、系动词、宾补动词)、宾语及补语可以称为基本句子成分。完整的句子一般至少包含2个基本成分，至多4个基本成分。第十五页，共62页。基本句型一：主语＋不及物动词（S+Vi）

句子的谓语动词能表达完整的意思，后面可跟副词、介词短语、状语从句等。SViThesunwasshining.Themoonrose.Theuniverseremains.Weallbreathe,eat,anddrink.Whocares?Whathesaiddoesnotmatter.Theytalkedforhalfanhour.Thepenwritessmoothly第十六页，共62页。基本句型二：主语＋及物动词＋宾语(S+Vt+O)；谓语动词都具有实义，都是主语产生的动作，但不能表达完整的意思，必须跟有一个宾语，即动作的承受者，才能使意思完整。

SVtOWhoknowstheanswer?Shesmiledherthanks.HehasrefusedtohelpthemHeenjoysreading.Theyatewhatwasleftover.Hesaid"Goodmorning."Iwanttohaveacupoftea.Headmitsthathewasmistaken.第十七页，共62页。基本句型三：主语＋系动词＋表(S+LV+predicative)

句子谓语动词都不能表达一个完整的意思，必须加上一个表明主语身份或状态的表语构成复合谓语，才能表达完整的意思。这类动词叫做连系动词。

SLVPThisisanEnglish-Chinesedictionary.Thedinnersmellsgood.Hefellinlove.Everythinglooksdifferent.Heisgrowingtallandstrong.Thetroubleisthattheyareshortofmoney.Ourwellhasgonedry.Hisfaceturnedred.第十八页，共62页。四：主语＋双宾动词+间宾+直宾(S+Vt+O.indir+O.dir)谓语动词必须跟有两个宾语才能表达完整的意思。这两个宾语一个是动作的直接承受者，另一个是动作的间接承受者。

第十九页，共62页。SVtO.indirO.dirSheorderedherselfanewdress.Shecookedherhusbandadeliciousmeal.Hebroughtyouadictionary.Hedenieshernothing.Ishowedhimmypictures.Igavemycarawash.Itoldhimthatthebuswaslate.Heshowedmehowtorunthemachine.第二十页，共62页。五：主语＋宾补动词＋宾语＋宾语补语

(S+Vt.+O+O.compl)动词虽然是及物动词，但是只跟一个宾语还不能表达完整的意思，必须加上一个补充成分来补足宾语，才能使意思完整。第二十一页，共62页。SVtOO.complTheyappointedhimmanager.Theypaintedthedoorgreen.Thissetthemthinking.Theyfoundthehousedeserted.Whatmakeshimthinkso?Wesawhimout.Heaskedmetocomebacksoon.Isawthemgettingonthebus.第二十二页，共62页。2.并列句由两个或更多的彼此相互独立、分合均可的简单句构成，由并列连词、逗号+连词或分号来连接。Thecountryflourishesandpeopleliveinpeace.国泰民安。Shefailed,butshedidnotloseheart.Itwasgettinglate;hehadtogobackhome.第二十三页，共62页。并列句常用并列连词

coordinatingconjunctions平行并列连词:转折并列连词：因果并列连词:

选择并列连词:and,both…and,notonly…butalso,neither…nor,andthenbut,however,while,yetfor,soor,either…or,neither…nor第二十四页，共62页。并列句并列句的词序：并列句基本上保留了简单句的词序。主语 谓语宾语连词主语动词表语Jimmyfelloffhisbikebut(he)wasn’thurt.五种简单句型可用并列连词连接起来组成并列句。

主谓状（方式）连主谓表Frankworkedhardand(he)becameanarchitect.主谓宾连主谓地点I’vegotacold,soI’mgoingtobed.

主谓宾宾补连主谓宾Theymadehimchairman,but(they)didn’tincreasehissalary.第二十五页，共62页。Exercise:请用合适的并列连词把每组句子合并为一个并列句。Hewastired,sohewenttobed.1.Hewastired.Hewenttobed.

2.Thechildhidbehindhismother'sskirt.Hewasafraidofthedog.3.Hemadeapromise.Hedidn’tkeepit.Hemadeapromise,butHedidn’tkeepit.Thechildhidbehindhismother'sskirt,forhewasafraidofthedog.第二十六页，共62页。3.复合句复合句由一个主句和一个或更多的从句构成，由从属连词、关系代词或关系副词来引导，彼此相互依从，不可独立成句（或缺一不完整）Shesaidthatshewouldgotothefashionshow.Thatiswhyhewaslatefortheclass.Thesportsmeetinghastobeputoff,becauseitisrainingheavily.第二十七页，共62页。由一个主句和一个或者一个以上从句所构成的句子。在英语书面语中应用广泛。主句是一个完整的句子,它可以独立存在。从句是一个不完整的句子,它必须和一个主句连用，不能独立存在。复合句可以通过把两个以上简单句连接在一起构成,但复合句的各组成部份并非同等重要，其中一个句子由从属连词引导（从句），用以修饰另一句子（主句）。复合句=主句+从句复合句第二十八页，共62页。复合句是在简单句的基础上，通过从属连词将两个或两个以上简单句连接在一起而构成。从属连词所引导的从句起形容词、名词、副词的作用。复合句主要包含以下类型从句： 1.主语从句2.宾语从句 3.表语从句4.同位语从句 5.定语从句6.状语从句英文写作中最常使用的从句宾语从句状语从句定语从句第二十九页，共62页。复合句与简单句：复合句=简单句+从属连词+简单句Hetoldme

thenews.thatthematchhadbeencancelled.宾语howmuchhewaspreparedtopayformycar.thatIcouldhavethemoneywithoutdelay.howmuchhewaspreparedtopayformycarandthatIcouldhavethemoneywithoutdelay.whenhewasleavingforParis.thathisfatheredwasworkinginthatschool.宾语从句第三十页，共62页。复合句与简单句：复合句=简单句+从属连词+简单句Idon’tknowhim.Hehasfinishedhisworkthathehasfinishedhiswork.whetherhehasfinishedhiswork.宾语从句HeisleavingforWashington.thatheisleavingforWashington.whenheisleavingforWashington.whyheisleavingforWashington.howheisleavingforWashington.whetherheisleavingforWashington.第三十一页，共62页。复合句与简单句：复合句=简单句+从属连词+简单句thepeople

surprisedThatWhathesaidwhathedid主语Thathedidn’tknowtheanswerintheroom.定语whoweresittingintheroom.whowerepresent.whosesonswereatwar.whohadsignedthecontract.第三十二页，共62页。复合句与简单句：复合句=简单句+从属连词+简单句That

isthefact.表语whatheneeds.whathegaveme.whyhewaslate.becausehewasill.whathashappened.第三十三页，共62页。复合句与简单句：复合句=简单句+从属连词+简单句Heworked

inthatfactorythreeyearsago.地点状语时间状语wherehisfatherworkedinthatfactorywhereIlivedwhenhelivedthereHisfatherworkedthere.Ilivedthere.Helivedtherethreeyearsago.第三十四页，共62页。复合句与简单句：复合句=简单句+从属连词+简单句Putthebook

onthedesk.whereyoutookit.whereitwas.地点状语where

youfoundit.Youcan’tcamphere.wheretherearealotoftrees.whereveryoulike.第三十五页，共62页。指出下列各从句的类型Ibelievethateverythingisgoingonwell.ShewasreadinganovelwhenIcamein.Sheisthegirlwhosingsbestinmyclass.宾语从句状语从句定语从句Practice第三十六页，共62页。用所给连词连接句子。Hehasfoundout.Shewaslate.(why)Hehasfoundoutwhyshewaslate.Istillremembertheday.IfirstwenttoYorkonthatday.(when)IstillrememberthedaywhenIfirstwenttoYork.将各组句子连接为一个含有状语从句的复合句。PracticeHedidn’tcomeyesterday.Hewasill.(原因)Hedidn’tcomeyesterdaybecausehewasill.第三十七页，共62页。I’llgivethelettertohim.Iseehim.（时间）Itissuchabigbox.Nobodycanmoveit.（结果）We’llgotothegreatwall.It’sfinetomorrow.(条件)Weshouldnotgothereallthetime.Theplaceisquitepleasant.(让步）Itissuchabigboxthatnobodycanmoveit.We’llgotothegreatwallifit’sfinetomorrow.Althoughtheplaceisquitepleasant,weshouldnotgothereallthetime.I’llgivethelettertohimwhenIseehim.I’llgivethelettertohimassoonasIseehim.I’llgivethelettertohimthemomentIseehim.第三十八页，共62页。三、一些特殊结构1.存在句存在句即用带引导词“there+be”的结构，用于说明、询问人或事物的“存在情况”。它将重要的部分（主语及其修饰语）放在句末，以达到引人注目和强调的目的。学习此句型需要注意以下几点:第三十九页，共62页。

1）区别“there+be”结构表存在和“have”表所属Thereisabookonthedesk.Hehasmanybooks.除了表示“有”，也可表示发生什么事情。Therewillbeachangeintheweathertomorrow.Theregoesthelastbus.第四十页，共62页。2）除了跟“be”以外，该句型还有一些其他形式和其他时态，见例句：

Thereisnothingpermanentexceptchange.

Therewillfollowanintervaloftenminutes.Longlongago,therelivedanoldmanonthesmallisland.

Thereseemstobesomemisunderstandingbetweenthem.

Thereisboundtobeagoodbargain.这准是一笔赚钱的生意。

Theremustbesomethingwrongwiththecomputer.第四十一页，共62页。

类似的句型还有：Thereis(was)goingtobe…将有Thereis(was)tobe…将有Therewill(would)be…将有Thereusedtobe…过去有Therehave(has)been…已有Therecan(could)be…会有（是）Theremay(might)be…可能有（是）Theremusthavebeen…一定有第四十二页，共62页。Thereshouldbe…应该有Thereexist(exists)…有Therestand(stands)…有Thereappearstobe…似乎有Thereremains…（只）剩下Therehappenedtobe…适逢/正逢第四十三页，共62页。3）注意一些表达错误错误：Thereisamanstandsoverthere.那儿站着一个人。正确：Thereisamanstandingoverthere.第四十四页，共62页。4)疑问句Arethereanyparkinglotsaroundhere?这一带有停车场吗？Howmanyparksarethereinthiscity?Thereisn’tabookonthedesk,isthere?第四十五页，共62页。5)引导词there在复合结构中作动词宾语时，there后面多用不定式Idon’twanttheretobeanymoretrouble.Idon’twanttheretobeanymisunderstandingbetweenyouandyourfriends.Wouldyouliketheretobesomeflowershere?第四十六页，共62页。

引导词there作介词宾语的时候，there后面多用动名词Ineverdreamedoftherebeing

suchabigstoneonthesidewalk.Whatisthechanceoftherebeing

alivetelecast?现场直播的可能性有多大？第四十七页，共62页。6)一致问题（就近原则）Therearetwotextbooks,adictionaryandthreepencilsonthedesk.Thereis(are)adictionary,twotextbooksandthreepencilsonthedesk.第四十八页，共62页。2.反意疑问句(见详细讲解)3.倒装句(见详细讲解)第四十九页，共62页。Exercise：proof-reading1.Dialectsaredifficulttounderstand,itwillmakeothersfeeluncomfortable.Dialectsaredifficulttounderstand,anditwillmakeothersfeeluncomfortable.2.Second,Chinaaregraduallyintegratingintotheworld,weneedaofficiallanguagetostandourcountry.Second,sinceChinaisgraduallyintegratingintotheworld,weneedanofficiallanguagetostand

forourcountry.3.Insomeplaceswhereispromotingdialects,therehavemanyworkerscomefromotherplaces.Insomeplaceswhichpromotedialects,therearemanyworkerscomingfromotherplaces.第五十页，共62页。4.Itisimpossibletolearnalldialects.Because(As)therearehundredsofdialectsinChina.Itisimpossibletolearnalldialects,because(as)therearehundredsofdialectsinChina.5.Somepeopleholdthisopinion.Whilesomeothersargueit’sagainstthepolicy.Somepeopleholdthisopinion,whilesomeothersargueit’sagainstthepolicy.第五十一页，共62页。6.Therearestillpeopleusedialectsinremoteareas.Therearestillpeople

using

dialectsinremoteareas.7.Therearemoreandmorepeopleliketospendtheirsparetimeonphysicalactivities.Therearemoreandmorepeoplelikingto(wholike)spendtheirsparetimeonphysicalactivities.Moreandmorepeopleliketospend...第五十二页，共62页。8.AsweallknowthatChinaisagreatcountrywithfivethousandyearsofhistory.Asweallknow,Chinaisagreatcountrywithfivethousandyearsofhistory.9.Shouldstudentsberequiredtoattendclasseshasbecomeahottopic.Whetherstudentsshouldberequiredtoattendclasseshasbecomeahottopic.第五十三页，共62页。Choosethebestone.Abovethetreesarethehills,

magnificencetheriverfaithfullyreflectonthesurface.(2003,43)Whereb.ofwhosec.whosed.which2.Theyovercameallthedifficultiesandcompletedtheprojecttwomonthsaheadoftime,

issomethingwehadnotexpected.(2003,51)a.whichb.itc.thatd.what第五十四页，共62页。3.Thereisnodoubt

thecompanyhasmadetherightdecisiononthesalesproject.(2001,44)whyb.thatc.whetherd.when4.After

seemedanendlesswait,itwasherturntoenterthepersonnelmanager’soffice.a.thatb.therec.whatd.it第五十五页，共62页。5.Toahighlyimaginativewriter,

isapadofpaperandapen.allarerequiredb.allwhichisrequiredc.allisrequiredd.allthatisrequired6.

canbeseenfromthecomparisonofthesefigures,theprincipleinvolvestheactiveparticipationofthepatientinthemodificationofhiscondition.a.Whatb.ThatC.Asd.It第五十六页，共62页。7.We