新加坡的法律体系

ThelegalsystemofSingapore1Briefintroduction2Pro-business3Severepunishment4ConclusionContentPart1：BriefintroductiontoSingaporelaw﹡Singaporelaw,whichhasitsrootsinEnglishlaw,hasnowevolvedintoadistinctivejurisprudence.Itcontinuestoabsorbandmodifythecommonlawaswellasbestpracticesfromothermaturelegalsystems.DevelopmentsinSingaporelawreflectanacuteawarenessoftheneedtorecognizeandaccommodatecurrentinternationalbusinessandcommercialpractices.﹡ThelegalsysteminSingaporehasreceivednumerousinternationalaccolades赞美foritsefficiencyandintegrity.Asaconsequenceofthis,thereisnowwiderecognitionofSingaporeasaleadinglegalhubinAsia.●TheConstitution宪法

enshrinesthefundamentalrightsoftheindividual.Italsocomprises

thefundamentalprinciplesandbasicframeworkforthethreeorgansofstate.●Legislation立法

orstatutorylawsarewrittenlawsenacted

byTheSingaporeParliament

orotherbodiesthathadpowertopasssuchlawsinthepastinSingapore.●Subsidiarylegislation附属法例

orsubordinatelegislationreferstowrittenlawmadebyministers,governmentagenciesorstatutoryboards.●Judge-madelaw判例法

iscourtjudgmentswhichareconsideredasourceoflaw.Forinstance,propertylaw,contract婚姻lawandtrustlawarelargelyjudge-made.一、CompletelegalsystemofSingapore

二、StrictandeffectiveJudiciary司法机构TheJudiciaryismadeup

oftheSupremeCourtandtheSubordinateCourts.TheSupremeCourthearsbothcivilandcriminalmattersandisseparatedinto

theCourtofAppeal上诉法院andtheHighCourt.TheSubordinateCourtsconsistofDistrictCourts地措施院,Magistrates’Courts,JuvenileCourts,Coroners’CourtandSmallClaimsTribunals.Inrecentyears,othercourtssuchastheFamilyCourt,NightCourt,CommunityCourt,SyariahCourtandTrafficCourthavealsobeenaddedtotheSubordinateCourts.Part2:

Pro-business（利商）Singaporeisconsideredbymanytobeaverysafenationtoliveanddobusinessin.Singaporelegalsystemdoagreatcontribution.StableandsecureopenImmigrationpolicyEasytounderstandanduseTransparent(透明旳),,neutralandreliableWhilemostconsiderSingaporetobearule-bound（高度监管）country,callingita“finecity”(withheavyfinesforlittering,chewinggum,jaywalking（乱穿公路）andfailingtoflushtoiletsafteruse,etc.),forthisreasonitisalsoconsideredbymanytobeaverysafenationtoliveanddobusinessin.

Singaporehasoneofthelowestcrimeratesintheworld.ItcreateaverygoodenvironmentforSingapore'sbusiness.AWorldBankreport,“doingbusiness2023”,describesSingaporeastheeasiestcountrytodobusinessintheworld.

AccordingtotheworldcompetitivenessYearbook2023publishedbytheIMD(瑞士洛桑国际管理学院),SingaporehasthelowestriskofpoliticalinstabilityamongcountriesinAsia.（1）Stableandsecure（2）OpenImmigrationpolicyRankingCategorySingapore’sRankingSourceCountrieswithleastrestrictive（特定旳）immigrationlawsforemployingforeignlabor1(inAsia)4(intheWorld)IMDWorldCompetitivenessYearbook,2023InordertoencourageandtoattractinternationalinvestmentsSingaporehasformulatelawstoprotectforeigncompaniesandforeignlabor.Highskilledmanpowerareallowedtobringtheirfamilymembersandtheyarealsoexemptfromquotasystem.ForeignprofessionalsareencouragedtobecomePRs.ThegovernmenthasensuredthatPRsalsoenjoymanybenefitslikecitizens.JustasUKlawsarewellacceptedintheworldoffinanceandbankingbypartiesfromdifferent(non-UK)jurisdictions,peoplehavefounditeasytopromotetheuseandacceptanceofSingaporeLawinvariouscommercialagreementsinAsia.Itspredictability,easeofunderstandingandpragmaticapproachinresolvingissuesareallkeyattributesthatenablemanyMNCs跨国企业tomakethedecisiontoadoptSingaporeLawasthefirstchoiceofgoverninglawintheirregionaltransactions.

（3）Easytounderstandanduse

（4）Transparent(透明旳),neutralandreliable“Singaporeisthepre-eminent（杰出旳）legalandbusinesscentreinthispartoftheworld.”-----

JohnTownsend(chairman,Americanarbitrationassociation）Singaporehasanextremelytransparent,sound(健全旳)andefficientlegalsystemwhichismuchappreciatedbyinvestorswhowanttosetupbusinesshere.Thereareclearcutrulesandregulationspertainingtocommerce,manpowerandotherbusiness-relatedareas.Thereareclear-cutlawsregardingworkinghours,minimumwages,industrialproductionandtaxationmakingitanattractiveplacetosetupandoperateabusiness.Pro-businessenvironmentRankingCategorySingapore’sRankingSourceWorld’seasiestplacetodobusiness1WorldBankReport:“Doingbusiness2023″World’sMostCompetitiveEconomy2IMDWorldCompetitivenessYearbook,2023World’sMostCost-CompetitivePlaceforBusiness1KPMGCompetitivenessAlternativesStudy,2023World’sBestBusinessEnvironment3EconomistIntelligenceUnit,CountryForecast,February2023World’sFreestEconomy2TheHeritageFoundation,IndexofEconomicFreedom,2023World’sTop20MostGlobalisedNations1A.T.Kearney/FOREIGNPOLICYMagazineGlobalizationIndex2023World’sBestInvestmentPotential2BusinessEnvironmentRiskIntelligenceReport,August2023Part3:

SeverepunishmentThelawofSingaporeisthestrictestlawintheworld.Thepunishmenttothosewhobreakthelawisverysevere.Andkeepthetraditionalcaning(鞭刑)andhanging（绞刑）isthecharacteristicofthestrictnessofSingaporelaw.Besides,finesareverycommonandheavyinSingapore.Singaporeanbelievethatpeoplemustbefrightenedundertheheavypunishments.1、caning(鞭刑)

CaningisawidelyusedformoflegalcorporalpunishmentinSingapore.Itcanbedividedintoseveralcontexts:judicial（法庭旳）,military（军队旳）,school,reformatory/prison（少管所或监狱）,anddomestic/private.Ofthese,judicialcaning,forwhichSingaporeisbestknown,isthemostsevere.Inamilderform,caningisusedtopunishmaleyouthsinmanySingaporeanschoolsforseriousmisbehaviour.Amuchsmallercaneorotherimplementisalsousedbysomeparentsaspunishmentfortheirchildrenofeithersex.ThisisnotoutlawedinSingapore.一、Legalbasis

（a）Sections325to332oftheCriminalProcedureCodelaydowntheproceduresgoverningcaning,including:●Hewillreceiveamaximumof24strokesofthecaneonanyoneoccasion,irrespectiveofthetotalnumberofoffencescommitted.●Aconvictedmalecriminalwhoisbetweentheagesof18and50andhasbeencertifiedmedicallyfitbyamedicalofficermaybesubjectedtojudicialcaning.Judicialcaning

一、Legalbasis（b）Iftheoffenderisunder18hemayreceiveupto10strokesofthecane,butalighterrattan（藤条）canewillbeusedinthiscase.Boysunder16maybesentencedtocaningonlybytheHighCourtandnotbydistrictorjuvenilecourts.▪Theconvict（罪犯）willnotbecanedifhehasbeensentencedtodeath.Therattancaneshallnotexceedhalfaninch(1.27

cm)indiameter（直径）and1.2metresinlength.二、Offencespunishablebycaning

Singaporeanlawallowscaningtobeorderedforover30offences,includinghostage-takingrobbery（持人质抢劫）,gangrobberywithmurder,druguse,vandalism（有意毁坏公物或别人财产）,andrioting（暴动）.Caningisalsoamandatorypunishmentforcertainoffencessuchasrape,drugtrafficking,illegalmoney-lending,andforvisitingforeignerswhooverstaytheirvisabymorethan90days,ameasuredesignedtodeterillegalimmigrantworkers.三、Medicaltreatmentandtheeffects

Theimmediatephysicaleffectswhenthecanecomesintocontacthavebeenexaggeratedinsomepopularaccounts;nevertheless,somephysicaldamagemaybeinflicted,dependingonthenumberofstrokes.Afterthecaning,theinmateisreleasedfromtheframeandreceivesmedicaltreatment.Antisepticlotion(gentianviolet)isappliedandthewoundslefttoheal.Wherealargenumberofstrokesisgiven,thereislong-termscarringofthebuttocks.四、ExemptionsNoneofthefollowingmaybesentencedtocaning:WomenMensentencedtodeathMenabove50Anyonewhoisfoundtobemedicallyunfitforcaning二、Capitalpunishment（死刑）inSingaporeCapitalpunishmentisalegalformofpunishmentinSingapore.Thecity-statehadthehighestper-capitaexecutionrateintheworldbetween1994and1999,estimatedbytheUnitedNationstobe1.357executionsperhundredthousandofpopulationduringthatperiod.EachexecutioniscarriedoutbyhangingatChangiPrisonatdawnonaFriday.三、FinesinSingaporeUndertheageof18,youarenotallowedtocarryandpurchaselitorunlitcigarettesinpublic.FineS$2,000.Smokingisnotallowedinpublicbuses,taxis,lifts,theatres,cinemas,governmentoffices,andinair-conditionedrestaurantsandshoppingcenters,busshelters,interchanges,publicpools,toilets,communityclubsandopen-airstadiums.Thebanwillbeextendedtopubs,discos,hawkercentersandcoffeeshopssoon.FineS$1,000SmokingLitteringSingaporehasverystrictlawsagainstlitteringwithheavyfinesand