中国南题 英文

THEASEANANDTHE

SOUTHCHINASEAISSUEEDGARDOE.DAGDAGProfessorandAssistanttotheDeanforAcademicAffairs,AsianCenterUniversityofthePhilippines-Diliman11.ASEAN’svisionofSoutheastAsia2.SelectedASEANguidingprinciplesrelevanttotheSouthChinaSea(SCS)issue)3.TheSCSissue:whyaflashpoint4.PastASEANpronouncementsontheSCSissue5.RecentASEANpronouncementsontheSCSissue6.OtherrecentSCS-relateddevelopments7.ConclusionsandforecastOUTLINEOFPRESENTATION2“...Aregionoflastingpeace,securityandstability,sustainedeconomicgrowth,sharedprosperityandsocialprogress.”Preamble,ASEANCharter...AconcertofSoutheastAsiannations,outwardlooking,livinginpeace,stabilityandprosperity;andbondedtogetherinpartnershipindynamicdevelopmentandinacommunityofcaringsocieties.ASEANVision2023

ASEAN’SVISIONOF

SOUTHEASTASIA3PrinciplesrelevanttotheSCSIssue1.Renunciationofaggressionorthethreatoruseofforceorotheractsinanymannerinconsistentwithinternationallaw.2.Relianceonpeacefulsettlementofinternationaldisputes.3.EnhancedconsultationsonmattersseriouslyaffectingtheinterestsoftheASEAN.4.UpholdingtheUNcharterandinternationallaw.

SELECTEDASEAN

GUIDINGPRINCIPLES4Whyaflashpoint?1.StrategicvalueoftheSCS:vitalsealaneandtraderoute;withabundantmarineresources,oilandnaturalgas.2.USpronouncementthat“itwillmaintainitspresenceintheSouthChinasea”andthatthepeacefulresolutionoftheSCSissueisinitsnationalinterests.USpositionontheSCSisregardedbyChinaasanactofprovocation.3.DifficultyinresolvingtheconflictingpositionsoftheclaimantcountriesinresolvingtheSCSissue:bilateralnegotiationasfavoredbyChinaversusmultilateralnegotiationasfavoredbyclaimantsbelongingtotheASEAN.TheUSissupportingthepositiontakenbytheASEAN.THESOUTHCHINASEA(SCS)ISSUE5Whyaflashpoint?4.Fourofthesixclaimantcountries(Philippines,Malaysia,BruneiandVietnam)areASEANmembercountries;oneaffectednon-claimantcountryisalsoanASEANmember--Indonesia.ThePhilippineshasbroughttotheInternationalTribunalontheLawoftheSea(ITLOS)itscomplaintsagainsttheaggressivebehaviorofChina5.ThedominatingclaimantcountryisChina--apotentialglobalpowerandanacknowledgedregionalpowerwithamodernizingmilitaryforce;perceivedtoberesortingtoallmeanstodefenditspubliclystatedpositionthat“itssovereigntyintheSpratlyisnon-negotiable.”THESOUTHCHINASEAISSUE6The1992ASEANDeclarationontheSCS1.Emphasizedthenecessitytoresolveallsovereigntyandjurisdictionalissuesbypeacefulmeans,withoutresorttoforce.2.Urgedallpartiestoexerciserestraintwiththeviewtocreatingapositiveclimatefortheeventualresolutionofalldisputes.3.AskedallpartiestoexplorethepossibilityofcooperationintheSCSrelatingtothesafetyofmaritimenavigationandcommunication,protectionagainstpollutionofmaritimeenvironment,coordinationofsearchandrescueoperations,effortstowardscombatingpiracyandarmedrobberyaswellascollaborationinthecampaignagainstillicittraffickingindrugs.4.UrgedallpartiestoapplytheprinciplescontainedintheASEANTreatyofAmityandCooperationinSoutheastAsiaasthebasisforestablishingacodeofinternationalconductovertheSCS.PASTASEANPRONOUNCEMENTSANDAGREEMENTSONTHESCS7The2023ASEAN-ChinaDeclarationontheConductofPartiesintheSouthChinaSea(oftenreferredtoas2023DOC)1.PartiesreaffirmedtheirrespecttothefreedomofnavigationinandoverflightabovetheSCS,asprovidedforbyuniversallyrecognizedprinciplesofinternationallawandtheUNCLOS.2.Partiesresolvedtoaddresstheirterritorialandjurisdictionaldisputesbypeacefulmeans,inaccordancewithuniversallyrecognizedprinciplesofinternationallaw,includingthe1982UNCLOS.3.Partiesundertaketoexerciseself-restraintintheconductofactivitiesthatwouldcomplicateorescalatedisputesincludingrefrainingfromactionofinhabitingontheuninhabitedislands,reefs,etcandtohandletheirdifferencesinaconstructivemanner.PASTASEANPRONOUNCEMENTSANDAGREEMENTSONTHESCSISSUE8The2023ASEAN-ChinaDOC(cont’d) Pendingthepeacefulsettlementofdisputes,thepartiesshallintensifyeffortstoseekwaystobuildmutualtrustandconfidence:1.Holddialoguesandexchangeviewsbetweentheirdefenseandmilitaryofficials.2.Ensurejustandhumanetreatmentofallpersonswhoareeitherindangerorindistress.3.Notifyingonavoluntarybasisotherpartiesconcernedofanyimpendingjoint/combinedmilitaryexercise;and4.Exchangingonavoluntarybasis,relevantinformationPASTASEANPRONOUNCEMENTSANDAGREEMENTSONTHESCSISSUE9The2023ASEAN-ChinaDOC(cont’d)Pendingacomprehensiveanddurablesettlementofthedisputes,thepartiesconcernedmayexploreorundertakecooperativeactivitiessuchas:(a)marineenvironmentalprotection;(b)marinescientificresearch;(c)safetyofnavigationandcommunicationatsea;(d)searchandrescueoperation;and(e)combatingtransnationalcrime,includingbutnotlimitedtotraffickinginillicitdrugs,piracyandarmedrobberyatsea,andillegaltrafficinarms.4.Partiesshallcontinuetheirconsultationsanddialoguesconcerningrelevantissuesforthepurposeofpromotinggoodneighborlinessandtransparency,establishingharmony,mutualunderstandingandcooperationandfacilitatingpeacefulresolutionofdisputesamongthem.PASTASEANPRONOUNCEMENTSANDAGREEMENTSONTHESCSISSUE.10ASEAN-ChinaPlanofActiontoimplementthe8Oct2023JointDeclarationonASEAN-Chinastrategicpartnershipforpeaceandprosperity(excerptsrelatedtotheSCSissue)1.ConveneregularASEAN-ChinaSeniorOfficialsMeeting(SOM)ontherealizationoftheDoCtoprovideguidanceforandreviewtheimplementationoftheDoC.2.EstablishaworkinggrouptodrawuptheguidelinesfortheimplementationoftheDoC.3.Promotejointcooperationanddialogueinareassuchasmarinescientificresearch,protectionofthemarineenvironment,safetyofnavigationandcommunicationatsea,searchandrescueoperation,humanetreatmentofallpersonsindangerordistress,fightagainsttransnationalcrimesaswellascooperationamongmilitaryofficials.PASTASEANPRONOUNCEMENTSANDAGREEMENTSONTHESCSISSUE11ASEAN-ChinaPlanofActiontoimplementthe8Oct2023ASEAN-ChinaStrategicPartnershipforPeaceandProsperity-excerptsrelatingtotheSCSissue(cont’d)4.PromotetrustandconfidencebuildingthroughcooperativeactivitiespendingthepeacefulsettlementoftheterritorialandjurisdictionalissuesasstatedintheDoC.5.AffirmthevisionoftheDoCstatepartiestowork,onthebasisofconsensus,ontheeventualadoptionofacodeofconductintheSouthChinasea.PASTASEANPRONOUNCEMENTSANDAGREEMENTSONTHESCSISSUE12JointCommuniqueofthe14thASEANForeignMinistersMeeting(excerptsrelatingtotheSCSissue),19JULY2023(Bali,Indonesia)1.Expressedseriousconcernoverrecentincidents2.StressedtheimportanceofmaintainingpeaceandstabilityintheSCS,thecontinuedexerciseofself-restraintbyallpartiesconcerned,andthepromotionofCBMsinthearea.3.Reaffirmedtheimportanceandcontinuedrelevanceofthe2023ASEAN-ChinaDOCasamilestonedocument.4.CalledonallpartiestorespectthefreedomofnavigationinandoverflightabovetheSCS.RECENTASEANPRONOUNCEMENTS

ONTHESCSISSUE13JointCommuniqueofthe14thASEANForeignMinistersMeeting(excerptsrelatingtotheSCS),19July2023(cont’d)5.StressedtheimportanceofcontinuedconstructivedialoguebetweentheASEANandChina6.NeedforintensivediscussionintheASEANonaregionalcodeofconduct(COC);taskedtheASEANSOMtoworkonthedevelopmentofaCOCandsubmitaprogressreporttothe19thASEANSummitthatwillmeetthisNov2023.7.NeedtooptimizeongoingTrack2mechanismsontheSCSincludingtheregularworkshopsonmanagingpotentialconflictsintheSCSorganizedbyIndonesia.8.TaskedtheASEANSOM,withtheassistanceoftheASEANlegalexpertstostudytheproposalofthePhilontheSCSasaZoneofPeace,Freedom,FriendshipandCooperation.RECENTASEANPRONOUNCEMENTSONTHESCSISSUE14July2023GuidelinesfortheImplementationofthe2023ASEAN-ChinaDOC(AdoptedatBali,Indonesia)1.TheimplementationoftheDOCshouldbecarriedoutinastep-by-stepapproach.2.ThePartieswillcontinuetopromotedialogueandconsultation.3.Theimplementationofactivitiesorprojectsasprovidedforinthe2023DOCshouldbeclearlydefined.4.Theparticipationintheactivitiesorprojectsshouldbecarriedoutonavoluntarybasis.5.Initialactivitiesshouldbeconfidencebuildingmeasures(CBMs).RECENTASEANPRONOUNCEMENTSONTHESCS152023Guidelinesfortheimplementationofthe2023ASEAN-ChinaDOC(cont’d)6.Thedecisiontoimplementconcretemeasuresandactivitiesshouldbebasedonconsensusamongthepartiesconcerned,andleadtotheeventualrealizationofaCodeofConduct(COC)7.IntheimplementationoftheagreedprojectsundertheDOC,theservicesoftheexpertsandeminentpersonswillbesoughttoprovidespecificinputsontheprojectconcerned.8.ProgressoftheimplementationoftheagreedactivitiesandprojectsshallbereportedannuallytotheASEAN-ChinaMinisterialmeeting.RECENTASEANPRONOUNCEMENTSONTHESCSISSUE16 Chairman’sStatementontheASEAN’sPMC+1session(excerptsrelatedtotheSCS),Bali,Indonesia,21-22July20231.ReaffirmedtheimportanceoftheDOCinpromotingpeace,stabilityandmutualtrustandinensuringthepeacefulresolutionofdisputesintheSCS.2.EndorsedtheguidelinesontheimplementationoftheDOCandconsidereditasasignificantoutcomeandastepforwardintheimplementationoftheDOC>RECENTASEANPRONOUNCEMENTSONTHESCSISSUE17Chairman’sStatement,18thASEANRegionalForum(excerptsrelatingtotheSCS),23July2023(Bali,Indonesia)1.Reaffirmedtheimportanceandcontinuedrelevanceofthe2023DOCasamilestonedocumentbetweenASEANandChinaembodyingtheircollectivecommitmenttopromotepeaceandstabilityandmutualtrustandensurethepeacefulresolutionofdisputesinthearea,inaccordancewithuniversallyrecognizedprinciplesofinternationallaw,includingthe1982UNCLOS.2.ReaffirmedtheimportanceofmaritimesecurityandsafetyintheSCS:(a)calledonallpartiestoexerciserestraintandtopromoteCBMsintheSCS;and(b)encouragedtheneedtomovetowardstheeventualestablishmentofaregionalcodeofconduct(COC)intheSCS,asprovidedinthe2023DOC.RECENTASEANPRONOUNCEMENTSONTHESCS18 SINGAPORE

ItcalledonChinatoclarifyitsclaimsintheSCSwithmoreprecisionsincethecurrentambiguityastotheirextenthascausedseriousconcernsintheinternationalmaritimecommunity(June2023) TAIWAN: Ithasmadeknownitsplantodeployanadvancedairdefensemissilesystem(TienChienImissiles)initsoccupiedisletsintheSCS(ItuAbaandPratasislands).RECENTSCS-RELATEDDEVELOPMENTS19 VIETNAM

PresidentTruongTanSangofVietnamexpressedhisdesiretoseethePhilproposalforaZoneofPeace,Freedom,FriendshipandCooperationmaterializeinASEAN.Hesaid:“VietnamandthePhilsharealotofthingsincommon,evenwithourviewsonhowtotackleissuesintheEastSea.”(15Oct2023) UNITEDSTATES“Weencourageallclaimantstoresolvetheirdisputesthroughpeacefulmeans,inaccordancewithinternationallawandwithoutresortingtothethreatoruseofforce.”(15Oct2023)RECENTSCS-RELATEDDEVELOPMENTS20UNITEDSTATESHillaryClinton:“TheUShasanationalinterestinthefreedommofnavigation,openaccesstoAsia’smaritimecommons,andrespectforinternationallawintheSCS.Weopposetheuseorthreatofforcebyanyclaimant.”ClintonbringsuptheSCSdisputeattheARFmeetinginHanoandthisangeredChina(23July2023)TheUScalledonChinatocooltensionsoverthedisputedterritoryandreiterateditscommitmenttodefenditslongtimeally,thePhilippines(25June2023)TheUSSenateunanimouslypassedaresolutioncondemningChina’suseofforceintheSCS;urgedapeacefulandmultilateralsolutiontotheSCSdispute.(27June2023)RECENTSCSRELATEDDEVELOPMENTS21CHINAItslamstheUSSenateresolutionontheSpratlydisputesaying:“TheUSresolutionconfusesrightandwrong.Itdoesnotholdwater.”ItiscommittedtoapeacefulresolutionoftheSCSdisputethroughbilateralnegotiationandfriendlyconsultationwithrelevantcountriesonthebasisofhistoricalfactsandinternationallaw.Webelievethatthemosteffectivewaytoresolvethedisputeisdirectnegotiationwiththecountriesconcerned.Chinahasindisputablesovereigntyovertheislandsandthesurroundingwaters,basedonhistoricalandjurisprudentialevidence.(ChineseForeignMinistryspokesmanHongLei,Sept2023)RECENTSCSRELATEDDEVELOPMENTS22PHILIPPINESUrgedtheASEANmemberstatestotakeacommonpositionandseekcommonapproachesintheaddressingtheworrisomedevelopmentsintheSCS.ItalsolodgedadiplomaticprotestbeforetheUnitedNationsInternationalTribunalontheLawoftheSea(ITLOS)againstChina’s“9dashline”territorialclaimoverthewholeSCS.PhilippinestellsChinaitwoulddefendpositionintheSCS;itcallstheSCSWestPhilippinesSea.Itmadeaproposal--fortheSCStobeconvertedintoaZoneofPeace,Freedom,FriendshipandCooperation(ZPFF/C)RECENTSCSRELATEDDEVELOPMENTS23PHILIPPINES:HIGHLIGHTSOFITSZPFF/CPROPOSAL1.ThedisputedareasintheSCSwouldbesegregatedfromthenon-disputedareasinaccordancewiththeUNCLOS.2.OnlytheSpratlyislandandParacelsareconsideredthedisputedareas.2.ThedisputedareaswouldbeenclavedanddesignatedasJointCooperationAreas(JCA).ItwouldbemanagedbyaJointPermanentWorkingCommittee(JPWC)composedofclaimantsfromtheASEAN.TheJPWCwouldreporttotheASEAN-ChinaSeniorOfficialsMeeting(SOM).3.TheJCAwillbedemilitarized.Themilitarypersonnelwillbereplacedwithpoliceorcoastguardpersonnel.4.TheundisputedareasshallremainunderthejurisdictionofthosecountrieswhoserightsareprotectedbytheUNCLOS.RECENTSCS-RELATEDDEVELOPMENTS24THEZPFF/CPROPOSALOFTHEPHILIPPINESAtwo-daymeetingoftheASEANmaritimelegalexpertsinManilalastSept2023concludedthatthereisalegalbasisforthePhilproposal.ASEANtaskeditsSOMtostudyfurtherthePhilproposalandtheresultsofthemeetingoftheASEANmaritimelegalexpertsandtosubmititsreporttotheNov2023ASEANsummitmeeting.SourcesfromDFAPhilsaythatthePhilproposalhasthesupportofVietnam,SingaporeandIndonesia.China’sreaction(AmbassadorLiuJianchao,ChineseAmbassadortothePhil):(a)ThemeetingoftheASEANmaritimelegalexpertsisnotaneffectivewaytodealwiththedispute;and(b)TheZOPFF/Cconceptofsegregationisnotfeasibleatthisstageduetotheclaimants’overlappingclaims.RECENTSCS-RELATEDDEVELOPMENTS251.WiththeincreasinginterestshownbytheUSontheSCSissue,itspeaceful