2022届高考英语一轮复习基础语法课（2）代词介词（介词短语）学案北师大版

基础语法课(2)一一代词、介词(介词短语)语法项目［语境中体悟用法］朗读下面短文，体会、领悟加黑代词的意义及在句中充当的成分。We'hstudentsshouldgetonwellwitheachother..Butinfact,something• • • (3)unpleasantcanhappenfromtimetotime.Forexample,yesterdayafternoon,i_twasfine.Alofuswentouttotheplayground.Somewereplayinggamesandothers⑤wereplayingfootballwhentwoboysofusquarreledandthenfought.Everyone^ofuswasconfusedbecausetheywereeververygoodfriendsandnobody"couldexactlytellwhat“theyfoughtfor.Neither⑨ofthemwantedtogiveintotheotherIthoughtit®wrongofthemtodoso.SoItriedtotellthem@thatweshouldputourselves@inothers'shoes,butboth®ofthemweretooangrytocalmdown.It@wasnotuntilourheadteachercamethattheyparted.Inmyopinion,it®isnecessaryforustocalmdownandsolveproblemsthatwemeet.Onlythose@whocaneasilyforgiveandforgetwillgetamorecomfortablelife.［用法体悟］①we是人称代词的主格,在本句中作主语。②eachother与oneanother是相互代词,在句中只能作及物动词或介词的宾语。本句中的eachother作介词with的宾语。③it是人称代词的主格,在本句中作主语,表示“天气”。④all是不定代词,在本句中作主语。⑤some...others...是固定句式，表示“一些人另一些人”。此处，some和others是不定代词,在句中作主语。©everyone是不定代词,在本句中作主语,注意，everyone常接of短语，但everyone(=everybody)不与of短语连用。⑦不定代词nobody(=noone)表示“没有一个人”，在本句中作主语。⑧what是连接代词,引导宾语从句，并在从句中作宾语。⑨不定代词neither指两者中“没有一个”，在本句中作主语。⑩不定代词the0ther特指两者中的“另外一个”，在本句中作介词to的宾语。⑪it作形式宾语,真正的宾语是后面的不定式。©them是人称代词的宾格，在句中作宾语。⑬burselves是反身代词,在本句中作put的宾语。反身代词在句中一般作宾语，也可作主语或宾语的同位语。afterChina'sFourMajorInventions⑬,hasquicklyimprovedChina，sfoodsupply.Withoutanyhesitation⑭,hesharedhisknowledgeandtechnologywithforeignscientists,sofarmersinmorethantenothercountriesbesidesChina。"havethusbenefitedfrom⑯hiswork,gainingaccessto@histechnology.Inreturn⑱,hewasawardedmanyinternationalawardsforhisgreatachievements.Inhissparetime,Dr.Yuanlovesplayingtheviolinandlisteningtomusic.Everynight,hereadsforhalfanhour⑲aboutvarioustopics⑳beforehegoestosleep.Buthecaresfornothingmorethanhisresearchandhegoestothefieldstwiceadaybymotorbike幻,whichhasleftastrongimpressionon。us.［用法体悟］.介词的基本用法：①in地点介词，在某个城市、国家等范围较大的地点前用in；小地点，如station,airport,corner等前面常用at；③表示年、月的名词前用介词也；④since”自……以后，从……以来”，表示自过去一直持续到现在，谓语动词通常使用完成时;⑦介词within后面接一段时间，表示“不超过，在……的范围内”；⑪vith在此表示“伴有，具有；伴随着”,此外with还有“由于；关于；和……一致”等意思；（Softer表示“在……之后”；©Desides表示“除了……之外”；⑲for后不接时间点,只与一段时间相搭配；额bout在此表示“关于，在……方面”；0by在此表示“乘（交通工具）”；.固定搭配中的介词：②从某所学校毕业用graduatefrom；⑤介词to与动词devote构成词组devoteoneselfto表示“致力于”；⑥短语ridsb.of表示“使某人摆脱”；⑧固定搭配incooperationwith表示"与合作”；⑨固定搭配haveadvantagesover表示“比有优势”；⑩短语increaseby表示“增加了”,强调增加幅度；⑫beregardedas“被视为”,此处在句中作定语，故用regardedas形式；⑭withoutanyhesitation表示“毫不犹豫地”；⑯短语benefitfrom表示“从中受益”；©Access后常接介词应搭配构成短语accesst。表示“可获得/利用某物或到达某地”；⑱亚语inreturn,表示“作为回报”；23leaveastrongimpressiononsb.给某人留下深刻的印象。［系统中整合规则］（一）4个常用介词1.against的用法含义例句反对；违背；与……相反Areyoufororagainsttheplan?你是赞成还是反对该计划？触；碰；撞；紧靠；倚靠Tired,Jimwasfastasleepwithhisbackagainstabigtree.吉姆累了，背靠着一棵大树很快便睡着了。与 兄争WewillbecompetingagainstthebestcompaniesinEurope.我们将会和欧洲的顶级公司竞争。防备，抵御Theytookmeasuresagainstthefire.他们采取了防火措施。以……为背景，衬托Thehilllooksmorebeautifulagainstthebluesky.在蓝天的映衬下，山峰看起来更美丽。2.at的用法含义及用法例句用在表示地点、场合、方位等的名词前，表示“在某处”r11pickyouupattheairportat2o'clockthisafternoon.今天下午两点我会到机场接你。用在表示时刻、钟点、期间、……岁、时节等的名词前Heleftschoolat(theageof)16.他16岁便离开了学校。表示“以，按（价格、速度、数量等）”Admissionisatnormalchargesandyoudon，tneedtobook.以正常价格收取门票费，你无需预约。表示“因……而；一听到/看到/想到……就……”Wewerefrightenedattheterriblesight.看到这可怕的景象，我们被吓到了。表示“朝，向（某方向、目标）”Heshotatthetargetbutmissedit.他向目标射击，但是没射中。表示“在……方面”She'shopelessatmanagingpeople.她对人事管理一窍不通。3.by的用法含义及用法例句（时间）不迟于，在……之前Heissuretocomebythreeo'clock.他三点之前肯定会来。（位置）靠近，在……旁边/附近Onacoldevening,itispleasanttositbythefire.在寒冷的夜晚，坐在炉火旁边很舒服。表示“（标准、度量、数量）根据，按照，以……计算”，常用结构为“by+the+单数可数名词"Theyselleggsbythedozen.他们按打卖鸡蛋。Werentthecarbytheday.我们按天租用汽车。（表示程度、数量）相差Welostthematchbyonegoal.我们以一球之差输了这场比赛。经过，经由Theycameinbythebackdoor.他们是从后门进来的。靠，用，通过（某种方法、手段）Youcanreservetheticketsbyphone.你可以通过电话订票。“被/由……”（常置于表被动的动词后，后接动作的执行者）Hewasknockeddownbyacar.他被一辆小汽车撞倒了。4.for的用法含义例句（表示目的或功能）为了AreyoulearningEnglishforpleasureorforyourwork?你学英语是出于消遣还是为了工作？（表示对象或用途）给，对Theproblemwasthatitwastooexpensiveforeverydayuse.问题是这对日常使用来说太贵了。（表示原因）因为，由于Billwasarrestedfordangerousdriving.比尔因危险驾驶而被拘捕。（表示时间、距离、数量）达，计Wedroveformilesbeforewefoundagasstation.我们开车数英里后才找到一个加油站。（表示等值或比例关系）换取Heagreedtopay300dollarsforthepicture.他答应付300美元买下那幅画。支持，赞成Howmanypeoplevotedfortheproposal?有多少人投票支持这项提议？至于，关于，就……而言It'scoldforthetimeofyear.在一年的这个时节天气是冷了些。（表示去向）往，向AfewdayslatershewouldbeleavingforNewYork.过几天她就要动身去纽约了。（表示陈述或问题的对象）适于，适合于rmsureshe，stheidealpersonforthejob.我确信她是这个职位的理想人选。（二）3（二）3种介词固定搭配1,介词与动词构成的搭配callfor需要applyfor申请waitfor等待2.介词与名词构成的搭配（l）at+/7.表示状态ataloss不知所措atwar处于交战状态（2）on+〃.表示状态onexhibition/showonfireonsaleontheway（3）by+〃.表示方式byaccident偶然地bychance偶然（4）in+〃,表示方式incash用现金付款payfor为 付款searchfor寻找，搜索beginwith以 开始atpeace处于和平状态atwork在工作在展出着火出售，打折在途中byair/plane乘飞机bycoincidence碰巧indepth在深度上indetail详细地inindetail详细地inheight在高度上⑸of+〃.表示特征（等于相应的形容词）ofbenefitofbenefit有益处的ofbenefit有益处的ofhelp有帮助的ofimportanceofbenefit有益处的ofhelp有帮助的ofimportance重要的ofsignificance有意义的(6)outof+〃.表示状态outofbalanceoutofbalance失去平衡outofbalance失去平衡outofbreathoutofbalance失去平衡outofbreath上气不接下气outofcontrol失去控制outofcontrol失去控制outofcontrol失去控制outofdate过期；过时(7)under+/7.表示被动underattackunderattack遭到袭击underattack遭到袭击underpressureunderattack遭到袭击underpressure在压力下undertreatment在治疗中undertreatment在治疗中undertreatment在治疗中undercontrol处于控制之中3.介词与其他词构成的搭配nexttonextto紧挨着nextto紧挨着insteadof代替nextto紧挨着apartfrom除 之夕卜apartfrom除 之夕卜apartfrom除 之夕卜accordingto根据alongwith随着regardlessof不管，不顾butfor要不是upto直到；由来决定butfor要不是考点1for的常考点（Dfor常用于表示目的;for表示交换，常与buy,sell,exchange等词连用;leaveAforB”离开A地去B地"；headfor”朝方向去"；searchfor"搜寻”；(4)waitforsb.todosth./arrangeforsb.todosth.；(5)其他短语中。(2020•新高考全国卷I)Museumsmustcompetepeople，ssparetimeandmoneywithotheramusements.解析:forcompetefor...with.・."为了而与竞争”，为固定搭配。(2019•全国卷I)Modernmethodstrackingpolarbearpopulationshavebeenemployedonlysincethemid-1980s,andareexpensivetoperformconsistentlyoveralargearea.解析；of/for名词method后常接介词of/for,表示“的方法”，此处表示追踪北极熊数量的现代方法，故填介词of/for。（2018•全国卷HI）IwassearchingthesethreewesternlowlandgorillasI'dbeenobserving.解析：forsearchfor为固定搭配，意为“寻找，搜索”。（2021•重庆模拟）Aftergraduationfromuniversity,Ihadbeenunabletosecureapermanentjobinmysmalltown.SoIdecidedtoleavehomeNewYork,whereImighthaveabetterchancetofindagoodjob.解析：forleavehomeforNewYork表示“离开家去纽约”。考点2in的常考点（2020•浙江7月高考）Sometimeafter10,000BC,peoplemadethefirstrealattempttocontroltheworldtheylived,throughagriculture.解析：in分析句子结构可知，theylived是定语从句，修饰先行词theworld；根据语法常识知，live常和介词in搭配，意为“居住在……省略了的关系代词作in的宾语。（2019•北京高考）Firstcelebrated1970,theDaynowincludeseventsinmorethan190countriesandregions（土也区）.解析：in表示“在哪一年"用介词in。（2018•浙江11月高考）Onecupofcoffeethelateafternoonoreveningwillcausethemtostayawakealmostallnight.解析：ininthelateafternoon为固定搭配，意为“在傍晚”。（2021•遂宁模拟）Theviolinsangwithaqualityofmusicsobeautifulthatthecollectorcouldonlylistenamazement.解析：in固定搭配inamazement意为“惊奇地”。考点3on的常考点（1）在描述身体姿势时，常用on表示接触点，如：lieonone'sback仰卧，getdownonone'sknees跪下；（2）表示“以……为食；以……为燃料（或动力）来运转”；（3）其他短语中。Myhouseistheleftsideofthestreet.解析:onontheleftsideof”在的左边”。（2021•大庆模拟）Theinjuredmanwaslyingmotionlesshisback.解析：onlieonone，sback“仰卧”。（2021•石家庄模拟）Togethertheygiveoffasmellverysimilartothekrill（磷虾）thatmanyseabirdsfeed.解析：onfeedon"以……为食”。.（2021•临沂模拟）Itisafixedtruththatthisformoflearningistheincrease.解析：onontheincrease”在增长中"；onthedecrease"在减少中”。(2021•枣庄模拟)anautumnafternoon,weweresenttoafarmwherewelearnttoplantpotatoesthere.解析：On具体到某一天的上、下午、晚上用on。再如：onarainingmorning;onawindyeveningo考点4with,without的常考点(l)without表示“没有；缺乏；不和在一起；无相伴；不用；不拿；不带”，可用作with的反义词；(2)with/without后可以接复合宾语；(3)with/without介词短语可以用作定语，修饰名词，还可以用作状语，修饰动词或整个句子。.(2018•全国卷H短文改错改编)StillIwasunwillingtoplaythegamesthemsometimes.解析：withwithsb.意为"和某人一起”。(2016•全国卷III)ChopsticksarenotusedeverywhereinAsia.InIndia,forexample,mostpeopletraditionallyeattheirhands.解析：withwithone，shands“用某人的手”，介词with意为“用”。(2015•广东高考)Oneday,thecowwaseatinggrasswhenitbegantorainheavily.Whilemakinggreateffortstorunaway,shefelloverthehillanddied.ThentheJohnsonshadtomakealivingthecow.解析：without根据语境可知，奶牛在慌忙躲雨的时候，不小心摔死了，因此约翰逊一家人就不得不在没有了奶牛的情况下谋生。故填withouto考点5to的常考点(1)表示方向、时间、程度、范围等，如:fromnorthtosouth,tenminutetonine,toacertain；(2)表示对比、对立、对应等，如：inferior...to,contraryto；(3)表示目的、对象等，如:drinktoone，shealth,bekindto；(4)表示所属关系，配合、按照等，如thekeyto,singto。(2019•浙江6月高考)Theanswerthisquestionisnotclear.解析：to句意：这个问题的答案并不明朗。theanswerto"的答案”。(2021•贵阳模拟、)Severaldaysago,heshowedthepublicalimitededitioncar,whichisespeciallymadehispersonaltaste.解析:totohispersonaltaste“按照他个人的品位”。(2021•遵义模拟)Hehadaradioinhishandandwasdancingcheerfullythemusic.解析：todancetothemusic“随着音乐跳舞”。（2021•长沙模拟）Hundredsofcommunitieshavesincesteppedinandopeneduptheirownvolunteer-runshops,butMrFoxhopeshisnewinventionwillofferasolutionthesevillageswithoutalocalshop.解析:toasolutionto” 的解决办法”。考点6含有as或at的固定搭配.（2021•洛阳模拟）Gandhi,anIndiannationalhero,washonoredthefatheroftheIndiannation.解析:asbehonoredas“被誉为”。（2021•郑州模拟）Takethealbum'shitsingle"Hello”anexample.解析:astake.・・asanexample"以为例”。（2021•泰安模拟）Theonlyreasonamanwouldsellhishousealowpricewouldbebecausehewasdesperateformoney.解析：atatalowprice"以很低的价钱”。（2021•成都模拟）Wearewalkingthespeedofonemileanhour.解析：atatthespeedof”以速度”。考点7其他固定搭配中的介词（2020•全国卷HI）Theartistwasfinallyhumbled（谦卑）bythegreatestartistearth,MotherNature.解析：on此处onearth相当于intheworld,意思是“在世上，在人间”。（2020•全国卷H）Bambooplantsareassociatedhealth,abundanceandahappyhome.解析：withbeassociatedwith”与有关,与联系”。（2019•全国卷ffl）Wewerefirstgreetedwiththebarkingbyapackdogs,seventobeexact.解析：ofapackof为固定搭配，表示“一群……”，故填。f。（2021•济宁模拟）Beforeshecouldreact,Igaveherabighugandtoldhershedidn，tneedtokeepitasecretme.解析:fromkeepsth.asecretfromsb.表示“不把某事告诉某人”。.（2021•长沙模拟）Weshouldtakesomemeasurestofightpollution.解析：againstfightagainst”和做斗争”。［自测中查漏补缺］I.单句语法填空(2021•兰州模拟)Studentsoftenmustgofromoneclassinonebuildingtothenextclassinanotherbuildingacrosscampus.(2021•双流中学模拟)处thattime,theyweretwoteenagers.(2021•大庆模拟)GuanYu,ageneralfromtheThreeKingdomsPeriod(A.D.220—280),isagoodexampleofthiskindofcharacter.Heisfamousforbeingveryloyaltohisemperor,LiuBei.Becauseofpovertytheymustgooutontothestreetandaskpeopleformoney.Theydemandedthattheybeallowedtofilltheirarmswithmanypossessionsastheycouldcarryout.(2020• Withhisheaddown,thefarmersaid,Itwasveryeasy,yourhighness.Isimplycutthebranchthatthebirdwassittingon.”Thesephotographsareusedfortheclassyearbook,whichisaprintedbookaboutallthestudentsintheschool.(2020•宜宾模ftDlfyouseetwozebrasstandingclosetoeachotheranditlookslikethey，rebitingeachother,don，tworry.n.单句改错Weenjoyedagrandersightbyclimbingagreaterheight,climbing后力口toOnthefirstplace,vehiclessendinglargequantitiesofpoisonousgasesareamajorsource.OnfIcWithaneffort,allthebookswerefreefromofrain.去掉ofThe87-year-oldscientistsayshisachievementswouldnothavebeenpossiblewiththeCommunistPartyofChina,andthatheiswillingtomakehislastcontributiontothecountry,withfwithoutBySundayafternoon,thegluehadset,andaftertwocoatsofbrightwhitepaint,thechairwasofperfect.去掉perfect前的ofAweekbeforeEarthDay,posterswereputuparoundourschool,callinguponustojointheactionsforagreenerearth,join后力口inHI.语法填空(2021•山西省八校高三第一,次联考)TheNewYorkCityPoliceDepartment(NYPD)hasanewwaytofigureoutifcitizensfeelsafe.Thedepartmentisusingsomething1(call)a“sentiment(情绪)meter”,whichaskspeoplewhethertheyfeelsafeintheirneighborhoodandwhetherthepoliceare2(responsibility)intheirmind.“Thisisahugeproblemhere.Allthecrimenumbersthatwewantareeasy3(lay)out,butunlesspeoplefeelsafe,we'renotdoingourjob4(entire),“CommissionerJamesP.O'Neilltoldthenewspaper.AcompanyhiredbytheNYPD5(take)advantageofsocialmediaplatformstosurveyupto7,500NewYorkers.Surveyquestionsincluded:"Dothepoliceofficersinmyneighborhoodtreatlocalpeople6respect?”and“Dothepoliceinmyneighborhoodlistenandtaketheconcernsoflocalpeopleinto7(consider)?”Theresultsshowedthat6.6outof10NewYorkerstrustedthepolice.“Wewanttofigureout8youdon'tfeelsafeinyourneighborhood,"O'Neillsaid."Maybeitisaquality-of-lifeconditionthatisn，tbeingaddressed.Maybeit'sabandoned9(vehicle).Maybethereareotherproblemsgoingon.”TheNYPDhopesin10longtermtheinformationcanbeusedtotailormanpowertoeachpolicestationinthecity.语篇解读：文章介绍了纽约警察局调查民情的新方法。called考查非谓语动词。call与something是逻辑上的动宾关系，且此处表示动作已经完成，故用过去分词called。responsible考查形容词。根据句意“在他们心目中，警察是否负责”。可知用responsible。tolay考查非谓语动词。分析句子结构可知，此处是名词/代词+be+形容词+todo结构，do和主语是逻辑上的动宾关系，但是不定式要用主动形式表示被动含义。entirely考查副词。除非人们感觉安全，否则我们没有完全尽到我们的职责。此处用副词修饰动词。took考查动词的时态。根据语境和下文所用的一般过去时可知，此处描述的是过去发生的事情，故用一般过去时。with考查介词。小区的警察是怀有敬意地对待当地的住户的吗？with在此表示“带着，怀有”。consideration考查名词。此处是oconsideration”考虑到"。注意：切不可看到into就以为此处填动词的-ing形式。why考查名词性从句。根据下文提到的一些原因可知，此处表示“我们想要搞清楚你们为什么感觉不安全”。宾语从句中表示为什么，所以用why引导。vehicles考查名词复数。或许是废弃的汽车。虽然主语是it,但是它指代的是一种原因，而vehicle是可数名词，空前无冠词，故用复数表类指。the考查冠词。inthelongterm“从长远来看”，所以用the。IV.短文改错⑭不定代词both表示“两者都”，在本句中作主语。⑮it在此用于构成强调结构,itwasnotuntil...that.・・是对notuntil..•句式的强调。⑯it作形式主语,真正的主语是后面的不定式短语。◎hose是指示代词,表示“那些人”，相当于thosepeople。［系统中整合规则］（一）人称代词、物主代词与反身代词1.基本用法类别主格宾格形容词性物主代词名词性物主代词反身代词功能作主语作宾语、同位语等作定语作主语、表语或宾语作宾语、表语或同位语第一人称I俄）memyminemyselfwe（我们）usouroursourselves第二人称you（你）youyouryoursyourselfyou（你们）youyouryoursyourselves第三人称he（他）himhishishimselfshe（她）herherhersherselfit（它）ititsitsitselfthey（他们）themtheirtheirsthemselves2.反身代词的习惯用法与介词搭配byones61f独自地foroneself亲自ofoneself自动地inoneself本质上；本身与动词搭配cometooneself 苏醒；恢复知觉dressoneself打扮；自己穿衣devoteoneselfto致力于；献身于behaveoneself表现得体；有礼貌applyoneselfto专心致志于helponeselfto随便吃/用enjoyoneself玩得开心（二）it的用法1.it的基本用法rmsosorrytohearthatyouhavebeensufferingfromsleeplessforalongtime.Tohelpyourrecoversoon,I'dliketoadviseyoutoturntotraditionalChinesemedicine.Asisknowntousall,traditionalChinesemedicineispracticalbuteffectivewhenusingtotreatsomediseases.Comparedwiththehighcostofwesternmedicine,ithasareasonableprice,soyoudon，tneedtobeworriedyourbudget.Additional,unlikewesternmedicine,traditionalChinesemedicinehasmoresideeffects.Therefore,ifyouagreed,I'dliketorecommendadoctortoyou,whichrmsurewillofferyouanidealtreatment.Pleasedon，thesitatetoaskmeforhelpwheneverdoyouthinkit'snecessary.Ihopeyou'llhaveaspeedyrecovery.答案：第一句：sleepless->sleeplessness第二句：your^you第三句：but^and;using^used第四句：worried后力口about第五句：AdditionalfAdditionally;more^fewer第六句：agreed^agree;which->who第七句：去掉whenever后的do用法例句指天气、季节、时间、距离、环境等Itisearlyspringnow,butitisalreadyhot.现在是初春，但是天气已经很热了。代替前面提过的事物、群体、想法、内容等或代替指示代词Althoughhedidn，tlikethemovie,Idecidedtoseeitanyway•尽管他不喜欢这部电影，但我还是决定去看一看。指不知性别的孩子和婴儿或不明身份的人（由于某种原因而不知对方是谁）Thebabyiscrying.Itmightbehungry.婴儿在哭，可能是饿了。2.it作形式主语或形式宾语常用句型it作形式主语Itisapity/shamethat...真可‘惜 Itisnowonderthat...难‘隆 Itseems/appearsthat...似乎/看来 Itlooks/seemsasif/asthough...看起来好像……Ithappensthat...碰】方Itoccursto/comesto/strikes/hitssb.that...某人突然想起……Itissaid/reportedthat・・・据说/据报道 Itiscertainthat... 是xe的Itisnouse/gooddoing...做 没有用/好处Ittakessb.sometimetodo...做……花费某人若干时间it作形式宾语主语+think/believe/suppose/consider/feel/make/keep...+it-\~adj./n.(for/ofsb.)todo/that从句主语+think/believe/suppose/consider/feel/make/keep...+it+useless/worth/worthwhile/nouse/nogood/awasteoftime(money/energy...)+doing...(三)不定代词1.both,all,either,neither与none的区另U代词用法both(1)表示“两者(都)”。(2)作主语时，谓语动词用复数形式。(3)与not连用表示部分否定，意为“两者并不都……”。(表示全部否定需用neither)all(1)指三者或三者以上的人或物的“全部”。(2)作主语，指人时，谓语动词通常用复数形式；指事物的整体或抽象概念时，谓语动词通常用单数形式。(3)与not连用表本部分否定。(表小元全否ZE需用none)either(1)表示“(两者中的)任何一个"。(表示二者或二者以上的人或物中的“任何一个"需用any)(2)作主语时，谓语动词用单数形式。neither(1)表示"(两者)都不"。(2)单独作主语时，谓语动词用单数形式。(3)后接of短语作主语时，谓语动词既可用单数形式，也可用复数形式。none(1)表示“(三者及三者以上中)无一个”或“没有一点儿”。(2)后接of短语作主语时，谓语动词既可用单数形式，也可用复数形式。(3)既可指代可数名词,也可指代不可数名词。2.theother,another,others与theothers的区另代词用法theother可单独使用，特指两者中的“另一个”或两部分中的“另一部分”。another泛指三者或三者以上的人或物中的“另一个”，代替单数可数名词。另外，another后可接“基数词/few+复数名词(名词表示的事物被看作一个整体)”，表示“另外的……(多少)”。others/theothersothers只能单独使用，表示泛指意义，意为“其他的人或事物”，常与some连用。特指“整体中除去一部分后剩余的全部人或事物”时用theotherso［集训中明晰考点］考点1作形式主语和形式宾语时必须用it（2018•浙江6月高考）ManywesternerswhocometoChinacookmuchlessthanintheirowncountriesoncetheyrealizehowcheapcanbetoeatout.解析：it此处应用it作形式主语，动词不定式短语toeatout为真正的主语。（2021•南昌模拟）Andimprovedbodyconditionmakeseasyforyoutocarryoutdailytasks.解析：it分析句子结构可知，空处应用it作形式宾语，句中形容词easy作宾语补足语，后面的不定式短语是真正的宾语。.（2021•湖南雅礼中学模拟）Whentheygrowolderthanthreeyearsold,iseasierforgirlstocatchcoldsthanboys.解析：it句意：当他们长到超过三岁时，女孩儿比男孩儿更容易感冒。此处it是形式主语，真正的主语是后面的动词不定式短语。（2021•无锡模拟）wasadesperateraceagainsttimetolandtheplanebeforeitranoutoffuel.Fortunately,theyoungpilotmadeiteventually.解析：It句意：在飞机燃料耗尽之前着陆是一场与时间的绝望竞赛。幸运的是，这位年轻的飞行员做到了。it在此作形式主语，真正的主语是tolandtheplanebeforeitranoutoffuelo考点2人称代词、物主代词、反身代词⑴人称代词主格作主语，宾格可作及物动词或介词的宾语，也可作表语或同位语；⑵形容词性物主代词相当于形容词，在句中只能作名词或动词-ing的前置定语，不能单独使用；⑶名词性物主代词相当于“形容词性物主代词+名词”，可单独作主语、表语和宾语，也可与of连用作后置定语，但不能单独作定语；（4）反身代词常在enjoy,teach,hurt,buy,introduce等动词和by,for,to,in,of等介词后作宾语；含有反身代词的固定短语也是常考点。（2020•全国卷I）Dataaboutthemoon，scomposition,suchashowmuchiceandothertreasuresitcontains,couldhelpChinadecidewhether（it）plansforafuturelunar（月球的）basearepractical.解析：its所填词修饰后面的plans,故填it的形容词性物主代词形式its。（2020•全国卷I短文改错改编）“Notthatway,"mymomtriedtostop（I）butfailed.解析：me作动词stop的宾语，应该用宾格，故填me。（2020•新高考全国卷I）Aswellaslookingatexhibits,visitorscanplaywithcomputersimulations（模拟）andimagine（they）livingatadifferenttimeinhistoryorwalkingthrougharainforest.解析:themselvesimaginesb.doingsth.“想象某人做某事"。主语是visitors,故用反身代词themselves,指“他们自己”。（2019•1匕京高考）Nervouslyfacingchallenges,IknowIwillwhisperto(I)thetwosimplewords“Beyourselfv.解析：myself本句主语为I,宾语与主语同指一人，应用反身代词。whispertooneself为固定短语，表示“低声对自己说"，故填myself。（2018•全国卷HI）WhenthegorillasandIfrightenedeachother,Iwasjustgladtofind（they）alive.解析：them空格处作find的宾语，人称代词作宾语时，要用其宾格，故填them,指代上文的gorillaso考点3that,those可以指代前面提到的名词单数和不可数名词用that指代，名词复数用those指代，此时名词和that,those后面一般有后置定语；止匕外，that还可用于指代上文提到的事情，this指代下文要说的事情。（2021•南昌模拟）Toherjoy,Dellaearnedfirstthetrustofherstudentsandthenofhercolleagues.解析：that句意：使她高兴的是，Della首先赢得了她的学生的信任，然后又获得了她的同事的信任。空后面的"ofhercolleagues"与前面的"ofherstudents"是同样的结构，因此此空应该用that来替代thetrust,以避免重复。（2021•哈尔滨模拟）Atourfactorythereareafewmachinessimilartodescribedinthismagazine.解析：those句意：我们工厂里有一些机器与这本杂志里描述的那些机器很相似。根据句意可知，空格处指的是themachines,同时themachines被describedinthismagazine修饰，应用those替代，故填thoseo（2021•邢台模拟）Tomyamazement,thelifeofFranceandItalyseemedmorepleasantandrelaxingthanofToronto.解析:that代指前面的thelife,故用that。（2021•石家庄模拟）Hesaidthevegetablesweresmallerthangrowninfreshwater.解析：those代指前面提到的名词vcgetableso他说这些蔬菜比种在淡水中的蔬菜小。考点4another,other,others（2018•全国卷I短文改错改编）ThefirsttimeIwentthere,theywerelivinginasmallhousewithdogs,ducks,andanimals.解析：other句中的animals是复数形式，所以修饰该名词的限定词应该用other。可数名词复数前用。ther,意为“其他的”。（2021•枣庄模拟）Somepeopleusetheairtosustainthemwhiletheysitaroundandfeelsorryforthemselves.breatheintheairandusetheenergyitprovidestomakeamagnificentlife.解析：Othersothers泛指“其他人”。与前面的some构成some.•・others...句式。（2021•洛阳模拟）Manysinglessaytheregulardatingscenehasledthemfromonebadexperienceto.解析：another此处表示从一个不愉快的经历到另一个（不愉快的经历），another”另一个“。［自测中查漏补缺］I.单句语法填空（2021•贵州平坝一中模拟）Theyhadtochasetheoverprotectivemotherawayfirst,sothattheycouldgetcloseenoughtorescuethebaby.（2021•辽宁沈阳二中模拟）WhenteaandcoffeewerefirstintroducedtoEuropeinthe18thcentury,peoplehaddifferentideasabouttheir（they）use.I_tisimportanttothinkaboutthepeopleofadestinationcountryandhowtourismaffectsthem.Yesterdayevening,justbeforedusk,Ispottedapigeonbadlytiedupwithasharpstring,hittingthewallandthetreebranches,tofreehimself（he）fromthekitestring.Aftertheboyateoneapple,heaskedforanother.（2020•青海平安一中冲刺）Nobodylikestotalkaboutdeath,buttherealityis一everyoneisgoingtodieatonepoint,andnoneofusknowtheday,orthehour.（2020•西安教学质量检测）Allofushavereadthrillingstories.Inmanyofthem（they）theherohadonlyalimitedandspecifiedtimetolive.Bothteamswereinhardtraining;neitherwaswillingtolosethegame.（2020•黄山模拟）Somegreatpeoplecanseepossibilitieswhereothersseeonlyproblems.（2020•湖南雅礼中学模拟）Whenwelookatsomeone,maybeevenourselves（us）,weseetheexternalclay.IL单句改错Myparentstookmetoseeourdoctor,whotoldmewhatwasagoodideatoeatonlyalittle,what-1-itItisaverypreciouspresentfrommineCanadianteacher,whichItreasureverymuch,minvfmyAt10：00,weputonperformances,likesinginganddancing.Thentheyplayedgamestogether!theyfweMyfatheristhemanIrespectmost.Strictashemaybe,heneverfailstoshowhercareandconsideration,her->hisAbout36%ofthemarefondofsurfingtheInternet,whichhelpshimknowaboutthelatestnewsandcurrentaffairsintheworld.him->themYesterday,oneofmyfavoritestampswaslost,whichmademereallyupset.Ilookedforiteverywhereandaskedeverybodyintheroom,butstillcouldn'tfindthem.then)fit.语法填空Whatisart?Itisverydifficulttocome]withathoroughanswer.Tonsofpeoplehavetheirownopinionsandthinktheyknowwhatart2(true)is.Mostpeople'sanswersaretoogeneraltodistinguishwhatartis.Artisacreativeformofwork,3(design)tohaveapurposeandshowemotion.Thereisapurposetoeverypieceofartwork.Therefore4artisthadtostartwithauniqueidea,orreasonfor5they，recreating.Historically,arthasmanydifferentpurposesforbeingmade.Artistshavemadeartforlogical6(pu