太阳系以外的行星

ExtrasolarPlanets.I.Whatdoweknowandhowdoweknowit.BasicplanetaryatmospheresSuccessfulobservationsandfutureplans现在是1页\一共有27页\编辑于星期六PlanetsOrbitingOtherStars

Total:209discoveredto-date.

Statistics:

Gasgiantplanets,likeJupiter&Saturn,existaround>12%ofstars(Marcyetal.2005);Lower-massplanets(Super-Earths,3knownto-date)aresignificantlymorecommon(Riveraetal.2005;Beaulieuetal.2006).

NoEarth-likeplanetsyet…现在是2页\一共有27页\编辑于星期六PlanetsOrbitingOtherStars:afterGouldetal.(2006)First‘Super-Earth’discoveredGJ876d:--Mass~7.5EarthsAlsoHD69830b:--Mass~10EarthsNASAKeplermission:…RadiiinthisrangeM=MercuryV=VenusE=Earth,etc.现在是3页\一共有27页\编辑于星期六Atmosphere:Ingeneral-outerboundaryforplanet’sthermalevolution-theextrasolarplanetshaveintroducedconditionsneverimaginedClouds&(photo)chemistryEvaporation(veryhot&hotJupiters)

Transitsallowspectroscopicstudiesoftheplanet’satmosphere现在是4页\一共有27页\编辑于星期六TheClose-inExtrasolarGiantPlanets

TypeandsizeofcondensateisimportantPossiblylargereflectedlightintheopticalThermalemissionintheinfraredSeager&Sasselov2000现在是5页\一共有27页\编辑于星期六Atmosphere:WhatisspecialaboutatomicNaandthealkalimetals?Seager&Sasselov(2000)现在是6页\一共有27页\编辑于星期六Atmosphere:TheoreticalTransmissionSpectraofHD209458bWavelength(nm)OccultedArea(%)Seager&Sasselov(2000)现在是7页\一共有27页\编辑于星期六TransmissionSpectraH=kT/gmH

scaleheight

sl

extinctioncrosssectionLpathlengthHowlargeistheplanetatmospheresignal?Itdependsontheatmosphereannulus/stararea现在是8页\一共有27页\编辑于星期六Atmosphere:Thetricksoftransmissionspectroscopy:Brown(2001)现在是9页\一共有27页\编辑于星期六Theactualdetection(withtheHST):a5ssignal2xweakerthanmodelexpected,butwithinerrorsMightindicatehighcloudsaboveterminatorCharbonneauetal.(2002)现在是10页\一共有27页\编辑于星期六planet/starfluxratiois:adRpStarPlanetEarthReflectedLightpisalbedo现在是11页\一共有27页\编辑于星期六AtmosphericProbeSudarskyPlanettypesI:AmmoniaCloudsII:WaterCloudsIII:ClearIV:AlkaliMetalV:SilicateCloudsPredictedAlbedos:IV:0.03V:0.50Sudarskyetal.2000PictureofclassIVplanetgeneratedusingCelestiaSoftware现在是12页\一共有27页\编辑于星期六PhotometricLightCurves

MicromagnitudevariabilityfromplanetphasechangesSpace-based:MOST

(~2005),COROT(~2007),Kepler(~2008)

Dm=2.5(Rp/D)22/3/p(sin(a)+(p-a)cos(a))Seageretal.2000现在是13页\一共有27页\编辑于星期六ScatteredLight

Needtoconsider:phasefunctionmultiplescattering现在是14页\一共有27页\编辑于星期六ScatteredLightChangeswithPhase

Seager,Whitney,&Sasselov200051Peg@550nm现在是15页\一共有27页\编辑于星期六Mission

MicrovariabilityandOscillationsofSTars/MicrovariabilitéetOscillationsSTellaireFirstspacesatellitededicatedtostellarseismologySmallopticaltelescope& ultraprecisephotometergoal:~fewppm=fewmicromag

MOSTataglanceCanadianSpaceAgency(CSA)现在是16页\一共有27页\编辑于星期六

circularpolarorbit

altitude

h=820km

period

P=101min

inclination

i=98.6º

Sun-synchronous

staysoverterminatorCVZ~54°wide

-18º<Decl.<+36º

starsvisibleforupto8wks

Groundstationnetwork

Toronto,Vancouver,Vienna

MOSTataglanceMOSTorbitnormalvectortoSunCVZ=ContinuousViewingZoneOrbit现在是17页\一共有27页\编辑于星期六LightcurveModelforHD209458bRelativedepthstransit:2%eclipse:0.005%Duration3hoursPhasechangesofplanetPhaseRelativeFluxEclipseTransit现在是18页\一共有27页\编辑于星期六TheLightcurvefromMOST45days0.03mag2004data:14days,4orbitalcycles2005data:45days,12orbitalcyclesdutycycle:~90%473896observations3mmagpoint-to-pointprecision2005observations,40minutebinneddata现在是19页\一共有27页\编辑于星期六AlbedoResultsBestfitparameters:Albedo:0.07±0.05stellarradius:1.346±0.005RJupOtherParameters:stellarmass:1.101Msuninclination:86.929period:3.52...daysseeKnutsonetal.2006GeometricAlbedoRadius(Jupiter)1,2,3sigmaerrorcontoursRoweetal.(inprep)现在是20页\一共有27页\编辑于星期六0.1mag0.02mag0.8mmag现在是21页\一共有27页\编辑于星期六AtmospheresMOSTbandpassGeometricAlbedo

HD209458bisdarkerthanJupiterRuleoutclassVplanetwithbrightreflectionsiliconcloudsMarleyetal.1999现在是22页\一共有27页\编辑于星期六HD209458bAlbedosNewupperlimitonAgRoweetal.(2006)(Roweetal.2007)现在是23页\一共有27页\编辑于星期六ModelsConstraints20041sigmalimit–or-~20053sigmalimitSpitzerLimitDifferentatmospheresblackbodymodelRoweetal.2006Roweetal.(inprep)bestfitEquilibriumTemperature现在是24页\一共有27页\编辑于星期六DirectSpectrophotometryProposedNASAMissionNullingcoronographCanimageJupiter-likeplanetsinEarth-likeorbits现在是25页\一共有27页\编辑于星期六DirectSpectrophotometryCouldobservechangingcloudcoverandatmosphericconditionsongasgiantplanetswithhighlyeccentricorbits,likeHD168443.Veryexcitinguniqueopportunitytostudyratesforphotochemistry&forcing.现在是26页\一