普朗克英文简介

maxPlanckTheQuantizationofEnergyMaxKarlErnstLudwigPlanckBornatSteinHallinGermany,hewasrecognizedasafamousphysicist.Animportantfounderofquantummechanics.（量子力学）WontheNobelprizeinPhysicsin1918.Childhood

PlanckspenthisfirstseveralyearsofchildhoodatKiel.Whenhewas9yearsold,in1867,hisfamilymovedtoMunichwherehewasinspiredbyamathematiciannamedOskarvonMiller.WiththehelpofMiller,hedevelopedhisinterestinmathematicsandphysics.What’smore,Plancklearnedhisfirstphysicalprinciple:energyconservation（能量守恒）.Anditwashisfirsttimethathehadmadeacquaintancewithphysics.Planckin1874In1858,Planckwasborninaconventionalfamilywhichhadbeenwelleducated.Hehadsixbrothersandsisters,fourofwhomwasgivenbirthtobyhismother.Andanothertwowereleftbyhisfather’sformerwife.UniversityIn1874,PlanckwasadmittedinUniversityofMunich.Hehadagiftformusicandamandofpiano,pipeorgan（管风琴）andvioloncello（大提琴）.Heevenposed（作曲）forseveralsongsandalightopera.Buthedidn’tchoosethemusicmajor.Instead,hedecidedtomajorinphysics.AphysicsprofessornamedPhilippvonJollyoncetriedtopersuadePlancknottolearnphysics.Hesaid:“Everythingaboutthissciencehadbeenstudied,andonlysomelessimportantblanksneedtobefilled.”However,Planckwasdetermined.Hesaid:“I’mnotsupposedtofindanewcontinentofphysics.TheonlythingIwanttodoistoprehendthefundamentalknowledgeormaybeIcanmakeitfurther.”Planckin1878PlanckstartedhisphysicsstudyatUniversityofMunichin1874.Duringhiswholescientificcareer,heonlyconductedseveralexperimentswithJolly.Beforelong,hedivertedhisattentionfromexperimentstotheoreticalphysics.In1877,hetransferredtoanotherschoolinBerlin.TherehestudiedunderHermannvonHelmholtz,GustavRobertKirchhoffandKarlWeierstrass.WhenitcametoHermann,Planckoncesaid:“Hepreparesnothingbeforeclassandalwaysmakessomemistakeswhilecalculatingsothatstudentsfinditboringtoattendhisclass.”AstoGustav,hesaid:“Heteachescarefully,buthisclassisverytedious（冗长旳）.”Evenso,PlanckstilldevelopedasincerefriendshipwithHermann.UndertheinfluenceofHermann,whowasthefounderofthermodynamics（热力学）,Planckregardedthermodynamicsashisworkingfield.HermannGustavKarlAftergraduationIn1878,hepassedtheexamforteachercertification.In1880,heearnedhisqualificationofteachingbyathesis.Evenso,hewasnotattachedimportancetobythephysicsdomain.ButPlanckcontinuedhisworkinthermodynamics.In1885,hewasemployedasaphysicsprofessortoUniversityofKiel.WhenhewasatKiel,Planckhadstartedthefurtherresearchaboutatom.In1890,hestartedtoanalyzedanexperimentcalledblackbodyradiationBlackbodyradiation

Normalobjectswillabsorb,reflectandradiate（辐射）electromagneticwave（电磁波）.Asablackbody,itcanabsorbandradiatethewave,butitreflectsnothing.Whenscientistsinthattimeresearchedonthethermalradiation,theypaidspecialattentiontotheprincipleofblackbodyradiation.Itwasveryeasyforscientiststodrawadiagramtoshowthattheintensity（强度）ofradiationhadacertainrelationshipwithtemperatureandwavelength.Physicistsarealwaysstrivingtousetheexistingknowledgetoexplainphenomenaandprincipleswhicharenewlyfound.SoaGermanphysicistnamedWien（维恩）andaBritishphysicistnamedRayleigh（瑞利）successively（相继地）putforwardthetheoreticalformulawhichcouldcalculatetheintensityofradiationaccordingtothewavelength.Buttheybothgotarebuff（碰钉子）.TheQuantizationofEnergyInordertogetaconclusionwhichwasconsistentwiththeexperiment,Planckmadealotofattemptsandhadafierceideologicalstruggle（思想斗争）.Finallyhehadtopromisewithhimselfandadmittedthat:somelawsofmicrocosm（微观世界）mightlookverystrangeintheshoesofmacrocosm（宏观世界）.In1900,hemadeacrazyassumption:theenergyofmicroscopicparticle（微观粒子）canonlybeintegertimes（整数倍）ofaminimumquantity.Hecalledthisquantityasenergyquantum（能量子）whichcouldn’tbedividedanymore.Dependingontheassumptionofenergyquantum,Planckderived（推导出）theformula.Soconsistentwasitwiththeresultsthatnobodycouldagreemore.

Asaphysicist,nothingcouldbemoreinspiringthanthefactthathisowntheorywasconfirmedbytheexperiment.However,Planckwasinadilemma.Inalongperiodoftimeinhistory,notonlythephysicsdomainbutalsothescienceandphilosophydomainallheldtheviewthatallnaturalprogresseswerecontinuous.

GottfriedWilhelmLeibniz,whowasamathematicianandphilosopher,oncesaid:“Thenatureworldwouldnotchangeabruptly.Discontinuousnesswasoutofstepwithscience.”WhatLeibnizsaidconfusedPlanck.SoPlancktoldhissonthatwhathehaddiscoveredwouldeitherbeastandingjokeormaybeoneofthegreatestdiscoveriesinphysicssinceNewton.Eighteenyearslater,PlanckwasawardedNobelprizeinphysicsbecauseofhisputtingforwardenergyquantum.AwardedNobelprizeAfter1920Since1920,PlanckhadbeeacentralfigureinGermansciencedomain.Hisjustice,integrity（正直）andknowledgemadehimwidespreadrespectedinGermany,whichlethimbeeadecisive（决定性旳）authorityfigure.ThoughGermanwasatthemercyoftheNaziparty,hepubliclyopposedthegenocidalpolicy（种族灭绝政策）.HewasdeterminedtostayinGermanyprotectingscientistsfromtheworldsothatPlancksufferedalotfromfamilytragedya