(3)托福写作讲义

TOEFLIndependentWriting句子扩充：将一个简单句扩充，增加到15,25,35个字。句式变化：如何将一个论点展开成一段？多问自己为什么？ETS作文评分标准：观点鲜明，论点清晰文章结构完整、恰当、漂亮（首段+中间三段+尾段）论点论证充分（不讲大道理，要examples,reasons,details,而且数量越多越好）句式、词汇变换丰富（长短句、陈述疑问句、简单复杂句变换使用）语法、拼写无误力戒表意不清，题外罗嗦话如何写好TOEFL作文：语法正确高超的衔接手段充足的词汇量各种表达手段综合运用的能力清晰的逻辑和结构高超的笔记能力良好的阅读习惯和听力水平TOEFL作文的要求：3种时态：语态：语气：词汇量：阅读训练：听力：熟悉写作题库TOEFL作文的写作原则：正式文体完成结构明确观点精彩纷呈正式形式通顺连贯扬长避短TOEFL作文题库题型分类：观点选择类：比较对比类：自主定义类：TOEFL作文的审题：确定题目的类别，确定切入点：【驳论方法一】先承认钱是工作中的重要因素；【驳论方法二】先承认钱是工作中的重要因素；【驳论】有时候是可以凭外表判断一个人的；TOEFL作文驳论点的写法：TOEFL作文驳论据的写法：TOEFL作文论点的写法：TOEFL作文论据的写法：(黄金规则二)健康安全便利交流习惯与心理亲情成就感环保经济品格科技教育CCTP:寻找理由的方法：有什么条件可以这样？凭什么如果这样有何好处或坏处？如果不这样有什么好处或坏处？如果要这样，人们必须怎么办？可行么？如果不能这样，人们应该怎么办？PDERCR：TOEFL文章结构：“2-1”A型：“2-1”B型：折中方案：关于TOEFL写作人称问题：TOEFL文章的开篇第一段写法：背景法：背景+反方观点及理由+过渡+正方观点+作者观点及理由实例法：事例+论题+各方观点及理由+作者观点及理由实例的三种来源：主题句：TOEFL作文结尾段的写法：TOEFL作文段落的实现：例证法因果法比较法整体比较分项比较5、句式变换6、每个例子，就是每段最后一句话必须是总结。7、观点正反问题：1引用例子：2引用“权威”调查和数据3如果没有加上姓名、时间、地点等2)与论点结合，写出XX之前和XX之后的变化这里的XX指的是论点中的主题词。例如在写机经中的一个题目：公共交通是否应该免费时，有一个分论点是公共交通免费以后，私家车会减少，这样尾气排放得少了，环境也就变好了。这里的主题词就是私家车的数量，例子就可以写成N年前私家车很少，环境很好，然后私家车变多以后，环境就变差了。例子可写成：10yearsago,inmychildhoodmemory,thecitywhichIliveinnowisoneofthemostbeautifulcitiesIhaveeverseen.Theblueskyandthecleanwaterwerequiteimpressivetome.However,3yearsago,whenIcamebacktothiscityagain,Iwasastonishedbythosechanges.Thecitydevelopedrapidlyduringthosedays.Therearefarmoreprivatecarsthanyearsagoontheroadeveryday.Onaverage,everyhouseholdhasoneortwocars.Thecitymaybedescribedas"developed"now,whiletheskyhereisneverasclearasever。3)写完例子以后，一定要再结合论点论证说理再加上Iftheamountofthecarscanbereduced,Ibelieveitwillfurtherimprovetheenvironmenthere,andbebeneficialtoallthecitizenshereaswell.AndThefreepaymentofpublictransportationwillmakethiscometrue。这样就是一个完整的论述段了。一、不准字数不够对于独立写作的字数要求，官方的说法是：“Aneffectiveresponseistypicallyabout300wordslong.Ifyouwritefewerthan300words，youmaystillreceiveatopscore，butexperiencehasshownthatshorterresponsestypicallydonotdemonstratethedevelopmentofideasneededtoearnascoreof5.”。二、不准文章模式化Somepeoplesaythatadvertisingencourageustobuythingswereallydonotneed.Otherssaythatadvertisementstellusaboutnewproductsthatmayimproveourlives.Yes，itis.Ibuyedmuch，becauseTVads。Theimportanceoftheissueraisedbytheposedstatement，namelycreatinganewholidayforpeople，cannotbeunderestimatedasitconcernstheveryfabricofsociety.Asitstands，theissueofcreatinganewholidayraisesprofoundimplicationsforthefuture.However，althoughthesubjectmatteringeneralcannotbedismissedlightheartedly，theperspectiveoftheissueaspresentedbythestatementraisescertainqualmsregardingpracticalapplication。三、不准文章逻辑不清Inanyrelationshipofmine，Iwouldwishthatfirstofall，thepersonIamdealingwithishonest.Eventhoughhe/shethinksthathe/shedidsomethingwrongthatIwouldn’tlike，he/she’dbettertellmethetruthandnotlieaboutit.LateronifIfindoutaboutalieorhearthetruthfromsomeoneelse，that’dbemuchmoreunpleasant.InthatcasehowcanIeverbelieveortrustthatpersonagain？HowcanIeverbelievethatthispersonhasenoughconfidenceinmetoforgivehim/herandcarryonwiththerelationshipfromthere.SoifIcannottrustapersonanymore，ifthepersondoesn’tthinkIcanhandlethetruth，thereisnopointtocontinuingthatrelationship。Thepeopleliningupintheembassyareapplyingforavarietyofvisas.Someapplicantswantstudentvisas.Otherapplicantswantresidentvisas.Theotherapplicantswanttouristvisas.Applyingforresidentvisasisverydifficult;onehastomeetalotofrequirements.Accordingtoarecentsurvey，thelargestnumberofapplicantsareapplyingfortouristvisas.Thenumberofpeopleapplyingforstudentvisascomesinsecond.Amongalltheapplicants，onlyafractionwantresidentvisas。四、不准语言过于简单Lastmonth，Ihadadisputewithmyparent.Itstartedasasimpleconversationthatturnedintoanargument.Iwantedtotakeayearofffromschool.Ofcourse，myparentsarguedthatIshouldstayinschool.ItriedtoreasonwiththemandItriedtopersuadethemthattakingayearofffromschoolandworkingwouldbevaluableexperience.Myexplanationfellondeafears，andtheyrefusedtoletmecontinuethediscussion.TheyfeltIhadnotthoroughlyexaminedtheissueandsawnoreasontodebatethesubjectanylonger。Heisrich。Heownsalargecompanyandhasanannualincomeof20milliondollars。Writing1 AforeignstudentwhoplanstocometotheUnitedStatesmusthavesomedefinitegoalsinmind.ForthestudentwhowantstoimprovehisEnglishquicklyandlearnaboutAmericancustomsfirsthand,thereisoftenanopportunitytolivewithanAmericanfamily.Theremaybeoneortwodisadvantagestothislivingarrangement;however,Ibelievethattherearefarmoreadvantages.Theremaybeoneortwodisadvantagestothislivingarrangement;however,IbelievethattherearefarmoreadvantagesofB.Firstofall,someminordisadvantagestolivingwithanAmericanfamilyincludebothalackofprivacyandlittleopportunitytohaveindependence(beindependent).Forinstance,theforeignstudentmayfindthatthefamilyexpectshimtojointhemingroupactivitiessuchaswatchingtelevisionandgoingonpicnics.Attimes,however,hemightenjoystayinginhisroomtoreadortowriteletterstohisfamilyandfriends.AnotherdrawbacktolivinginanAmericanhomeinvolvesthepossibilitythatthefamilymaytreatthestudentlikeachild.Forexample,theparentsmaywanttodecidewhohisfriendswillbe（两个从句）andwherehewillgoduringhisleisuretimeawayfromhome.EventhoughtheremaybeoneortwodisadvantagestolivingwithanAmericanfamily,theadvantagesfaroutweighthem.Bytakingpartinahomestayprogram,thestudenthasanexcellentopportunitytolearnaboutAmericancustoms.Hewillfindouthowtobehaveindifferentsocialsituationssuchaspartiesandserionies(ceremonies)andhowtodress(dresson)theseoccasions.Also,hewilllearnaboutmanyotheraspectsoftheAmericanwayoflife,suchasthewayschoolsarerunintheUnitedStates.Withafamilycloseby,hecanaskquestionsaboutattendancerulesandschoolcosts.Thefamilywillmakecertain(sure,point)thathebecomesacquaintedwiththisnewwayoflife,andsoonhewillfeelathome..AnotheradvantagetolivingwithanAmericanfamilyisthatthestudentisinanidealenvironmenttoimprovehisEnglish.Forexample,eachtimehehasaconversationwithsomeoneinthefamily,thisnativespeakercanhelphimwithhispronounciation(pronunciation)andgrammer(grammar).Maybetheyoungerchildreninthefamilycanhelpthestudentwithhishomework,too.Butthemostimportantthingisthathewillbesurround(surrounded)byEnglishmostofthetimeduringhisstayintheUnitedStates.AlthoughIagreethattheremaybeacoupleofdisadvantagestolivingwithanAmericanfamily,Ifeelthattheadvantagesaremoreobvious.Inahome-stayprogram,thestudentcanlearnaboutAmericancustomsinthemostnaturalwaypossible（3）.Inaddition,hewillfindhimselfinanatmosphere（situation,occasion）inwhichhisEnglishwillcertainlyimprove.Inmyopinion,thesearethetwomostimportantgoalsforhimtoconsider,andlivingwithanAmericanfamilyisthebestwaytoachievethem.独立写作句子练习科学技术的发展使人们能够非常轻松地学习知识。越来越多的人意识到环境保护的重要性。我认为在我们社区建工厂是不好的。由于年龄的关系,父母亲对孩子的了解有时还不如他们的同伴。若团队里的每个人都竭尽全力,他们的工作效率会有很大提高。语言环境对外语学习的影响是很大的。我们要象保护自己的亲人那样保护野生动物。我们从电视上学会了好多有用的东西。我赞成政府花钱进行外太空探索.如果人们愿意在太空探索上面多花一些钱,人们就会在不久的将来更多地享受高科技给我们的生活带来的便利。强健的体魄是实现伟大理想的前提。偶尔的失败有时候会有助于日后的成功。假如你经常和外国人交流，你就会了解到很多国外的风俗习惯，开阔你的视野。