【功能对等理论下商务信函长难句的翻译分析开题报告】

功能对等理论下商务信函长难句的翻译分析ProposedTitleforDissertation：TranslationanalysisoflonganddifficultsentencesinbusinesslettersunderthetheoryoffunctionalequivalenceI.BackgroundInthe21stcentury,withtherapiddevelopmentofscienceandtechnology,theefficiencyofbusinessworkmustbeimproved.Lettersarewidelyusedinbusinesscorrespondence,bringinggreatconveniencetobusinessnegotiations.Withtheimplementationofthe"OneBelt,OneRoad"conceptandthedevelopmentofeconomicglobalisation,internationale-commercelettershavebecomeanimportantformofbusinessininternationaltradeactivities.Thecommunicationproblemsincross-borderbusinessactivitieshavebecomeanimportantfactoraffectingbothsidesofthetransaction,anditisnecessarytoensuresmoothcommunicationthrougheffectivemeans.Inrecentyears,businessEnglishwritinghasachievedremarkableresultsinboththeoreticalresearchandpracticalapplication.ThispaperusesfunctionalequivalencetheorytoanalyseandsummarisethetranslationofsomelonganddifficultsentencesinbusinessEnglishletters,promptingustousebusinessEnglishtranslationoflonganddifficultsentencesproficientlyandefficientlyincross-bordere-commerce,thushelpingthetradeparties'toestablishtraderelationsandreachdeals.Inbusinesswork,lettersarewidelyusedinordertoconformtothe'economicprinciples'oflanguageandtoimprovetheefficiencyofexpression,especiallyintermsofpriceterms,paymentterms,insuranceterms,shipmentandpackaging.Theprototypetheoryofcognitivelinguistics,amoderntheorydevelopedbytheAmericanpsychologistEleanorRoschinthe1970s,hashadaprofoundimpactonalllevelsoflanguageresearch.TheaimofthisthesisistouseprototypetheorytoanalysecommonlettersinbusinessEnglishletters,toexploretheirwordformationcharacteristics,andtoclassifyandsummarisetheirstructuralfeatures.ItishopedthatthisthesiswillprovideinformationforbettertranslationandapplicationofEnglishlettersinbusinessworkinthefuture,andservetoattractresearchinotherareas.EugeneNidawasafamousAmericantranslationtheoristandlinguist,knownasthe"fatherofmoderntranslationtheory"."TheNidaTheoryofFunctionalEquivalenceisthecoreofNida'stranslationtheory.Inhis1964book"APreliminaryInquiryintotheScienceofTranslation",Nidaintroducedtheconceptsofformalequivalenceanddynamicequivalence.Nidaarguesthatitisverydifficulttoachieveformalequivalencebecauseofthelargedifferencesincontentandformbetweenlanguages,whiledynamicequivalenceseekstoachieveatranslationthatisclosestandmostnaturaltotheinformationintheoriginallanguage.However,sincetheconceptofdynamicequivalencecaneasilybemisunderstoodassomethingmerelyinfluential,Nidalaterusedtheconceptoffunctionalequivalencetoreplacedynamicequivalence.Thetheoryoffunctionalequivalenceisdividedintotwolevels,onebeingthehighestlevelofequivalence,whichrequiresthereaderofthetranslatedlanguagetounderstandandappreciatetheoriginaltextinthesamewayasthereaderoftheoriginallanguage.Thesecondisthelowestlevelofreciprocity,whichrequiresthereaderofthetranslationtobeabletoimaginehowthereaderoftheoriginallanguageunderstandsandappreciatestheoriginaltextthroughtheunderstandingofthetranslatedtext.Thefunctionofalanguageistheroleitcanplayintheprocessofbeingused.Differentlanguageshaveverydifferentformsofexpression,bothintermsofphonetic-grammaticaldifferencesandintermsofexpressiveconventions,buttheycanhavethesameorsimilarfunctions.nidadoesnotadvocateformalequivalenceintranslation,arguingthat'thefocusoftranslationshouldnotbeontheformofthelinguisticexpressionbutonthereader'sreactiontothetranslation'(nida,1964).Healsoarguedthat"formalcorrespondencedistortsthegrammarandstyleofthetargetlanguage,thusdistortingthemessageandmakingitdifficultforreadersofthetargetlanguagetounderstandorevenHealsoarguedthat"formalcorrespondencedistortsthegrammarandstyleofthetargetlanguage,thusdistortingthemessageandmakingitdifficultforreadersofthetargetlanguagetounderstandorevenmisunderstandthetranslation"(Nida,1964);headvocatedthattranslationsshouldachievefunctionalequivalence.FunctionalequivalencetheoryisthecoreofNida'stranslationtheorysystem,whichbelievesthattheaccuracyoftranslationdependsonthedegreeofcorrectunderstandingofthereadersofthetranslatedtext,paringtheresponseofthereadersofthetranslatedtextwiththeresponseofthereadersoftheoriginaltexttoseewhethertheyareascloseaspossible.Nida'stheoryoffunctionalequivalenceproposesanewcriterionforevaluatingtranslations,whichrequiresthattheperceptionofthetranslatedtextbythereadersofthetranslationshouldberelativeorsimilartothatofthereadersoftheoriginaltext,andthatthetranslationshouldachievethemostappropriateandnaturalequivalence.Thiscriterionisnotexactlythesameasthetraditionalcriterionof'fidelity',whichalsoemphasisesfidelitytotheoriginaltext,butalsoplacesgreatimportanceonthereader'sacceptance.Atthesametime,Nidaalsoemphasisesthatfunctionalequivalenceofinformationisnotformalequivalenceintranslation,arguingthattherelationshipbetweenthetargetlanguagereceptorandthetargettextshouldgenerallybeequivalenttotherelationshipbetweenthesourcelanguagereceptorandthesourcetext(Nida,1964).Forthetranslationoflonganddifficultsentences,Nidabelievesthatitisnecessarytoreadandunderstandtheoriginaltextrepeatedly,andonthebasisofanaccurategraspoftheoriginaltext,itwillbeprocessedintoatranslationthatiseasytounderstandandinlinewithreadinghabits.Whenthesubjectandobjectprepositionsinlongsentencesarelongandhavelogicalrelationships,thetranslationstrategiesofsplittranslation,reducedtranslationandbackwardtranslationcanbeused.Passivesentencesarealsoafeatureofbusinessletters,whichcanbechangedintoactivesentencesbyadjustingtheorderofwordsandaddingcomponentstofacilitatereaders'understanding.II.ResearchQuestionsandItsSignificanceBusinessEnglishlettertranslationiscloselyrelatedtocross-bordere-commerce.Intheprocessofcross-bordere-commerce,businessEnglishlettersareneededfortranslation,fromthereleaseofproductinformation,toonlinetradecommunication,andlatertodisputeresolution.Cross-bordere-commerceiscloselyrelatedtothe"Internet+","OneBelt,OneRoad"andsupply-sidereform.Inrecentyears,China'scross-bordere-commercehasmaintainedrapidgrowth.Accordingtocustomsstatistics,thetotalvalueofcross-bordere-commerceretailimportandexportin2019was186.21billionyuan,anincreaseof38.3%year-on-year.Inaddition,theinternationalcompetitiveadvantagehasimprovedsignificantly,especiallytheeffectofexportbrandbuilding.in2019,exportsofself-brandedproductsamountedtoRMB2.9trillion,up12%,accountingfornearly17%ofthetotalexportvalue,up1.1percentagepointsfrom2018.Cross-bordere-commercehasbecomeahighlycompetitivenewindustry,newmodelandnewengineinthefieldofinternationaltrade.Underthecurrentnewpatternofdualdevelopment,cross-bordere-commerceisempoweringthedevelopmentofforeigntrade.Cross-bordere-commercehascreatedanewblueoceanforimportandexporttrade.Withthedeepeningofinternationalexchanges,China'sdoorswillonlyopenwiderandwider.Hugebusinessexchangeswillbecomecloserandcloser,andhighqualitycommunicationwillincreasetradevolumes.BymasteringtheapplicationofbusinessEnglishlettertranslationincross-bordere-commerce,communicationbetweenbuyersandsellerswillbecomemoreefficientandtheroadtotradewillbesmoother.Therefore,theresearchproblemofthispaperisacommonprobleminthetranslationoflonganddifficultsentencesinbusinessletters.Theauthorswillsummarizethecommonpointsinthetranslationoflonganddifficultsentencesinbusinesslettersthroughliteratureandproposecorrespondingtranslationmeansbyvirtueoffunctionalequivalencetheory.InthetranslationofbusinessEnglishletters,thetranslationoflonganddifficultsentenceshasbeenpaidattentiontobytranslationscholars.Longanddifficultsentencesareknownfortheircomplexsentencepatternsandgrammaticalstructures.Therefore,thispaperstudiesthetranslationoflonganddifficultsentencesinbusinessEnglishlettersinthiscontext.Forbusinessletters,theactualtranslationoflonganddifficultsentencesisoftenaffectedbysomefactors,whichmayleadtotheeffectoftranslation.Therefore,intheprocessoftranslatingbusinessEnglishletters,itisnecessarytocombinespecificskillsaswellastheactualsituationtoparticipateinthetranslationactivities,soastoformagoodtranslationmodeandbetterparticipateinthetranslation.III.LiteratureReview3.1InChinaAccordingtotheexplorationofChineseandEnglishbusinesslettersbyscholarstoday,thefollowingthreeresultscanbedrawn:first,moreinputisgiventoEnglishbusinessletterscomparedtoChinesebusinessletters;second,inthestudyofChinesebusinessletters,mostofthemarebasedonbusinesstranslationastheentrypoint;third,mostofthestudiesonChineseandEnglishbusinesslettersarebasedontheperspectiveofnationallanguages.Withtherapiddevelopmentofthemarketeconomy,businessactivitiesareincreasingdaybyday,andforthisreason,booksfocusingonformalstandardsandtranslationmethodswhilelistingmodeltextsaresoughtafterbymany,butsuchbookshaveagreaterpracticalusevalueandarenotverymeaningfulinprovidingreferencefromanacademicpointofview.However,suchbooks,whichcovernumerousexamplesofbusinessletters,meetthegreatneedforlinguisticexamplesinChinese-Englishbusinessletterstudies,fromwhichmanyofthelinguisticexamplesinthearticlesaredrawn.Ofthelargenumberofpublishedarticles,thevastmajorityareonthetopicofbusinessapplicationsandhavebeenpublishedmainlyineconomicbooksandjournals.First,articlesintroducingthebasicsofChinese-Englishbusinessletters,suchas"BusinessLetterTranslationfromtheApplicationPerspective"byZhaoShiminandLiYanju,whoputforwardtheinternationalprinciplesofbusinesslettertranslationfromtheperspectiveoffunctionalequivalencetheory,inwhichtheprinciplesthatshouldbeconsideredfirstwhenpreparingbusinessletters,namelyattention,interest,willingnessandaction,areimportantprinciplesforpreparingbusinessletters.Secondly,articlesillustratingthespecifications,specificclassificationandstructureofplanningandarrangementofbusinesslettersinChineseandEnglish,suchasZhengXiaomin's"EconomicApplicationsofTranslation",classifybusinesslettersintothreecategoriesaccordingtodifferentcriteria.(1)officiallettersandordinaryofficialletters(convenientletters)accordingtotheirforms;(2)incoming(outgoing)lettersandreplylettersaccordingtotheirrelationships;(3)incoming(outgoing)lettersandreplylettersaccordingtotheircontents.Itisdividedintorelationshipestablishmentletter,businessinvitationletter,salesorderletter,paymentrequestletter,etc.Itsstructureincludesletterhead,title,signal,title,body,letterendandotherparts.Thirdly,thearticlesthattakeaccuracy,clarityandconcisenessasnormsandguidelines,suchas"PolitenessStrategiesinBusinessLetters"writtenbyHuangDongmeiwiththehelpoffunctionalequivalencetheory,mainlydiscussestheuseofpolitenessstrategiesinbusinessletters,andshepointsoutthatthereareninecivilizationstrategiesinbusinessletters,specifically,includingpositivestrategiessuchaspraisingeachother,caringforothers,preventingunfriendliness,andaddressingothersintimatelyandgently.Shepointsoutthatthereareninecivilizedstrategiesinbusinessletters,specifically,includingpositivestrategiessuchaspraisingeachother,showingconcernandconsiderationforothers,preventingunfriendliness,andaddressingothersintimatelyandgently,aswellasnegativeandnegativestrategiessuchasslowingdown,showingrespect,apologizing,perfunctory,andhinting.3.2AtabroadAftercontinuousimprovementofacademicresearchonEnglishbusinessletters,thefollowingfruitfulresultshavebeenachievedintheareaofEnglishbusinessletters.Vocabulary.Ontheonehand,theuseofvocabularyinEnglishbusinesslettersisbasedontheguidelinesofbrevity,comprehensivenessandstandardization,usuallyusinguniformlineheadings,wordabbreviationsandclearvocabulary.Ontheotherhand,appropriateuseofpositiveandpolitewords,gooduseofpersonalpronouns,reasonableuseofvagueandrestrictivewords,flexibleuseofotherpronounsusedinperson,andsoon.Inaddition,thestudyshowsthattheuseofbusinessEnglishlettersisverydifferentfromtheuseofordinaryEnglishinbusinessletters,notonlythatthesamewordswidelyusedinEnglishbusinesslettershavesomewhatdifferentmeaningsfromordinaryEnglish,butalsothatthesamewordsareinterpreteddifferentlyindifferentbusinessletters.Atthesametime,moredetailedandin-depthdiscussionshaveledtoconclusionsthathavedevelopedpatternsofuseinbusinessEnglishletters,suchas:theuseofnumbersbelow"10"withthespellingofwordssuchas"one"and"seven."Numbersabove"10"arewrittendirectlyinArabicnumerals,suchas"52","365",etc.;use"it"insteadof"they"forthecollectiveinmostcases,andasfaraspossible,donotusewordssuchasage,ethnicity,faith,disability,gender,etc.,whichcaneasilyupsetormisunderstandothers;useprepositionsrelatedtotimecorrectly;e.g.,useabbreviations,suchasDRY,AMS,etc.Sentencestructure.ScholarsgenerallyagreethatthesentencestructureofEnglishbusinesslettersiscompactandneat,andthemethodandformofexpressionaredetermined,sothetheoryoffunctionalequivalenceshouldbeobservedinthetranslationprocess.ThemostusedtypeofsentencestructureinEnglishbusinesslettersistheimperativesentence,whichhasthefunctionofexhortation,instruction,request,etc.;therearealsointerrogativesentencesanddeclarativesentences.Fromthepointofviewofsentencestructure,Englishbusinesslettersarecharacterizedbymorelongsentences,strongsenseofformalityandmorecomplexsentencestructure.Intermsofsentencestructure,businesslettersaredominatedbycompoundsentences,acombinationofcompoundandsimplesentences,inadditiontothecommonparallelstructureandtheuniquepositionofverbs.Intermsofdiscoursestructure,Englishbusinesslettershavedistinctivefeatures.Ontheonehand,theyusethesameestablishedstructureasChinesebusinessletters,andontheotherhand,theystrictlyadheretothreemajorguidelines:theuseofthesecondperson,civilityandsynchronicity,allofwhichareinlinewiththetheoryoffunctionalequivalence.Regardingtheclassificationoftypesofbusinessletters,SuzanneD.Sparksinherbook"AGuidetoBusinessTranslation"dividesthetypesoflettersusedinbusinessintothree,informationalletters,persuasivelettersandbusinessletters,andthedifferencesbetweenthesethreetypesoflettersaredescribedindetailbelow.3.3CategoriesofBusinessEnglishlettertranslatinginCross-borderE-commerceCross-bordere-commerceisabridgetocommunicateglobalconsumptionandproduction.Tomakebusinessdevelopsmoothly,itisinseparablefromthefriendlyandsmoothrelationshipbetweenbuyersandsellers.AccurateBusinessEnglishletterexpressioncanoftenplayamultiplierroleincross-bordere-commercebusiness.Cross-bordere-commerceemployeesneedtohavestrongbusinesstranslatingskills.TheaccuracyandspecificityofEnglishtranslatingdirectlyaffectsthecommunicatorsandconsumers'accesstointuitiveproductinformation,andtheappearanceandperformanceoftheproductsbyrelatedemployees.Theintroductionoftheaspect,throughtheuseofEnglishtranslatingasacarrierforcollaboration,throughasimpleprofessionalintroduction,itishelpfulforconsumerstounderstandallaspectsoftheproductinformationandperformance,whichcanalsoreducethetimerequiredforpersonneltounderstandtheproduct.BusinessEnglishlettertranslatingisthemainwaytoconveyinformationbetweenbothparties.Cross-bordertradeisaprocessthatrequiresbuyersandsellerstocompletetogether,soitisnotenoughtoonlyunderstandBusinessEnglishletter.BusinessEnglishletterusersmustalsohavegoodtranslatingskillsandbespecifictoproductfeatures.Discussionsandtransactiondetailsshouldbeusedtoreplytotheotherpartyinconciseandclearlanguage.BusinessEnglishlettertranslatingismainlyusedtointroduceproductperformanceandmainspecificationsincross-bordere-commercetrade,per-transactionnegotiations,anddetailsoforderingandpaymentinthetransactionprocess.Masteringvariousbusinesstranslatingskillscanhelpcompaniesseizemoretradeopportunitiesandpromotetheirdevelopment.BusinessEnglishletterisaprofessionalwrittenrecordoftheprogressofimportandexportbusiness.Itisanapplicationdocumentusedbybusinessmentonegotiatetransactionsandcontactbusinesswhenconductingimportandexporttradewithallpartsoftheworld.Fromtheestablishmentoftraderelationstothesuccessofatransaction.Duringthisperiod,alargenumberofwrittenconsultationswererealizedthroughBusinessEnglishletters,whichwerethelegalbasisfortheregulationoftherightsandobligationsofbuyersandsellersandthesettlementofdisputes.AcompleteEnglishbusinessletterincludessixparts:letterhead,letteraddress,title,maintext,closingremarksandsignature.Thecontentoftheletterheadincludes:thefullname,address,telephonenumber,faxandE-mailaddressofthesendingcompany.Thecontentoftheaddressintheletterincludesthenameandaddressoftherecipient.Thefirstletteroftherecipient’snameshouldbecapitalized,andtheorderoftheaddressshouldbefromsmalltolarge,namely:housenumber,street,town,county,city,andcountry.Theaddressintheletterisplacedinthelowerleftcorneroftheletterhead.Thetopgridiswritten,usuallytwolinesapartfromthetime.Thesalutationisanindispensablepartoftheletter.Itisplacedonthenextlinebelowtheaddressintheletterandwritteninthetopbox.Thebodyoftheletteristhemainbodyoftheletterandisthemostimportantpartofthefulltext.BusinessEnglishletterspayattentiontostraightforwardnessandconciseness.Theyusuallyadoptexpressionsthatareacceptabletotheotherparty.Sometimes,inordertoclarifythemainpoints,asubjectisaddedinthecenterofthebody.Theconcludingremarkiswrittenonablanklineaftertheendofthetext,whichisequivalenttothephrase"thissalute"usedattheendofaChineseletter.Afterthesignature,theAmericanletterisplacedatthebottomleft,andtheBritishletterisplacedatthebottomright.Itusuallyoccupies3-4lines.Thefirstlineisthecompanyname,thesecondlineisthesignatureoftheletterholder,andthethirdlineisthesigner’s.Thejobtitleordepartmentisusuallyprintedexceptforthesignature.BusinesslettersaremainlydividedintoThreecategories,namely:informationletters,persuasiveletters,andbusinessletters.3.3.1InformationlettersInthecross-bordere-commerceplatform,theinformationlettercanberoughlydividedintotwoaspects:oneistointroducethecompany’sproduct-relatedinformationandthecompany’sproductionandoperationstatus,thatis,theEnglishintroductionoftheproductssoldonthee-commerceplatform,suchasthecompany’squalificationsandproduction.Intheproductintroductionletter,customersshouldbeinformedofbasicproductattributessuchasproductname,productcategory,productfunction,productspecification,etc.Professionalproductinformationdescriptions,accurateproductkeywords,andaccurateproductcategorieshelpincreasethesearchrateofcompaniesandtheirproductsonandofftheplatform,attractmorecustomers,andpromotetheincreaseinorderconversionrates.Theletterofintroductionmustbeconcise,accurateandsincere.Asimpleandprofessionalintroductionwillhelpconsumersunderstandtheperformanceoftheproductandreducethetimerequiredtounderstandtheproduct.Oncross-bordere-commerceplatforms,informationlettersaremainlyusedtoletcustomersknowaboutourproductsandtoindicatetocustomersthatwearewillingtoestablishtraderelationshipwithhim.Informationlettersareanimportantlinkformerchantstorealizetransactionsthroughcross-bordere-commerceplatforms.3.3.2PersuasionlettersWiththeriseofcross-bordere-commerceplatforms,ithasbecomemoreconvenientforpeopletobuyhigh-qualityoverseasproducts.However,duetothelonglinkincross-bordercommoditytransactionsandmanyuncertainfactorsinthesourceofcommodities,usertrusthasbecomeoneoftheimportantreasonshinderingitsdevelopment.Persuasionletterscaninfluenceorchangepeople'sattitudesandbehaviorsoncross-bordere-commerceplatforms,andpersuasionletterscanfindawaytosolvethetrustproblemofcross-bordere-commerce.BusinessEnglishlettertranslatingpersuasivelettersareoftenusedincross-bordere-commercetoexplaintocustomershowtouseproducts,productqualityissues,logisticsissues,paymentissues,etc.Thereareseveralprinciplesfortranslatingpersuasivelettersforcross-bordere-commerce.First,speakfromtheotherperson'sperspective.Forexample,usefewerpeoplelikeWeandI,andusemorepassivevoices.Thiswillreducethestressofsomecustomerswhenreadingemails,andmakethemfeelthatwhatIdidforyouisnotwhatIwanttoselltoyou.Forexample,wewillsendyousamplestomorrow.Weusuallyliketosaythatwewillsendyouthesamplestomorrow.Thissentenceiscorrect,thegrammariscorrect,andthemeaningisveryclear,butforeignersdon'tliketosaythat.Theyusuallywritelikethis:Thesamplewillbesenttoyoutomorrow.Second,treatcustomerswithcourtesy,courtesy,andsincerity.TheetiquetteofBusinessEnglishlettertranslatingisnotonlyliteralpoliteness,butalsosincereandgoodwilltocommunicatewithcustomers.Forexample,whenyoureceiveanorderfromtheotherparty,especiallywhenthetwopartiescooperateforthefirsttime,youcanonlyuse"WehavereceivedyourPT365order".PT365orders."Or"WeareveryhappytoreceiveyourPT365order.".Afterthesalesstaffreceivedthecustomer’sfavorablecommentsontheorderonthecross-bordere-commerceplatform,theyimmediatelyrespondedtoathankyouletter,whichwillundoubtedlybetterenhancetherelationshipbetweenthetwoparties.DearThomas,thankyouforyourpositiveEvaluation.Wewillstrivetoprovideyouwithbetterproductsandservicesinthefuture.Blessings,Third,safeguardlegitimaterightsandinterests.Asabrand-newformofinternationaltrade,cross-bordere-commercehasplayedaconsiderableroleinpromotingtradefacilitation.Thiskindofcommercialinnovationisalsochangingthestatusquoofinternationaltrade,notonlypromotingthetransformationoflargeforeigntradecompanies,butalsomanySmallandmedium-sizedenterprisescanparticipateininternationaltradethroughthisnewmodel,butmanysmallandmedium-sizedenterpriseswillalsoencountersometroubleswhendevelopingcross-bordere-commercebusiness,ifthepricehasbottomedout,butthecustomerstillrequestsapricereduction.3.3.3CommerciallettersThebasicbusinesstransactionsincross-bordere-commerceincludebusinesscontacttype,creditreferencetype,inquiry,quotationtype,pricenegotiationtype,orderbusinesstype,paymenttermtype,dunningandrepaymenttype,deliveryandtransportationtype,andTypecomplaintresolution.Typesandformsofimportandexport,aswellasvarioustypesofagreementsanddifferentsituations.Whendraftingabusinessletter,youmustbeclearaboutthetypeofletter,andyoumustnotmessupthebusinessrelationship,otherwiseitwillcausebusinessfailureandloss.(1)Thepurposeoftheletterisclear.ABusinessEnglishlettershouldbeconciseandclear,indicatingthepurposeofyourtranslating.Abusinessletterallowsthereaderaclearideaofthewriter'sintentions.Sometimes,youcanaddaheadingbeforethemainparttosummarizethemaincontentataglance.(2)Themainstructureisclear.Themainpartistheheartofthewholetext.Thereisagreatdealofcontentandtextinthissection.Whentranslatinganessay,besuretodiscussitinanorganizedmanneraroundthecenter.Explainthestoryorrelatedmattersclearly,andthelanguageshouldbemeasured,appropriate,andclear,withoutanyambiguity.(3)Beginningandendoftheletter.Thebeginningoftheletteristheintroductorypart,andingeneral,itmustbrieflystatethereasonormaincontentoftheletterfromtheotherparty,andthewordingshouldbeconcise.Theclosingpartisshortandcanbeusedmoreidiomatically,sometimeswithoutaseparateparagraph.(4)Controlthenumberofwords,sentences,andparagraphs.Generallyspeaking,theaveragelengthofasentenceshouldbe10-20wordsandnomorethan30words.Generallyspeaking,aparagraphshouldnotexceed10