托福独立写作开头段的写法课件

Score

5Anessayatthislevellargelyaccomplishesallofthefollowing:Effectivelyaddressthetopicandtask.Is

well

organized

and

well

developed,

using

clearly

appropriateDisplaysunity,progression,andcoherence.Displays

consistent

facility

in

the

use

of

language,

demonstratingsyntactic

variety,

appropriate

word

choice,

and

idiomatically,

though

itmayhaveminorlexicalorgrammaticalerrors.I.

Paraphrasetheargument

改述原题(背景)II.

Counterargument

反方观点III.

MainIdea

发表自己的观点a.WhatthetopicisDisplays

consistent

facility

in

the

use

of

language,demonstratingsyntacticvariety,appropriatewordchoice.1.

topic一般就在题目中；2.

为体现句法的多样性和用词的准确性，不能照抄原题；3.

需要对原题进行恰当而准确地改述，即paraphrase.4.

Whatisparaphrase？A

paraphrase

of

something

written

or

spoken

is

the

same

thingexpressed

in

a

different

way.

——

《柯林斯英汉双解大辞典》Do

you

agree

or

disagree

with

the

followingstatement?Always

telling

the

truth

is

the

most

importantconsideration

in

any

relationship.Use

specific

reasons

and

examples

to

support

youranswer.a)

词与词的替换；（synonym）b)

词类替换；（word--phrase）c)

词性替换

（noun--verb,adjective--noun）a)

词与词的替换（synonym）A

person's

childhood

years

(the

time

from

birth

to

twelve

years

of

age)

arethe

most

important

years

of

a

person's

life.9.

Some

people

prefer

to

live

in

a

small

town.

Others

prefer

to

liveSome

people

prefer

to

reside

in

a

small

town.

Others

would

rather

livein

a

metroplis.b)

word--phraseUniversities

should

give

the

same

amount

of

money

to

their

students'sports

activities

as

they

give

to

their

university

libraries.Unversities

are

supposed

to

render

the

equivalent

money

to

theirstudents'

sports

activities

as

they

do

to

the

university

libraries.Attending

a

live

performance

(for

example,

a

play,

concert,

or

sportingevent)

is

more

enjoyable

than

watching

the

same

event

on

television.bemoreenjoyable--have/bring/producemorejoy/delight/pleasureParaphase:Attendance

in

a

live

performance

brings

more

pleasure

thanwatching

the

same

one

on

televison.9.

Some

people

prefer

to

live

in

a

small

town.

Others

prefer

to

live

in

a

bigNowadays,

people

seldom

agree

with

each

other

even

in

such

trivial

issues

aspreferance

between

living

in

a

big

city

and

a

small

town.A

person's

childhood

years

(the

time

from

birth

to

twelve

years

of

age)

arethe

most

important

years

of

a

person's

life.When

looking

back

upon

his

lifetime,

one

may

regard

his

childhood

as

the

mostsignificant

period

in

his

lifetime.1.在形式与内容对应的改述中，一般格式较为固定：Nowadays,

people

often

consider/regard/hold

that...Nowadays,

people

tend

to/

would

like

to...In

modern

society,

there

is

a

tendency/phenomenon/controversy

that...2.

在只有意义对应的改述中，格式较为自由、开放，可以展示更多的语法可能性与表达的多样性。Nowadays,

people

often

consider

that

only

the

ones

who

earn

a

large

amountof

money

are

successful.Nowadays,

people

would

like

to

hold

the

view

that

only

those

who

earn

muchmaterial

wealth

can

be

viewed

as

the

successful

ones.175.

Some

students

like

classes

where

teachers

lecture

(do

all

of

the

talking)

inclass.

Other

students

prefer

classes

where

the

students

do

some

of

the

talking.Which

type

of

class

do

you

prefer?

Give

specific

reasons

and

details

to

supportyourchoice.As

far

as

I

am

concerned/

In

my

point

of

view/

As

for

me/

Formypart/Intermsofme/Personallyspeaking,......Itseemstomethat............

In

my

opinion,

there

really

is

something

wrong,

nevertheless,

to

think

wecouldbefinallysuccessfulbyonlydoingthingsthatwedoenjoydoing.......

As

far

as

I

am

concerned,

it

is

no

doubt

that

in

some

cases,

people

shoulddowhattheyinfactdonotenjoyingdoinginordertobesuccessful.......

For

mypart,Itendtoagree

that

under

somecircumstances

people

ought

todowhattheyarenotgladtodo.175.

Some

students

like

classes

where

teachers

lecture

(do

all

of

the

talking)

inclass.

Other

students

prefer

classes

where

the

students

do

some

of

the

talking.Which

type

of

class

do

you

prefer?

Give

specific

reasons

and

details

to

supportyourchoice.对接下来中间段要展开的两至三个分论点用一个原因状语从句或名词短语简要地提及I.

名词短语：……,

because

of/

due

to/

on

account

of/

in

view

of/

inregardto/intermsof/considering/given/forII.

原因状语从句：……,

given

that/

considering

(the

fact

that)/

for/since/

seeing

that/

now

that/

as/

in

view

of

thefactthat/inthat/forthereasonthat……As

far

as

I

am

concerned,

I

would

say

that….,

becauseof

…For

my

part

,

I

tend

to

agree/

disagree

that

…,

for

thereasonthat…理由1：电视画面和声音结合，吸引人，注意力集中，学习效率高。理由2：电视节目丰富多彩，信息量大，更新速度快。Nowadays,

people

often

consider

that

television

has

become

abetter

way

to

study

than

a

book.

As

far

as

I

am

concerned,

Itend

to

agree

with

the

argument

because

of

the

benefits

onits

vivid

combination

of

images

and

sound,

as

well

as

its

goodrenewalofinformationtheybringtoourstudy.理由1：学生上课能够和同学互相学习，学习他们的思维方式，团队精神有所提高理由2：学生上课是责任和纪律要求，如果学生想上课就上课，那么学校将无法管理Nowadays,

people

often

argue

that

whether

universities

shouldrequire

their

students

to

attend

their

classes.

In

my

point

ofview,

I

would

say

that

attending

classes

is

quite

indispensablefor

the

students,

for

the

reason

that

it

would

enhance

theirability

of

teamwork

and

facilitate

the

better

officialadministrationonthem.大学里的作弊现象已经变得越来越严重，原因是，目前教育体系的目标不是提高学生的素质，而是提高他们的考试能力。高分句架：_____is

becoming

a

serious

problem.

Thisisbecause_____.现在，除了学习以外，还应鼓励学生们在其他很多方面高分句架：

Today,

in

addition

to_____,

a

student

isToday,

in

addition

to

being

good

at

studies,

astudent

is

also

encouraged

to

cultivate

interests

inmany

other

things,

such

as

sports,

painting,

andmusic.我认为，现代文明的发展要求我们的教育不但要重视学高分句架：

In

my

opinion,

_____requires

that

_____should

emphasize

not

only

on

_____but

on

_____

aswell.其他高频句架教育与校园生活4.人们可以在业余时间进行自学，在工作中提高各项能力。如果可能，还应当参加一些成人教育的课程。在这方面，有很多依靠自学取得成功的例子。高分句架：

If

possible,

one

may

_____.

There

areOne

may

teach

himself

in

his

spare

time

anddevelop

various

abilities

on

his

working

position.

Ifpossible,

onemayattend

corresponding

courses

foradulthighereducation.Therearemany

examplesofpeoplewhoachievesuccessbyself-study.其他高频句架教育与校园生活5.我决不认为读研究生只是浪费时间和金钱，因为这才是高分句架：I

never

think

_____is

a

waste

of

time

andmoney

because,

above

all,

it

is

somethingworthwhilethatItrulywantinmylife.I

never

think

postgraduate

education

is

a

waste

oftime

and

money

because,

above

all,

it

is

somethingworthwhile(

值得的

;

值得花时间、钱或精力的

)

that

Itrulywantinmylife.其他高频句架教育与校园生活6.最近一项调查表明，十年前没有大学生做兼职，而现在有25%的大学生做兼职工作，并且这个数字在暑假期间会上升到75%。According

to

a

recent

survey,

about

25

percent

ofcollege

students

now

take

part-time

jobs,compared

to

nearly

none

ten

years

ago

and

thisfigure

increases

to

75

percent

during

summervacation.其他高频句架教育与校园生活7.进一步来说，沉重的学习负担是现存应试教育体系的副高分句架：

Furthermore,

_____is

the

by-product

of其他高频句架教育与校园生活8.这些大学合并的目的是提高自身的教学和科研实力，使They

merge

to

improve

their

composite

capabilityfor

teaching

and

research

and

thus

make

theexpanded

university

more

competitive

to

meet

thechallengeofthenewcentury.其他高频句架教育与校园生活9.与之不同的是，素质教育模式重视学生的创新能力和全高分句架：Incontrast,_____stresseson_____.新的学费制度给贫穷的学生及其家人造成了很大的负担，高分句架：

_____really

places

a

crushing

burden

onSo

the

new

tuition

policy

really

places

a

crushingburden

on

the

poor

students

and

their

families

andmay

keep

the

promising

students

away

fromcampus.（acrushingdefeat,blow

惨重的失败、打击）自信，雄心，加上决心和毅力等因素是造成最终的成功高分句架：

_____

contribute

to

eventual

success

or取得成功，说得容易，做起来难。但是只要坚持不懈就一定会有所回报。成功人士的最重要特征之一就是自信，第二是渴望，还有一个是决心。高分句架：One

of

the

most

important

traits

of

_____While

achieving

success

is

easier

said

than

done,persistence

does

in

fact

pay

off.

One

of

the

mostimportant

traits

of

a

successful

person

is

self-confidence,

another

is

desire,

and

still

another

isdetermination.从成功的角度来说，良好的职业道德与教育同等重要。高分句架：

From

the

standpoint

of

_____,

_____,

inFrom

the

standpoint

of

success_____,

a

good

workethic

is

no

less

important

than

education.

Successdoes

(

用于句中无其他助动词时，以加强动词的肯定语气),

in

fact,

depend

on

the

total

integration

of

bothaspects.一些人认为机会非常稀少，只有最幸运的人才能获得它。其他人则认为，各种各样的机会不时地来到每个人的身边。我个人比较同意第二种说法。高分句架：Some

people

believe

that

_____,

while

otherpeople

argue

that_____.

Personally,

I

agree

with

thelattertosomeextent.Some

people

believe

that

opportunities

are

rare,

andonly

the

luckiest

person

can

get

them,

while

otherpeople

argue

that

that

everyone

is

given

opportunityof

one

kind

or

another

from

time

to

time,

personally,

Iagreewiththelattertosomeextent.毫无疑问，金钱和其他财物是有用的，有时甚至很重要。但是，在实现生命价值的过程中，取得成绩和做出贡献要比获得金钱更加重要。高分句架：Itgoeswithoutsayingthat_____.It

goes

without

saying

that

money

and

othermaterial

things

are

useful

and

sometimes

evenimportant,

but

achievements

and

contributionssurely

carry

much

more

weight

in

the

fulfillment

ofone’svalueinlife.另一方面，一个人没有信心就很难达到他所追求的目标，尤其当他面临困难的时候。所以，自信对于一个人的成功来说是必不可少的。On

the

other

hand,

without

confidence,

there

islittlepossibility

ofhisachieving

thegoalinanythinghe

pursues,

especially

when

he

is

faced

withdrawbacks

or

hardships.

Therefore,

self-confidenceis

indispensable

to

one’s

success.(there

is

littlepossibilityofsb’sdoingsth)一些人觉得金钱和权力是他们生命中最重要的东西。另外有些人则认为，生命中所不可缺少的是为社会做出贡献，在事业上取得成功。高分句架：Somepeoplemaythinkthat_____.

OthersSome

people

may

think

that

money

and

power

isthe

most

important

goal

in

one’s

life.

Others

mayregard

contribution

to

society

and

success

in

theircareerassomethingessentialfortheirlife.现在不结婚而单独立户生活的人数不断上升，人们要找出其中的原因并不容易，因为这种复杂的社会现象涉及到很多因素。高分句架：

It

is

no

simple

task

to

_____,for

it

is

acomplicatedphenomenoninvolvingseveralfactors.It

is

no

simple

task

to

identify

the

reasons

for

therise

in

the

number

of

people

living

alone

andestablishing

their

own

households,

for

it

is

acomplicatedphenomenoninvolvingseveralfactors.关于这个问题，其他人持有不同的意见。他们坚信：男高分句架：

Other

people,

however,

think

quitedifferently

on

this

issue.

They

firmly

believe

that_____.Other

people,

however,

think

quite

differently

onthis

issue.

They

firmly

believe

that

both

men

andwomenarebornequal.难怪绝大多数人把爱情看成主要是被人家爱的问题，而高分句架：

No

wonder

most

people

see

theproblem

of

_____as

that

of

_____,rather

than

that

of_____.No

wonder

most

people

see

the

problem

of

loveprimarily

as

that

of

being

loved,

rather

than

that

ofloving,ofone’scapacitytolove.世界人口迅速增长已经带来了一系列问题：食品匮乏、高分句架：

The

rapid

increase

of

_____has

beencreating

a

series

of

problems

ranging

from

_____to_____.人口增加意味着交通更拥挤。而且，由于需要更多的空间来解决住房问题，所以几乎不可能扩展街道，使得情况变得更遭。More

people

means

heavier

traffic.

Moreover,because

more

space

has

to

be

used

to

meet

theneeds

of

the

housing

problems,

it

is

almostimpossible

to

widen

the

streets,

which

makes

thesituation

even

worse.(

it

is

almost

impossible

to

dosth=thereislittlepossibilitytodosth)对人口问题意识的提高需要更多的大众教育。像人口数高分句架：More

public

education

is

needed

to

_____.Factslike_____shouldbeintheheadofeverycitizen.More

public

education

is

needed

to

develop

moreawareness

about

population

issues.

Facts

like

thesize

or

the

growth

rate

of

the

human

populationshouldbeintheheadofeverycitizen.其他高频句架计算机与互联网1.互联网能够快速普及是因为它具有巨大的功用。人们只需要按一下键盘，就可心非常方便快速地获取丰富的信息。高分句架：Thepopularityof_____resultsfrom_____.The

popularity

of

the

Internet

results

from

its

greatutility.

With

the

Internet,

it

is

convenient

and

fastfor

people

to

great

a

variety

of

information

andwhattheyneedtoisjusttopresskeybuttons.其他高频句架计算机与互联网2.电子邮件是互联网最普及的功用之一，它可以快速，安全，准确地传递信件。另外，医生可以利用网络来交流信息，共同对病人进行诊断和治疗。再者，商人们可以通过电子商务赚取巨大的利润。As

one

of

the

most

popular

use,

E-mail

cantransmit

your

letter

quickly,

safely,

and

accurately.Besides,

doctors

diagnose

and

treat

their

patientsby

discussing

or

exchanging

experience

via

Internet.Finally,businessmenmaymakegreatprofitwiththehelpofE-commerce.其他高频句架计算机与互联网3.互联网对人们的生活方式产生了深远的影响，它变革了高分句架：

_____

exerts

such

a

profound

effect

on_____that_____.其他高频句架计算机与互联网4.事实上，我们可以通过互联网做任何事情。例如，我们能够人事电子商务，发布产品广告，订购飞机票，买卖股票，甚至在网上找工作。最近，现代大都市中又流行起了网上购物。高分句架：

As

a

matter

of

fact,

_____.To

illustrate,现在人们都在热烈地讨论经济是否应该快速发展。持反对意见的人认为经济发展应该放慢速度，因为这种发展已经达到某种极限。高分句架：

There

is

much

discussion

today

about有些人认为造成出口下降的原因是横扫亚洲许多国家的高分句架：Somelaytheblamefor_____on_____.中国实行开放政策以来，越来越多的外商来华投资，建高分句架：Thanksto_____,moreandmore_____.Thanks

to

the

opening-up

policy,

more

and

moreforeign

businessmen

have

come

to

invest

in

China,building

new

factories,

mines

and

other

businessenterprises,orenlargingandimprovingoldones.最近的盖洛普民意测验表明，就产品质量来说在上海出高分句架：Arecent(Gallup)pollshowsthat_____.A

recent

Gallup

poll

shows

that

big

business

camein

last,

in

terms

of

the

quality

of

the

products,among

all

the

enterprises

which

sell

householdappliancesinShanghai.柯立芝总统说过，美国的头等大事就是做生意。这句话_____(somebodystatement.“_____,”still

points

to

an

important

truthtoday.根据国家统计局上周公布的数字，很多公司增加了投资，像福特，索尼这样的外国厂商在华投入了更多的资金。高分句架：

_____

increased

(decreased)

_____,Companies

increased

investment

and

foreignmanufacturers

like

Ford

and

Sony

poured

moremoneyintoChina,

according

tofigures

released

lastweekbytheNationalBureauofStatistics(NBS).要想变得年轻，你得锻炼自己的大脑，跟上时代的步伐高分句架：Inorderto_____,youmust_____.In

order

to

feel

young,

you

must

exercise

yourmind,

keep

up

with

the

world

and

maintain

anactivelifestyle.现在，很多人被彩票的魔力所吸引，去购买各种各样的高分句架：

Nowadays,

caught

by

the

magic

charmNowadays,

caught

by

the

magic

charm

of

thelottery,

many

luck

triers

are

fond

of

buying

all

kindsof

lottery

tickets,

such

as

computer

lottery

tickets,welfaretickets,andsportstickets.允许孩子们保持本性，父母和孩子们就能和睦幸福地相高分句架：Allow