新编语用学教程课后答案

.Introduction[checkyourunderstanding]感谢阅读1.fSyntaxsemanticseachhavetheirstrengths.谢谢阅读2.fPragmaticsisinterestedinlanguageuseaffectsthelanguagesystem.谢谢阅读3.t4.f5.tIn-ClassActivities1.ASK<1>Yes,he’s<2>Yes.[No,heisn’tcoming]谢谢阅读<3>knowledgeaboutwhetherPatlikescognitivelinguisticsornot.精品文档放心下载<1>a.isobviouslynotHitler.ThereisoneHitlerintheworld.精品文档放心下载b.Golfasinanimateobjectcan’tplayahumanbeing<John>.精品文档放心下载c.Itisacaseoftautologythatconveysnonewinformation.精品文档放心下载d.〞doesn’thavecolorcan’tsleepitisinanimate.wholesentencedoesn’tsense.谢谢阅读<2>a.itcanbeusedforcommunicationinacontextwhereJohnsharessome

personalitywithHitler.精品文档放心下载b.whenJohnisaplayerofgolf.精品文档放心下载c.inacontextwhereacertainhasdonesomethingwrong<outofnaughtiness>.精品文档放心下载<3>thesentenceisusedinpoetrytopersonalizetheword"idea".感谢阅读3.<1>a.Inentranceapark.谢谢阅读b.Intherestroomofsomepublicplaceslikeanairport.精品文档放心下载1/.a.Peopleareforbiddentobringdogsthepark.感谢阅读b.Thisplaceisfortochangeinfantdiapers.精品文档放心下载4.<1>Herethespeakerwantstohiscomplaintthatthecouplearetalkingtoo

<andtheimplicitrequestforthemtotalking>.谢谢阅读<2>Bysayingso,theyoungwantstotheirrefusalto"my〞request.感谢阅读Thebackgroundknowledgeweneedisthatsinceitisusuallyimpolitetolistento

otherpeople’privateconversation,isnormal"I〞n’thearaword<thuscouplecancontinuetheirtalk>.精品文档放心下载5.<1>Thisnoticeimpliesthatthosewhojumptheredlightareuncivilized,

whateverthereason.感谢阅读<2>讲卫生的人不会随便吐痰.6.<1>Thisisanadvertisementforaholidayinnanditsfoodissodeliciousthatitcan

thecustomer’swifejealous."Frenchtoast〞probablymeansatypespecialtyprovidedthisholidayinn.感谢阅读<2>C:吃饭了没？E:areyou?How’severythinggoing?7.Hehedoesn’tspeakFrench.感谢阅读<2>Russianmajorsdon’tspeakFrench.精品文档放心下载<3>Yes.Ittoindicateanegativeanswer.谢谢阅读8.<1>a.Heuses"that〞undertheassumptionthatmomknowswhichletterisbeingreferredto.感谢阅读b.Heusesanimperativesentencetoaskhermothertoclosethewindow,whichisimpolite.谢谢阅读<2>Mom,PingPingiscomingtovisitusthisafternnoon.谢谢阅读Mother:WhoisPingPing?2/.<3>Wang:It’snotfault,is谢谢阅读Yes.-----------------Nativespeaker:yougood.谢谢阅读good,goodat谢谢阅读ExercisesTask3.wegetsomeonetodosomething,wetendtominimizetheefforttobeinvolved,butwhenwecomplainwetendtoexaggeratethecomplaint.Peopletopolitemitigating<缓解,减轻,>theimposition,whichisface-threatening.精品文档放心下载谢谢阅读2.Thefirstimperativeisageneralgrammaticalform,thethoughstillan

imperative,canbeusedtosoundmorepolitebecauseoftheadditionof"willyou"感谢阅读谢谢阅读<intheoffice>Boss:tomyofficelater.谢谢阅读Clerk:Yes,sir.--------<duringtheafternoontea>感谢阅读Boss:isyourdad,Tom?谢谢阅读Clerk:He’sfine.Thanks,Pat.4.Hewantstosuggestthathedidnotbreakthewindowbecauseheengagedwith<?>somethingelseinotherplaces.精品文档放心下载精品文档放心下载5.InthenovelTheCatcherintheld,amiddleschoolalwaysbreaksthepragmaticconventionsandinthatshowshisrebellion.谢谢阅读感谢阅读6.WhileweteachEnglishtoChinesestudents,weonlyimpartlinguistic

information<phonetics,phonology,morphology,andsyntaxofEnglish>butpragmaticinformation<appropriateuseEnglishindynamiccontext>.instance,

weusethequestion反了？tagquestions>tosoundmoretentativeand

bepolite.谢谢阅读精品文档放心下载13/.[Checkyourunderstanding]感谢阅读1.fThatistheviewheldbyJohnAustinintheearlystage.感谢阅读2.fImplicitperformativeutterancesdohaveaperformativeverb.谢谢阅读3.f4.fThecompletionofperlocutionaryrequiresaddressee’scooperation.5.t感谢阅读In-ClassActivities1.<1>Ifyou’veever"Ipromise〞or"Iapologize〞,youhaveperformedthose

actionsthesimpleactofsayingthem.But"Iknow〞"Ibelieve〞are

declarative.Sayingthemdoesbringaboutimmediatechangeinthebeliefknowledgeofthespeaker.谢谢阅读<2>a.Iwishyouagreatsuccess.IadmitI’mwrong.感谢阅读b.Imisunderstandyourpoint.精品文档放心下载Iseeyoumean.<3>Yes.Forexample,whenwesay我在这里向你道歉〞,weperformingtheactofapologizing.<?>谢谢阅读2.<1>"Afullapology〞hereawhollyperformativeutteranceofapology"WeapologizetotheChinesegovernmentandtheChinesepeople〞.Indeed,"sorry〞

isaperformativeverb.谢谢阅读<2>Tosomeextent,〞canimplicitlyperformtheactofapology.3.感谢阅读<1>Thekidnapperintendstoperformtheactsofthreateningrequiring.<2>Hewantstomakewordssoundanadvice

insteadathreatening.精品文档放心下载<1>a.locutionaryact:theactofsaying"Todayisnotafreeadmission〞.精品文档放心下载illocutionaryact:itimplicitlyrequirespeopletotheadmissionfee.

perlocutionaryact:peopletheadmissionfee<ifatall>.

b.locutionaryact:theactofsaying"Thankyouforgenerousdonation

yoursupport〞.精品文档放心下载illocutionaryact:itimplicitlyurgespeopletodonate.

perlocutionaryact:peopledonatemoney<ifatall>.

"Admissionfeerequiredtoday"精品文档放心下载b’"Weexpectgenerousdonationandsupport"

Thefirstischosentoimposing.Thesecondischosentoattractpeople’s

donation.精品文档放心下载<1>itisaverdictive.Itisanadvertisementfroms<a>hotelwhosenamehappensto"Jurys〞.谢谢阅读<2>Theproprietorplaysagameofwordstoattract

customers.ExercisesTask3精品文档放心下载4/.a.constative?locution:smokinginthisarea〞.Illocution:Forbidding

fromsmokinghere.Perlocution:Peopledosmokeb.constative.Locution:"Ticketpassengersonly〞.Illocution:Askingpassengersto

ticketsiftheyto<enterthemuseum>.Perlocution:Passengersbuyticketsto

enterthemuseum.谢谢阅读谢谢阅读c.constative.Locution:"Tokenvendingmachine〞.Illocution:Informingthepublic

ofthefactthattheybuytokensthroughthismachine.Perlocution:Peoplebuy

tokensthroughthismachine<ifatall>.谢谢阅读Yes.Itsolvesproblemthatconstativescanindeedberegardedasimplicitwaysdoingthings.Thus,utterancesare"performative〞inessence.

Yes,Iagree.SupposeAsaidtoB"it’sstuffyhere〞.TheactualeffectmaybethatA

isunderstoodtobecomplaining,theintendedeffectisthatsomeoneshouldopen

thewindoworthedooranditmaybringBtoperformtheactinsteadoflettingjustlistentoA’scomplaint.谢谢阅读3.<1>a,<2>a,and<3>aareperformativeutterancesandstandthetest"hereby〞.

However,in<1>b,<1>c<2>b,<2>c,"know〞,"think〞,〞and"flatter〞

areperformativeverbs.In<3>b,thethirdpersonsubjectisused.In<3>c,simple

tenseisused.谢谢阅读4.Bothverdictivesexertivesinvolveademonstrationpowers,rights,influence.However,verdictiveshavetheillocutionaryforceofissuingaformalofficialjudgmentgivingaverdict,whileexertivesinvolvemakingdecisionsin

favoroforagainstacertaincourseofaction,oradvocacyit.感谢阅读5.Theseutterancesarenottrueorfalse,thatis,truth-evaluable.Theutteringthemonformaloccasionsisorispartofthedoingofacertainkindofaction,the

performanceofwhich,again,wouldnormallybedescribedjust"saying〞"describing"something<cf.Austin1962,5>.精品文档放心下载e.g."Thismeetingisadjourned.〞"Thecourtisnowinsession.〞感谢阅读"Thischurchisherebyde-sanctified.〞批准,认可,使合法化Unit2精品文档放心下载[Checkyourunderstanding]谢谢阅读1.fItiscriticizedaslackingcriteriaforclassification.2.fTheisheldresponsible.精品文档放心下载3.f4.t5.fIn-ClassActivities<1>theyareessentiallydirectives.

<2>你能帮我还书吗,.〞"We’ll

beverygratefulforyourpresence.〞精品文档放心下载5/.<3>expectotherpeople’scomplianceinsteadofrefusals.One

feelsindebted感激的,,蒙恩的fnotcomplythe

request.谢谢阅读<1>Commissives<2>Yes.Thepromiseisachievedwithaconditionwhichturnthe精品文档放心下载promise<acommissive>intoarequirement<adirective>.精品文档放心下载<1>Utteranceaisathreat.Utterancebinvolvessomethingthatthespeaker

cannotxcontrol.Utterancecdescribessomethingintheratherthansomething

thatthespeakerdointhefuture.Utterancedinvolvesanthatthehearerrather

thanthespeakerdointhefuture.Utteranceeathirdpersonthesubject.

Utterancefisastatementaboutsomethingthathappenedinthepast.

<2>positionalcontentcondition<whatisisaboutsomething

thatthe精品文档放心下载speakerdonewrongly>;b.sinceritycondition<thespeakeris

seriousorsinceremakingtheapology;c.preparatoryconditions<e.g.thepersonwhois

apologizingshouldhavemademistakes>d.essentialcondition<bothsides

understandthatthespeakersaysisanapology>.这件事你不应这样处理的.

好嘛,算我错了行了吧.[wherethespeakerissincere]4.感谢阅读感谢阅读<1>Thecustomerwhenhesaysthereisaflyinmy<whichistoa

complaint>.感谢阅读<2>sayingthatcannormallyattractthewaiter’sattentionthewaiterknowswhattodoinacontextthis.感谢阅读Yes.Sometimes,weindirectlytoourorothers’face.

<3>Yes,Iagreewiththecustomer’swords,notseriously<ifheisjoking>.精品文档放心下载<1>Theroleoftheunderlinedpartisexplainingthereasonoftherefusal

sothatacceptJack’srefusalreadily.

necessarily.Awhitealsothesame

trick.感谢阅读<2>a.Callingonpeopletosavewater.b.Denyingpeopletherighttopark谢谢阅读The"irrelevant〞informationistoenhancethechancesofsuccessfullyperformingthedirectiveacts.谢谢阅读ExercisesTask3.a.Austinwasaleadingexponentof'analytical'or'OrdinaryLanguage'philosophy.

workintheprovidedatheoreticaloutlineandtheterminologyforthe

modernstudyofspeechactsdevelopedsubsequently.Hetheinitiatorofthe

speechtheory.Hedrewthedistinctionbetweenconstativeutterancesperformativeutterances,althoughhelatterdiscardedthedistinction.Heintroduced

thetrichotomyoflocutionaryact,illocutionaryactperlocutionaryact.精品文档放心下载6/.Searleiswidelynotedforhiscontributionstothephilosophylanguage,philosophymindsocialphilosophy.Searleintroducedthenotionof'indirectspeechact'.Hereclassified

illocutionaryacts.Hedevelopedthetheoryintoageneraltheory

abouthumancommunication.感谢阅读b.Speechsequence;responsiveacts.2.精品文档放心下载Threateningseemstobeadirectiveasa

commissiveact.Open.精品文档放心下载3.LearnhowtodospeechactsinDoingthesamespeechinL1andL2

maybethesame.感谢阅读4.Dependsonwhetherthesincerityconditionisviolated

ornot.5.精品文档放心下载a.declarationb.representativec.representatived.directiveexpressivef.感谢阅读missivei.declaration精品文档放心下载"Excuse〞isusuallyusedtointerruptotherpeople,soitspreparatoryconditionthatthereareotherstalkingaboutordoingsomething,whenspeaker’sinterruption

isexpected."sorry〞isinadifferentsituation,anditspreparatory

conditionisthatthehasmadeamistake.感谢阅读Effectiveness:a>b>c>d[otherbeing

Politeness:a<b<c<d[otherthings

beingequal]精品文档放心下载a.Itcountertothepreparatoryconditionthatthedoormustbeclosedatthe

moment.精品文档放心下载b.Itagainstthesinceritycondition.[Itisfelicitousasanactofthanking]

c.Itagainstthepreparatoryconditionthatthespeakerisgoingtomust

betothehearer’sdisadvantage[yetrefusingtodissertisnot].

3谢谢阅读谢谢阅读[Checkyourunderstanding]精品文档放心下载1.f2.f3.f4.f5.fIn-ClassActivities1<1>a.[directaboutfather’sprofession]精品文档放心下载b.Hisfathercanhelp.c.Hiscannothelp.感谢阅读<2>A:Yourmustbeverygreat.

B:Heisa感谢阅读----------A:yourfatherearnalotofmoney精品文档放心下载7/.B:Heisalawyer.<1>Bothofimplicitratherthanstatedbytheactualmeaningthewords.<2>Animplicaturecanbepartofsentencemeaningordependentonconversationalcontext,canconventionalorunconventional.connotationisconventionalattachedtowords.精品文档放心下载<3>"Fox〞connotecunningness.Whenwesay"heisafox〞inresponseto"whatdoyouthinkofJack?〞,weindicatethatJackiscunninglikeafox.感谢阅读<1>Yes,itthatJackhasonlybrother.<2>Entailmentsaretruewheneverthestatementutteredistrue,differentimplicaturesmayderivedwhenthesentenceisusedindifferentcontexts.感谢阅读Yes.Forinstance,Jackabrother;indeed,hetwo.<3>A:Jackbespoiledhisparents.精品文档放心下载B:Jackabrother.4.<1>cancelabilityordefeasibility.精品文档放心下载<2>Yes."not…yet〞theconventionalimplicaturethatsomethingispossibleafterthegiventime.精品文档放心下载<1>Jackrefillhiscarinthegarage.谢谢阅读<2>Yes,thegaragemaybeclosedthemoment.<3>a.Theseafoodsfresh./Dotheseafoods.精品文档放心下载b.Youcanwinhere./Playhere.6.感谢阅读<1>meaningisthehearer'sunderstandingofthespeaker'sutterance.<2>A:Tomisquitecleverinthataspect.精品文档放心下载B:Iagree.thecleverestI’veeverseen.A:Idon'tmeanisreallycleverinthataspect.<3>a.Hearer'sspeaker'sbackgroundknowledgemaybedifferent.b.Theirexpectations,beliefs,thelikemaydifferent.ExercisesTask3感谢阅读a.Thereisconventionusageinnaturallanguage.b.TodayIdeclareyouhusbandandwife.Heisatsixsandsevens.谢谢阅读2.A:AreB:Yes.A:Arehappy?B:Yes.Quite,quite.感谢阅读Thereotherpossibilities.E.g.Speakerslessthantheysay.

A:Arehappy.精品文档放心下载8/.B:Yes.Iamthehappiestpersonintheworld.谢谢阅读3.Sayingnecessarilytothesamethingas"meaning".Bysayingone

thingaspeakermightanotherthingentirely.Thereisasenseof"saying"whichcan'tsayanythingwithoutmeaningsomething.感谢阅读A:isacharminglady.Ionlywhenshesmiles.

Bysayingthefirstsentence,Amayimplyheisattractedthelady,bythesecondsentencehedeniestheimplicature.5.精品文档放心下载Yes.a.Jack:Let'sgodrinkingtonight.精品文档放心下载Jane:Mygrandmaisill.<But,mymotherisb.Jack:HowdidPhilipandPikeintheOlympics?

Jane:Philipamedal.谢谢阅读Obviously,ahasaparticularizedimplicaturebhasageneralizedimplicature.Itcomparativelytoaddasentencetoatocanceltheimplicature,inbitdifficult.Anyhow,weotherwaystoachievethesameimplicaturesinaWhat'smore,particularizedimplicaturesaremoreunconventionalandtheyindeterminacy.感谢阅读a.conventional<there'snoneedforcontextinformation>cannotusethedoorbefore6p.m.]<"before〞>感谢阅读b.Conventional[Nofreerefillsfornon-samevisit]<"only〞>7.感谢阅读Onemaysayno,though.Conversationalimplicatureiscontextdependent.Tosome

extent,itisarbitrary,becausedifferentpeopledifferentimplicaturesevenin

thesamecontextdifferentcontextsmaygeneratedifferentimplicatureswell.精品文档放心下载A.peopletalkingaboutboys'qualities.感谢阅读B.Whenpeoplearetalkingaboutboys'abilitytodomathematics.感谢阅读Conversationalimplicaturesaresensitivetocontextanddependentonthe

observanceofCooperativePrinciplewhilefloutingaparticularmaxim.Peoplemayarrive

differentconversationalimplicatureforthesameutterance.Theconclusions

arrivedbysyllogismarecontextfreepeoplethesameconclusionbemeans

ofreasoningUnit4精品文档放心下载[Checkyourunderstanding]精品文档放心下载1.f2.f3.f4.f5.fIn-ClassActivities9/.<1>Bothmetaphorsandironygoagainstthemaximofqualitythatrequiresthe

speakertobetruthful.Ametaphorinvolvessayingthatthingisanotheran

ironyconsistsintheexpressionone'smeaningusinglanguagethatnormally

signifiestheopposite.感谢阅读<2>Understatement<"It’sbad〞>isaofspeechinwhichalesser

expressionisusedthanwhatwouldbeexpected;hyperbole<"Haven’tyoufor

〞>isaspeechinwhichstatementsareexaggerated.Theirusetothemaximofquantityasasthatofquality.精品文档放心下载<1>Yes,theofmannerisexploited.Mr.implicatesthathelettellhimwhotakenthehouse.Also,themaximofquantityisviolatedwhen

Bennetrespondstoherhusband’squestionhemarriedorsingle?〞<2>Bysaying"Iobjectiontohearingit",Mr.meansthatwifehas

thetosupplytheinformationinfrontofhim,whichinturnmeansheagrees

tolistentoalthoughheisenthusiasticaboutit.谢谢阅读<3>TheauthorthatMrs.isveryenthusiastictotellotherpeople

thingsevenatasmallhintofagreement.感谢阅读<1>Onemaybeonlysuperficiallyrelevantintermsoftheliteralmeaning;can

beinteractionallyrelevantintermsoftheillocutionarygoal.

<2>Yes,itrunintosimilartrouble.Itisdifficulttodefinebrief","obscurity

ofexpression","beorderly".Brevityorderlinessmattersdegree.精品文档放心下载<1>a.b.quantityc.relationd.manner精品文档放心下载<2>QualityE.g.:Isosure,but...C:事情可能是这样的.

Quantitygoingtoalongstory.说来话长.精品文档放心下载RelationBytheway,…顺便说一句,……感谢阅读MannerToputitdifferently,...不妨换个说法,……精品文档放心下载<1>TheMaximofQualityismoralinnature,theotherthreenot.

<2>hewasconcernedwithwhatpeoplesaidimplicitlyhowthey

shouldtalk.感谢阅读<1>A.Implicature:VisitorsaresupposedtotoB.QualityImplicature:Peoplemusthard,iftheywanttoalotmoney.精品文档放心下载<2>Yes,advertisingdiscourseviolatesthemaximsmoreoften

becausetheyintendtoattractpeople'sattentionthroughit.Theadgoesagainstthe

maximofquantitymanner[underinformative;perspicuous].

Exercises谢谢阅读Task31.Wheninterlocutorsareinconflictinsome感谢阅读2.Yes,sometimesifyouareoverinformative,youmaybeirrelevant.感谢阅读/.Yes,IItismoralinnature.感谢阅读3.Politeness.Ifwetreatpolitenessasaformofcooperativeness.<1>RelationImplicature:Idon'ttotoyou./Ihaven’tfinishedhomework.感谢阅读谢谢阅读<2>QuantityImplicature:Ibrothers.感谢阅读<3>RelationImplicature:Idon'ttoplay<4>RelationImplicature:Idon'ttooysters.<1>Thejustadmitshelasthedoesn'tanswerwhere

hehad谢谢阅读精品文档放心下载<2>Thespeakergivesaninageneralalthoughtheotherwants

tospecificjob.谢谢阅读<3>TheChinesephraseguang"istoogeneral.感谢阅读Yes,theresomepatternstheseresponsese.g.ofthemprovideonly

generalinformation,lessinformativethanwhattheinterlocutorexpects.6.Newspapers,literaryworksso谢谢阅读感谢阅读7.Yes,Iso.Forexample,Chinesetendtoconsidertheprovisionextra

informationasgenerousbehaviorratherthaninvariablyadeliberateacttoconvey

implicature.精品文档放心下载8.Yes,especiallysomesocialfactors.Forexamplewhenwesay他没受过教育thefactorwetakeforgrantedisthatthepeoplewhohaven'teducationtomisconduct.谢谢阅读necessarily.E.g.WANG:《冷山》真的很有意思.

XU:冷山不是一座山吗？

5感谢阅读[Checkyourunderstanding]谢谢阅读1.f2.t3.f4.t5.fIn-ClassActivities<1>doesn'tlikeallofthem.<2>E.g.Thewateriswarm.Implicature:Thewaterisnot<3>Yes.感谢阅读E.g.甚至小孩子都能做出这道题.Thissentenceimpliesthatadultscantacklethequestion.2.谢谢阅读<1><2>Yes,theEnglishtranslationimpliesthatpassengersmaystillmakesomenoises.谢谢阅读/20.<1>Thea-utteranceandtheb-utterancecasesofpragmatic/metalinguistic

negationwhereasthec-sentenceandthed-sentencecasesofnormalpropositional

negation.Yes,becausethefirsttwocasesinvolveaHornscale.

<2>Yes.Whatisnegatedinthetwocasesisthestrongdegreetheacts

conventionallyimpliedtheverbs.谢谢阅读<1>Thereferstoandthehouseandrefertothoseofelse's.精品文档放心下载<2>Ifthereisadditionalinformationforthesesentences,theycanbe

interpreteddifferently.E.g.Johnwentintoahouse.Itturnedtobehis

newlyhouse.精品文档放心下载<1>Ittakestheexclusivemeaningwhenitconjoinstwoeventsorthingsthatcannot

concurthesametime.Ittheinclusivemeaningwhenitconjoinstwothingsthatconcuratthesametime.谢谢阅读<2>Basicmeaning:theinclusivereading<i.e.atleastistrue>

Deprivedimplicaturetheexclusivemeaning<whencontextsuggeststhatone

isallowed>谢谢阅读<1>Boththefirstthesecond"sale"meandiscountedUsually,theendsaleissellinggoodsatalowertheuseofmeanssellingsomethingataprice.<2>"luck","opportunity"

Exercises感谢阅读Task3A.IknowJohnwillwinchampionship.B.peopletodayarevegetarians.精品文档放心下载C.Jacknotafever.精品文档放心下载D.Guangzhounotahot/coldwinter.E.MysondoesgetstraightA'sthetime.谢谢阅读A.ThatJacklift200alreadyimplicatesthathecanliftatmostpounds,"infact"theopposite,sothesecondclauseisnotnecessaryand

fault.感谢阅读B.Thesecondclausehereintends,throughtheuseof"in〞,tocanceltheimplicatureofthefirst感谢阅读C.Similarly,thatJackcanfinishthejobinthreedaysalreadyimplicatesthathecan

finishitinatmostthreedays,fact"indicatestheopposite,sothesecondclause

necessaryfault.感谢阅读D.Thesecondclausehereintends,throughtheuseof"infact〞,tocanceltheimplicatureofthefirst感谢阅读3.Similarity:bothofandLevinsonbasetheirQ-principleonthefirstsubmaxim

ofQuantityMaxim.感谢阅读/.Deference:Horn'sR-principleisbasedonthesecondsubmaximofQuantity

Maxim,relationmaximpartofMaxim,whileLevinson'I-principlebasedthesecondmaximofQuantityMaximM-principlebasedonManner

Maxim.感谢阅读4.AccordingtotheQ-principlewhichstipulatesthatthespeakergivensufficient

informationandtheR-principlewhichsuggeststhattheinformationsuppliedmust

satisfytheuppermostlimitofexpectation,in"it'sthetaste","thetaste"meansmore

than"ataste",agoodtaste感谢阅读Yes,e.g.It'sthetastewhichImost.谢谢阅读Otherexamples:istheone."/Makethechange.〔新李宁〕5.身材长相"meansgoodfigureandgoodappearance."有钱"meansnothavingmoneybeingrich.有个性"meanssheisspecialoruniqueinher

personality.精品文档放心下载精品文档放心下载ExamplesinEnglish:She'sgotlegs.感谢阅读Heisamanwitha6.Open.Unit6谢谢阅读[Checkyourunderstanding]感谢阅读1.f2.f3.f4.f5.tIn-ClassActivities<1>a."yours","<right>谢谢阅读b."here","your"<2>Tobringtheaddresseescloserandmakethemidentifywithaddressers.Impresstheaddresseesifthingsarehappeningatthemoment.感谢阅读<1>No<2>Whethertheyconcerntheencodingofspatiallocationrelativetothelocationofthespeakerinthespeechevent.谢谢阅读<1>Yes.We"here"toreplacetheplace'sname.

<2>Sometimesthespeakermayornameinsteadof

using"I〞tohighlightorheridentityorindividuality.谢谢阅读精品文档放心下载<1>Onlythedateofmanufacturingandthatofsellingarethesame.

<2>最后三天"isdefinite,becauseonemayfromwhichthethreedays感谢阅读<3>Itisknownwhattimethespeakerleft.

<4>Yes.Whatisthepresentprice?Thepricechangetime.Theword

"当前〞isdeictic.谢谢阅读谢谢阅读/.<1>Yes.Itisusedforemphasis<2>Yes."Booksonsalehere!"<1>感谢阅读A."ourselves"B."today"谢谢阅读C."I","now"D."I","lastplace"E."YOU","here"谢谢阅读F."I"G."today"<2>Theremayadifferenceinthecodingtimethereceivingtime;theremaybethespeakerperspectiveandthehearerperspective.谢谢阅读<1>"I’mcoming〞takestheaddresseeasthedeicticcenter.<2>Yes.ExercisesTask3精品文档放心下载1.A."there".B."you"2.Intheusestheprogressiveaspectinsteadofthenormalsimplepresent

tense.Theuseoftheprogressingaspectshowsthespeaker'spassionand

strongloveongoing.谢谢阅读3.b,d,faregesturallydeicticexpressionsandtherestcontainsymbolicallydeictic

expressions.感谢阅读Discoursedeicticreferstolinguisticexpressionorapiecediscourse,

e.g.ThisThisisastorywhereasanaphoricreferstothesameitemasa

priorlinguisticexpression,e.g.isanincredibleathlete;hecameinfirst

intherace.谢谢阅读5.Whenthespeakerwantstobeeconomicandboththespeakerandthehearer

sharethebackgroundknowledge,e.g.heisthecimenal,deicticexpressions

preempttheircorrespondingnon-deicticexpressions.Whenthespeakerwantsto

createsomespecialeffects,wemayusenon-deicticexpressions,e.g.MrDarcy

callsMrsDarcyMrsDarcyPrideandPrejudicetoexpressjoyandlove.6.Theuseof"your〞"us〞isinteractiveanyonebumpsintotheMini-project谢谢阅读精品文档放心下载2.敝〔第二回贾夫人仙逝城冷子兴演说荣国府〕谢谢阅读Thesocialdeixisaboveshowsthehierarchyinthefeudalsociety.精品文档放心下载7/.[Checkunderstanding]1.f2.t3.f4.ff精品文档放心下载In-ClassActivities<1>Mary'sisnotclean.<2>Yes.谢谢阅读<1>b.CollegestudentscanspeakEnglish.<throughtheuse"therefore〞><2>b.CollegestudentscanspeakEnglish.

<3>Here,wepresupposethatcollegestudentsgenerallycanspeakEnglish.

Withthispresupposition,thespeakertalksinthat"therefore"

confirmstheinference,thenwegettheconventionalimplicature.感谢阅读精品文档放心下载<1>IthinkGeorgeYule’sclassificationisnotonthesamecriterion.Thefouraremorecontentoriented,thelasttwoareformsensitive.谢谢阅读<2>Open.4.<1>a.Peterisagoodbasketballplayer

b.Marythewellweek.

"than""asas"triggersthe

presupposition.<2>Yes.谢谢阅读感谢阅读精品文档放心下载<3>arrestedbeforehearrivedin

Beijing.5.感谢阅读<1>.Thepresuppositioninthefirstisthatthespeakerwife.Theaddresseecannotanswer"yes"or"no".

<2>Yes.谢谢阅读<3>Byaskingwhichthehorseisblind,Washingtonpresupposesthat

theeyesofthehorseisblind,sothethieftochooseone.

However,thefactisthat谢谢阅读neithertheeyesthehorseisblind.谢谢阅读<1>a.Theaddresseelikedliterature

b.Theaddresseefeltnickeland谢谢阅读dimed.c.Theaddresseeisnotsmoking感谢阅读Yes,itisusedstrategically.谢谢阅读<2>Thissentenceitselfpresupposesthatpatientshavechosen<medicine>,

whichbethecase.精品文档放心下载<1>a.变心〞presupposestheexistenceof"心〞.

b.isforJanetoleavetheaddressee.[andacoupleofothers]

<2>a.Thetoneisironic.精品文档放心下载/.b.ThemessagethatlovesRochesterisexplicitlyconveyed

tohim.ExercisesTask3谢谢阅读a.Entailmentreferstothesemanticrelationbetweentwopropositions,ofwhichlogicallyfollowsfromtheother,semanticprepositionreferstothesemantic

relationbetweentwopropositions,ofwhichoneisthepremiseorpre-conditionofthe

other.谢谢阅读b.Whilesemanticpresupposition,basedonthelinguisticform,isrelatedtotruth

valueconditionsofaproposition,pragmaticpresupposition,possiblebythe

speaker,isrelatedtofelicityconditionsofanutterance.谢谢阅读c.Conventionalimplicature,oftenconveyedbysomespeciallinguisticform"therefore〞"but〞,restsonpragmaticpresupposition.2.Everythingthespeakerassumestoinexistencetruepriortomakingan

utterance.谢谢阅读感谢阅读A.Iit.Counterfactualconditional

B.Iabike.Wh-questions感谢阅读C.Linguisticsinventedbysomeone.Marked

stressD.Thedidn'tfallasleep.Implicativeverbs

E.sisterflewtoBeijing.Cleftsentences

F.Johnisrich.Factiveverbs/clausesG.

havebeenbefore.Interatives精品文档放心下载4.Wecancelthecontainedpresuppositionbysimplyadding"hedidn'ttry.",

orsleptthroughit."so精品文档放心下载5.Bysaying明晚我们在什么地方见面？",hepresupposesthattheyagreedtomeeteachother.Thegirlfeelspuzzledbecauseshecometothe

agreementwiththeyoungman.精品文档放心下载6.A.SomeATM/VisaCheckCardsarefree.谢谢阅读B.Acardisgenerallyinvalidwhenitistheexpirationdate.7.Bysaying"哪里偷人家东西有没有被人家抓过",thepolicemanpresupposesthat

thesuspecthasstolensomethingbefore.Whetherthesuspectanswersordefinitelyadmithestolensomething谢谢阅读谢谢阅读A.Presupposition:womentakecareotherpeople.

B.sleepwell.谢谢阅读C.Othersoapscleanthingswellbutmaketheircolorfade.

D.Goodconditionersaregenerallymadeabroad.9.Theutterance我正好相反"meansGoethemakesforthewhichinturnpresupposesthatthecriticisanidiot.

8谢谢阅读精品文档放心下载[Checkunderstanding]1.f感谢阅读2.fcanviolatetherulesturn-takingfromtimeto感谢阅读/.3.f4.f5.f"Preferred〞correspondtostructurally

"unmarked〞.In-ClassActivities感谢阅读1.<1>No.<2>Weknowwhenandtoholdthefloor,cla