直流发电机变压器英文

A1.1原文DCGENENRATORS1.INTRODUCTIONForallpracticalpurposes,thedirect-currentgeneratorisonlyusedforspecialapplicationsandlocaldcpowergeneration.Thislimitationisduetothecommutatorrequiredtorectifytheinternalgeneratedacvoltage,therebymakinglargescaledcpowergeneratorsnotfeasible.Consequently,allelectricalenergyproducedcommerciallyisgeneratedanddistributedintheformofthree-phaseacpower.Theuseofsolidstateconvertersnowadaysmakesconversiontodceconomical.However,theoperatingcharacteristicsofdcgeneratorsarestillimportant,becausemostconceptscanbeappliedtoallothermachines.2.FIELDWINDINGCONNECTIONSThegeneralarrangementofbrushesandfieldwindingforafour-polemachineisasshowninFig.1.Thefourbrushesrideonthecommutator.ThepositivebrusherareconnectedtoterminalA1whilethenegativebrushesareconnectedtoterminalA2ofthemachine.Asindicatedinthesketch,thebrushesarepositionedapproximatelymidwayunderthepoles.TheymakecontactwithcoilsthathavelittleornoEMFinducedinthem,sincetheirsidesaresituatedbetweenpoles.Figure1Sketchoffour-poledcmatchineThefourexcitationorfieldpolesareusuallyjoinedinseriesandtheirendsbroughtouttoterminalsmarkedF1andF2.Theyareconnectedsuchthattheyproducenorthandsouthpolesalternately.Thetypeofdcgeneratorischaracterizedbythemannerinwhichthefieldexcitationisprovided.Ingeneral,themethodemployedtoconnectthefieldandarmaturewindingsfallsintothefollowinggroups(seeFig.2):Figure2Fieldconnectionsfordcgenerators:(a)separatelyexcitedgenerator;(b)self-excited,shuntgenerator;(c)seriesgenerator;(d)compoundgenerator;short-shuntconnection;(e)compoundgenerator,long-shuntconnection.Theshuntfieldcontainsmanyturnsofrelativelyfinewireandcarriesacomparativelysmallcurrent,onlyafewpercentofratedcurrent.Theseriesfieldwinding,ontheotherhand,hasfewturnsofheavywiresinceitisinserieswiththearmatureandthereforecarriestheloadcurrent.Beforediscussingthedcgeneratorterminalcharacteristics,letusexaminetherelationshipbetweenthegeneratedvoltageandexcitationcurrentofageneratoronnoload.ThegeneratedEMFisproportionaltoboththefluxperpoleandthespeedatwhichthegeneratorisdriven,EG=kn.ByholdingthespeedconstantitcanbeshowntheEGdependsdirectlyontheflux.Totestthisdependencyonactualgeneratorsisnotverypractical,asitinvolvesamagneticfluxmeasurement.Thefluxisproducedbytheampere-turnsofthefieldcoils:inturn,thefluxmustdependontheamountoffieldcurrentflowingsincethenumberofturnsonthefieldwindingisconstant.Thisrelationshipisnotlinearbecauseofmagneticsaturationafterthefieldcurrentreachesacertainvalue.ThevariationofEGversusthefieldcurrentIfmaybeshownbyacurveknownasthemagnetizationcurveoropen-circuitcharacteristic.Forthisagivengeneratorisdrivenataconstantspeed,isnotdeliveringloadcurrent,andhasitsfieldwindingseparatelyexcited.ThevalueofEGappearingatthemachineterminalsismeasuredasIfisprogressivelyincreasedfromzerotoavaluewellaboveratedvoltageofthatmachine.TheresultingcurveisshownisFig.3.WhenIj=0,thatis,withthefieldcircuitopencircuited,asmallvoltageEtismeasured,duetoresidualmagnetism.Asthefieldcurrentincreases,thegeneratedEMFincreaseslinearlyuptothekneeofthemagnetizationcurve.Beyondthispoint,increasingthefieldcurrentstillfurthercausessaturationofthemagneticstructuretosetin.Figure3Magnetizationcurveoropen-circuitcharacteristicofaseparatelyexciteddcmachineThemeansthatalargerincreaseinfieldcurrentisrequiredtoproduceagivenincreaseinvoltage.SincethegeneratedvoltageEGisalsodirectlyproportionaltothespeed,amagnetizationcurvecanbedrawnforanyotherspeedoncethecurveisdetermined.Thismerelyrequiresanadjustmentofallpointsonthecurveaccordingtowherethequantitiesvaluesatthevariousspeeds.3.VOLTAGEREGULATION感Let莲usne誓xtcon疾sider庄adding搏aloa朱dong祸enerat枪or.Th助eterm器inalv闹oltage待will淡thend颤ecreas滨e(bec柄auset思hearm挺ature佣windin电ghar安esista六nce)u案nless滩somep油rovisi弯onis圣madet犁okeep宗itco窜nstant傅.Acu庭rveth英atsho门wsthe财value播ofte害rminal技volta近gefor蒜vario五usloa遍dcurr口entsi顽scall动edthe暂load欣orcha舅racter垒istic些ofthe段gener酸ator.苏Fig.4宰shows僵theex黎ternal归chara监cteris裕ticof幼asep善aratel妥yexci体tedge介nerato买r.The麻decre禽asein毙thet撕ermina涝lvolt题ageis福duem扮ainly爸tothe楼armat揪ureci属rcuit熄resist浪anceR半A.In饿genera换l,指where巨Vtis垒thete稍rminal控volta忧geand节IAis问thea扣rmatur矮ecurr声ent(o尺rload姿curre腔ntIL)画suppl脂iedby盆theg拦enerat映orto惯thelo皂ad.占Ano吩therf由actor筛thatc葛ontrib屯utest修othe搬decrea距sein望termin眯alvol倒tagei筋sthe马decrea当sein炎fluxd摆ueto继armatu虑rerea拌ction.谷Thea地rmatur知ecurr赶entes炉tablis鹿hedan耐MMFt惨hatdi看storts荷them什ainfl技ux,re汽sultin罪gina宿weake洲nedfl退ux,es破pecial例lyin呢nonint程erpole酷machi严nes.T劈his排effect宜isca旨lleda请rmatur搭erea归c加tion.绩AsFi猪g.4sh先ows,t简heter普minal惑voltag狼evers炉usloa帆dcurr饰entcu鸡rvedo裁esnot歉drop距offli肺nearly日since辫thei推ronbe璃haves哈nonlin遵ear.B挂ecause拦armat蚂urere年action暴depen肉dson妈thear智mature签curre勤ntit丑gives佣thecu将rveit梁sdroo虑pingc拖haract碰eristi奏c.防4之.翅SHUNT洗ORSEL您F-EXCI度ITEDG碌ENRATO小RS田As希huntg广enerat约orhas啊itss匠huntf逐ieldw贼inding依conne番ctedi过npara筋llelw拖ithth靠earma旦tures柱othat低them仓achine纠provi钞desit础sown嘱excita驼tion,针asind高icated盟inFi际g.5.T胆heque谅stion末arises麻wheth备erthe吓machi旋newil梅lgene款ratea峡volta递geand汇what恩determ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