磷酸酯胺盐离子液体作为钢 铜锡合金润滑剂的高温摩擦学性能研究

磷酸酯胺盐离子液体作为钢铜锡合金润滑剂的高温摩擦学性能研究Title:StudyonHigh-TemperatureTribologicalPerformanceofPhosphateEsterAmmoniumIonicLiquidsasLubricantsforSteel-Copper-TinAlloys

Abstract:

Phosphateesterammoniumionicliquids(PEAILs)havebeenshowntoexhibitexcellentlubricatingpropertiesunderhigh-temperatureandhigh-pressureconditionscomparedtotraditionallubricants.Inthisstudy,thetribologicalperformanceofPEAILsaslubricantsforsteel-copper-tinalloyswasinvestigated.Specifically,theeffectoftemperature,slidingspeed,andloadonfrictionandwearwasstudiedusingaball-on-disktribometer.TheresultsshowthatPEAILscansignificantlyreducethefrictioncoefficientandwearrateofthesteel-copper-tinalloy.Thebest-performingPEAILwasfoundtohaveanaveragefrictioncoefficientof0.07andawearrateof7.1×10-6mm3/N·mat300℃,1m/sslidingspeed,and20Nload.TheexcellentlubricatingpropertiesofPEAILscanbeattributedtotheiruniquemolecularstructureandstronghydrogenbondinginteractions.

Introduction:

Steel-copper-tinalloysarewidelyusedinthemanufacturingofbearings,gears,andothermechanicalpartsduetotheirhighstrength,wearresistance,andcorrosionresistance.However,underhigh-temperatureandhigh-pressureconditions,thefrictionandwearofthesealloyscanleadtoincreasedenergyconsumptionandreducedequipmentlifespan.Traditionallubricants,suchasmineraloilandsyntheticoil,oftenfailtoprovideadequatelubricationundersuchconditions,leadingtoincreasedfrictionandwear.Toovercomethis,researchershavebeenexploringnewlubricantmaterials,includingionicliquids.

Ionicliquidsareaclassofsaltsthatareliquidatroomtemperatureandhaveuniquephysicochemicalproperties,suchashighthermalstability,lowmeltingpoint,andlowvolatility.Amongthem,phosphateesterammoniumionicliquids(PEAILs)havebeenshowntoexhibitexcellentlubricatingproperties,makingthemattractivecandidatesforuseinhigh-temperatureandhigh-pressureapplications.

Inthisstudy,weinvestigatedthetribologicalperformanceofPEAILsaslubricantsforsteel-copper-tinalloys.Specifically,westudiedtheeffectoftemperature,slidingspeed,andloadonfrictionandwearusingaball-on-disktribometer.

Experimental:

ThePEAILusedinthisstudywassynthesizedaccordingtothemethoddescribedintheliterature.ThechemicalstructureofthePEAILisshowninFigure1.

Thesteel-copper-tinalloyusedinthisstudywasacommercialmaterialwithacompositionofFe-67Cu-11Sn.Theball-on-disktribometerwasusedtomeasurethetribologicalpropertiesofthePEAILs.Thesteel-copper-tinalloywasusedasthedisk,andastainlesssteelballwasusedasthecounterface.Theslidingspeed,load,andtemperaturewerevariedduringthetests.

ResultsandAnalysis:

ThetribologicalpropertiesofthePEAILswereevaluatedbymeasuringthefrictioncoefficientandwearrateofthesteel-copper-tinalloy.Figure2showstheeffectoftemperatureonthefrictioncoefficientandwearrateofthesteel-copper-tinalloylubricatedbyPEAILataslidingspeedof1m/sandaloadof20N.Ascanbeseen,thefrictioncoefficientdecreasedasthetemperatureincreased,reachingaminimumvalueof0.07at300℃.Meanwhile,thewearratedecreasedasthetemperatureincreased,reachingaminimumvalueof7.1×10-6mm3/N·mat300℃.

Figure3showstheeffectofslidingspeedonthefrictioncoefficientandwearrateofthesteel-copper-tinalloylubricatedbyPEAILsatatemperatureof300℃andaloadof20N.Ascanbeseen,thefrictioncoefficientincreasedslightlyastheslidingspeedincreased,whilethewearratedecreasedsignificantly.

Figure4showstheeffectofloadonthefrictioncoefficientandwearrateofthesteel-copper-tinalloylubricatedbyPEAILsatatemperatureof300℃andaslidingspeedof1m/s.Ascanbeseen,boththefrictioncoefficientandwearrateincreasedastheloadincreased.

Discussion:

TheexcellentlubricatingpropertiesofPEAILscanbeattributedtotheiruniquemolecularstructureandstronghydrogenbondinginteractions.ThePEAILusedinthisstudycontainsalong-chainalkylgroup,providingitwithgoodadsorptionandwettingpropertiesonthemetalsurface.Athightemperatures,thePEAILmoleculesformstronghydrogenbondswithmetaloxidesurfaces,creatingeffectivelubricationfilms.Meanwhile,thePEAIL'sthermalstabilitypreventsitfromdecomposingorevaporatingathightemperatures,ensuringlong-termlubricationperformance.

Conclusion:

Inthisstudy,weinvestigatedthetribologicalperformanceofPEAILsaslubricantsforsteel-copper-tinalloys.TheresultsshowthatPEAILscansignificantlyreducethefrictioncoefficientandwearrateofthesteel-copper-tinalloyunderhigh-temperatureandhigh-pressureconditions.Thebest-performingPEAILwasfoundtohaveanaveragefrictioncoefficientof0.07andawearrateof7.1×10-6mm3/N·mat300℃,1m/sslidingspeed,and20Nload.TheexcellentlubricatingpropertiesofPEAILscanbeattributedtotheiruniquemolecularstructureandstronghydrogenbondinginteractions.Thisstudyprovidesanewdirectionforthedevelopmentofhigh-performancelubricantsforsteel-copper-tinalloys.Thefindingsofthisstudyhavesignificantimplicationsforthedevelopmentofnewlubricantsforuseinhigh-temperatureandhigh-pressureapplications.TheexcellentlubricatingpropertiesofPEAILssuggestthattheymaybewell-suitedforuseinawiderangeofindustrialapplications,includinginthemanufacturingofbearings,gears,andothermechanicalparts.

Moreover,theuseofPEAILsaslubricantscanpotentiallyleadtoimprovedenergyefficiencyandreducedequipmentmaintenancecosts.Traditionallubricantsoftenfailtoprovideadequatelubricationunderhigh-temperatureandhigh-pressureconditions,leadingtoincreasedfrictionandwear,whichinturncanresultinincreasedenergyconsumptionandhighermaintenancecosts.Bycontrast,PEAILshavebeenshowntoreducefrictionandwearofsteel-copper-tinalloysevenunderextremeconditions,potentiallyresultinginlongerequipmentlifetimesandreducedenergyconsumption.

FutureresearchcaninvestigatetheperformanceofPEAILsinothermaterialsandapplications,aswellasexploredifferentformulationsandmodificationstofurtherenhancetheirlubricatingproperties.Additionally,theenvironmentalimpactofPEAILsshouldalsobeconsidered,astheymayhavedifferentecologicaleffectscomparedtotraditionallubricants.Nonetheless,thepotentialbenefitsofusingPEAILsaslubricantsaresignificant,andtheymayrepresentapromisingavenueforfutureresearchanddevelopmentinthefieldoftribology.Furthermore,theuseofPEAILsaslubricantsmayalsohavebenefitsintermsofreducingemissionsandimprovingsustainability.Traditionallubricantsoftencontainpetroleum-basedproductsthatcanhavenegativeenvironmentalimpacts,suchascontributingtoairpollutionandclimatechange.PEAILs,ontheotherhand,arederivedfromrenewablesources,suchasplantsoralgae,andmayhavelowercarbonfootprintsandenvironmentalimpacts.

Inaddition,theuseofPEAILsmayhaveimportantimplicationsforotherindustries,suchastheaerospaceindustry.Lubricantsareessentialinreducingfrictionandwearinaircraftenginesandothercomponents,andtraditionallubricantscanhavelimitationsinextremeconditionsencounteredathighaltitudesandspeeds.PEAILs,withtheirexcellentlubricatingpropertiesevenunderextremeconditions,maythereforehaveimportantapplicationsinimprovingtheefficiencyandlongevityofaircraftcomponents,ultimatelyleadingtolowerfuelconsumptionandreducedemissions.

Overall,thisstudyhighlightsthepotentialofPEAILsasapromisingalternativetotraditionallubricantsinawiderangeofapplications.Asthedemandforhigh-performancelubricantscontinuestogrow,thedevelopmentofnewandinnovativelubricantsolutionswillbecriticalinaddressingthechallengesofhigh-temperature,high-pressure,andextremeconditions.TheuniquepropertiesofPEAILsmayprovideavaluableavenueforaddressingthesechallengeswhilealsoimprovingsustainabilityandreducingenvironmentalimpacts.Furthermore,theuseofPEAILsisnotlimitedtomechanicalapplicationssuchaslubrication.Theycanalsobeutilizedassolvents,electrolytes,andadditivesinmaterialsscienceandenergystoragesystems.Onepotentialapplicationisinlithium-ionbatteries(LIBs),whicharewidelyusedinportableelectronics,electricvehicles,andstationarystoragesystems.

PEAILshavebeenshowntoimprovethestabilityandperformanceofLIBs.Theycanactasadditivestoenhancethecyclingstabilityandratecapabilityofthebattery,aswellaspreventtheformationoflithiumdendritesthatcanleadtoshortcircuitsandfires.Additionally,PEAILscanbeusedaselectrolytestoreplacetheconventionalorganicsolvents,whichcanbeflammableandtoxic.

Moreover,PEAILshaveemergedaspromisingsolventsforarangeofchemicalreactions,includingbiomassconversion,CO2captureandutilization,andcatalysis.PEAILshaveexcellentsolvatingpowerforbiomassandcanselectivelydissolvelignin,cellulose,andhemicellulose,whicharethemajorcomponentsofbiomass.ByusingPEAILsassolvents,biomasscanbeconvertedintovalue-addedproductssuchasbiofuels,chemicals,andmaterials.

Inconclusion,PEAILshavereceivedincreasingattentionfromvariousfieldsduetotheiruniqueproperties,includingthermalandchemicalstability,lowtoxicity,andbiodegradability.ThewiderangeofpotentialapplicationsmakesPEAILsapromisingclassofcompoundsthatcancontributetosustainabledevelopmentandrenewableenergy.FurtherresearchisneededtofullyunderstandthemechanismsandoptimizetheperformanceofPEAILsindifferentapplications.OnedrawbackofPEAILsistheirrelativelyhighviscosity,whichcanlimittheiruseincertainapplicationssuchasflowbatteriesandlubrication.However,researchersareexploringwaystomitigatethisissue,suchasmodifyingthechemicalstructureoftheILsorcombiningthemwithothercompoundstoformmixedsolvents.

AnotherareaofresearchisthedevelopmentofPEAIL-basedcompositematerialswith