新编跨文化英语交际

新编跨文化英语交际第1页/共57页UnitOne:CommunicationAcrossCulturesUnitOneIntroduction第2页/共57页32023/4/13Goals:introductionTounderstandthedefinitionofglobalizationanditsorigin,modernconceptaswellascontributingelements.Tounderstandthetrendofculturemergeandtherealityofculturediversity.Tounderstandthedisadvantagesofculturediversityandstrategiesforovercomingthem.第3页/共57页42023/4/13WarmUp(P118.)1.[Inaphysicsclass]Professor:Whatismatter?Student:Nevermind.Professor:Thenwhatismind?Student:Itdoesn’tmatter.第4页/共57页52023/4/13WarmUp2.A:Iamsorry.Foreigner:Iamsorry,too.A:Iamsorrythree.Foreigner:Whatareyousorryfor(four)?A:Iamsorryfive.第5页/共57页62023/4/13WarmupOnceaChinesescholarstudyingintheUnitedStateswasaskedastowhathedidtheweekendbefore.Heansweredwithouthesitation“Iplayed.”WhatdoyouthinkAmericanswouldfeelwhentheyheardamiddleagedscholarusingawordusuallyforchildrenonlytodescribehimself?第6页/共57页72023/4/13WarmupManyyearsago,aChinesemanshowedaphotoofhiswifetosomeAmericanvisitors.Outofcourtesy,theyallsaid,“Sheisverybeautiful.”AlsoOutofcourtesy,themanrepliedwithwhathewouldhavedoneinChineseunderthecircumstance,“Where!Where!”Quitetakenaback,nobodysaidanythingforamoment,untilthemostingeniousoneamongthevisitors,takinganotherlookatthephoto,said,“Oh,everywhere!”第7页/共57页82023/4/13Question:WhatdidtheChineseintendtomeanbyreplyingwith“Where!Where!”?HowdidtheAmericansunderstandthereply?WhatwouldaWesternersaytorespondtoasimilarcompliment?第8页/共57页92023/4/13Question：1.Whyisitdifficulttoexplaintoablindpersonwhatcolorsare?2.Doyousometimesfindithardtomakeyourselfproperlyunderstoodbyothers?Ifyoudo,whydoyouthinkitishard?第9页/共57页102023/4/13

Itisverydifficultforpeopletounderstandoneanotheriftheydonotsharethesameexperiences.Itisthesedifferentexperiencesthatmakeupwhatiscalled"culture"inthesocialsciences--thehabitsofeverydaylife,thecuestowhichpeoplerespond,theautomaticreactionstheyhavetowhatevertheyseeandhear.Theseoftendiffer,andthedifferencesmaycausemisunderstandingswhereweseekunderstanding.第10页/共57页112023/4/13InterculturalCommunication:AnIntroduction1.Isitstilloftenthecasethat"everyone'squicktoblamethealien"inthecontemporaryworld?

Thisisstillpowerfulelementintoday'ssocialandpoliticalrhetoric.Forinstance,itisnotuncommonintoday'ssocietytohearpeoplesaythatmost,ifnotall,ofthesocialandeconomicproblemsarecausedbyminoritiesandimmigrants.第11页/共57页122023/4/13AnIntroduction2.What'sthedifferencebetweentoday'sinterculturalcontactandthatofanytimeinthepast?

Today'sinterculturalencountersarefarmorenumerousandofgreaterimportancethaninanytimeinhistory.第12页/共57页132023/4/13AnIntroduction3.Whathavemadeinterculturalcontactaverycommonphenomenoninourlifetoday?

Newtechnology,intheformoftransportationandcommunicationsystems,hasacceleratedinterculturalcontact;innovativecommunicationsystemshaveencouragedandfacilitatedculturalinteraction;globalizationoftheeconomyhasbroughtpeopletogether;changesinimmigrationpatternshavealsocontributedtointerculturalencounter.第13页/共57页142023/4/13AnIntroduction4.Howdoyouunderstandthesentence"cultureiseverythingandeverywhere"?

Culturesuppliesuswiththeanswerstoquestionsaboutwhattheworldlookslikeandhowweliveandcommunicatewithinthatworld.Cultureteachesushowtobehaveinourlifefromtheinstantofbirth.Itisomnipresent.第14页/共57页152023/4/13AnIntroduction5.Whatarethemajorelementsthatdirectlyinfluenceourperceptionandcommunication?

Thethreemajorsocio-culturalelementsthatdirectlyinfluenceperceptionandcommunicationareculturalvalues,worldview(religion),andsocialorganizations(familyandstate).第15页/共57页162023/4/13AnIntroduction6.Whatdoesone'sfamilyteachhimorherwhileheorshegrowsupinit?

Thefamilyteachesthechildwhattheworldlookslikeandhisorherplaceinthatworld.第16页/共57页172023/4/13AnIntroduction7.Whyisitimpossibletoseparateouruseoflanguagefromourculture?

Becauselanguageisnotonlyaformofpreservingculturebutalsoameansofsharingculture.Languageisanorganized,generallyagreed-upon,learnedsymbolsystemthatisusedtorepresenttheexperienceswithinaculturalcommunity.第17页/共57页182023/4/13AnIntroduction8.Whatarethenonverbalbehaviorsthatpeoplecanattachmeaningto?

Peoplecanattachmeaningtononverbalbehaviorssuchasgestures,postures,facialexpressions,eyecontactandgaze,touch,etc.第18页/共57页192023/4/13AnIntroduction9.Howcanafree,culturallydiversesocietyexist?

Afree,culturallydiversesocietycanexistonlyifdiversityispermittedtoflourishwithoutprejudiceanddiscrimination,bothofwhichharmallmembersofthesociety.第19页/共57页202023/4/13TheChallengeofGlobalization1.Whydoestheauthorsaythatourunderstandingoftheworldhaschanged?

Inthepastmostpeoplewereborn,lived,anddiedwithinalimitedgeographicalarea,neverencounteringpeopleofotherculturalbackgrounds.Suchanexistence,however,nolongerprevailsintheworld.Withtheadvancementofscienceandtechnology,allpeoplearefacedwiththechallengeofunderstandingthisfastchangingworldinwhichwelive.第20页/共57页212023/4/13TheChallengeofGlobalization2.Whatisa"globalvillage"like?

Asourworldshrinksanditsinhabitantsbecomeinterdependent,peoplefromremoteculturesincreasinglycomeintocontactonadailybasis.Ina"globalvillage",membersofonceisolatedgroupsofpeoplehavetocommunicatewithmembersofotherculturalgroups.Thesepeoplemaylivethousandsofmilesawayorrightnextdoortoeachother.第21页/共57页222023/4/13TheChallengeofGlobalization3.Whatisconsideredasthemajordrivingforceofthepost-1945globalization?

Technology,particularlytelecommunicationsandcomputersareconsideredtobethemajordrivingforce.第22页/共57页232023/4/13TheChallengeofGlobalization4.Whatdoestheauthormeanbysayingthat"the'global'maybemorelocalthanthe'local'"?

Theincreasingglobalmobilityofpeopleandtheimpactofnewelectronicmediaonhumancommunicationsmaketheworldseemsmaller.Wemaycommunicatemorewithpeopleofothercountriesthanwithourneighbors,andwemaybemoreinformedoftheinternationaleventsthanofthelocalevents.Inthissense,"the'global'maybemorelocalthanthe'local'".第23页/共57页242023/4/13TheChallengeofGlobalization5.Whyisitimportantforbusinesspeopletoknowdiverseculturesintheworld?

Effectivecommunicationmaybethemostimportantcompetitiveadvantagethatfirmshavetomeetdiversecustomerneedsonaglobalbasis.Succeedingintheglobalmarkettodayrequirestheabilitytocommunicatesensitivelywithpeoplefromothercultures,asensitivitythatisbasedonanunderstandingofcross-culturaldifferences.第24页/共57页252023/4/13TheChallengeofGlobalization6.Whataretheseriousproblemsthatcountriesthroughouttheworldareconfrontedwith?

Countriesthroughouttheworldareconfrontedwithseriousproblemssuchasvolatileinternationaleconomy,shrinkingresources,mountingenvironmentalcontamination,andepidemicsthatknownoboundaries.第25页/共57页262023/4/13TheChallengeofGlobalization7.WhatimplicationscanwedrawfromthecaseofMichaelFay?

Thiscaseshowsthatinaworldofinternationalinterdependence,theabilitytounderstandandcommunicateeffectivelywithpeoplefromotherculturestakesonextremeurgency.Ifweareunawareofthesignificantrolecultureplaysincommunication,wemayplacetheblameforcommunicationfailureonpeopleofothercultures.第26页/共57页272023/4/13TheChallengeofGlobalization8.Whatattitudesarefavoredbytheauthortowardsglobalization?

Globalization,forbetterorforworse,haschangedtheworldgreatly.Whetherwelikeitornot,globalizationisallbutunstoppable.Itisalreadyheretostay.Itisbothafactandanopportunity.Thechallengesarenotinsurmountable.Solutionsexist,andarewaitingtobeidentifiedandimplemented.Fromaglobalisticpointofview,thereishopeandfaithinhumanity.第27页/共57页2023/4/13281.

Defineglobalizationfromdifferentstandpoints.2.Historicaloriginofglobalization

3.Modernconceptofglobalization4.Elementscontributingtotheglobalization5.Culturediversity

6.Disadvantagesofculturediversity

7.Thedefinitionofandneedforinterculturalcommunication

8.Keystrategiesforeffectiveinterculturalcommunicationintroduction第28页/共57页292023/4/13DefineglobalizationfromdifferentstandpointsFromeconomicstandpointViewedpurelyfromaneconomicstandpoint,globalizationisconsideredasaprocessofincreasinginvolvementininternationalbusinessoperationsFromsociologicalviewofglobalizationGlobalizationoccurswhentheconstraintsofgeographyonsocialandculturalarrangementsrecedeaspeoplearoundtheworldbecomeincreasinglyawarethattheyarereceding.FromMarxistphilosophyBasedonMarxistphilosophy,globalizationiswhatpeopleintheThirdWorldhavealreadyexperiencedforseveralcenturies—roduction第29页/共57页302023/4/132.Historicaloriginofglobalization

BarbersystemFarmingcommunitiestradedtheirsurplusproduceinexchangeforproductsandserviceswithoutthemediumofmoney.InternationaltradeHumansocietyhasalwaystradedgoodsacrossgreatdistances.EnglishphilosopherJeremyBentham,coinedtheterm"International"todescribetheemergingrealityofhisday,namely,roduction第30页/共57页2023/4/13313.ModernconceptofglobalizationTheoryofmodernizationEconomicgrowththeoryofindustrializationGlobalvillage

introduction第31页/共57页2023/4/1332Theoryofmodernization

GlobalizationhasmanyfeaturesincommonwiththeTheoryofModernization.Increasingindustrializationbroughtintoexistenceawholenewsetofcontactsbetweensocietiesthatchangedthepolitical,economic,andsocialprocessesthatcharacterizedthepre-industrializedworld.Thus,roduction第32页/共57页332023/4/13introduction第33页/共57页2023/4/1334Economicgrowththeoryofindustrialization

Theory,advocatedthateconomicgrowthfollowedapatterninalleconomiesastheywentthroughindustrialization.Thatistoadoptthefreemarketeconomy,undergodifferentstagesofeconomicdevelopment,roduction第34页/共57页352023/4/13Globalvillage

McLuhancharacterizedtoday'sworldasa"globalvillage"becauseoftherapidexpansionofworldwidetransportationandcommunicationnetworks.Troduction第35页/共57页2023/4/13364.Elementscontributingtotheglobalization

Newtechnology

Openmarket

Overseasjobopportunities

introduction第36页/共57页372023/4/13Newtechnology

Computers,Internet,planeintroduction第37页/共57页382023/4/13Openmarket

Companiesbenefitfromlargeeconomiesofscale.Productivitywillbeboosted.Lroduction第38页/共57页392023/4/13Overseasjobopportunities

Whatisirrefutableisthattheworldeconomicpieisindeedbiggerbecauseofglobalization—roduction第39页/共57页2023/4/13405.Culturediversity

MacrocultureMicroculture

Melting-potDiversityAstraditionalbarriersamongpeopleofdifferentculturesbreakdown,oneculturewillemerge,anewculturetowhichallpeoplewilladhere.Thetermmacrocultureimplieslosingethnicdifferencesandformingonelargesociety.

Cultureswithincultures(microcultures).Meltingpotmeansasocioculturalassimilationofpeopleofdifferentbackgroundsandnationalities.

Diversity（多样性）

referstothemixofpeoplefromvariousbackgroundsinthelaborforce.Worldculture

introduction第40页/共57页2023/4/1341AttitudinalproblemsProblemsmaybeattitudinal.Forexample,theattitudesthatAmericanmanagershave,whentheyperceiveaproblem,isdifferentfromthoseofChinesemanagers.ToAmericans:lifeisasetofproblemstobesolved—sotheyperceiveproblemsmuchearlier.ToChinese:lifeisasetofsituationstobeaccepted—soproblemexistswhenithasalreadyhappened.PerceptualproblemsCulturaldiversitywithinanorganization,withoutanystrategiesorattitudestoaccommodateit,maycreateperceptual(stereotyping（文化定势）,status-relatedproblems,genderroleconflicts)andcommunicative(languageandmisinterpretation)problems.6Disadvantagesofculturediversityintroduction第41页/共57页422023/4/13Interculturalcommunicationreferstocommunicationbetweenpeoplewhoseculturalperceptionsandsymbolsystemsaredistinctenoughtoalterthecommunicationevent.Interculturalbusinesscommunicationallows

ustoworkontheproceduralissuesofcountry-to-countrycontacts,diplomacy,andlegalcontexts;itallowsustobecomeinvolvedwiththesubstantive,culturallevelandhelpssensitizeustodifferences.Wemustlearntoworkwitheachother.Thefutureofanyorganizationdependsonit.7.Thedefinitionofandneedforinterculturalcommunicationintroduction第42页/共57页432023/4/13*Theunderstandingandacceptanceofdifferences*Highpriorityofequality*Developingtoleranceandacceptance*Developingculturesensitivity*Nostifleandignoreonthediversity*Equaldistributionoforganizationalresources*Shareddecision-making*Flexibleinstitutionalpolicies,practices,andprocedures8.Keystrategiesforeffectiveinterculturalcommunicationintroduction第43页/共57页442023/4/13Case1-01Inthiscase,thereseemedtobeproblemsincommunicatingwithpeopleofdifferentculturesinspiteoftheeffortstoachieveunderstanding.WeshouldknowthatinEgyptasinmanycultures,thehumanrelationshipisvaluedsohighlythatitisnotexpressedinanobjectiveandimpersonalway.WhileAmericanscertainlyvaluehumanrelationships,theyaremorelikelytospeakoftheminlesspersonal,moreobjectiveterms.第44页/共57页452023/4/13Case1-01Inthiscase,Richard'smistakemightbethathechosetopraisethefooditselfratherthanthetotalevening,forwhichthefoodwassimplythesettingorexcuse.Forhishostandhostessitwasasifhehadattendedanartexhibitandcomplimentedtheartistbysaying,"Whatbeautifulframesyourpicturesarein."第45页/共57页462023/4/13Case1-02

InJapanthesituationmaybemorecomplicated.Japanesepeoplevalueorderandharmonyamongagroup,andthattheorganizationitself--beitafamilyoravastcorporation--isvaluedmorethananyparticularmember.Incontrast,Americansstressindividualityandareapttoassertindividualdifferenceswhentheyseemjustifiablytobeinconflictwiththegoalsorvaluesofthegroup.第46页/共57页472023/4/13Case1-02Inthiscase,Richard'smistakewasmakinggreateffortstodefendhimself.Eveniftheothersknewthattheerrorswerenotintentional,itisnotrighttodefendyourself,evenwhenyourunstatedintentistohelpthegroupbywarningothersofsimilarmistakes.Asimpleapologyandacceptanceoftheblamewouldhavebeenappropriate.ButforpoorRichardonlytoapologizewouldhaveseemedtohimtobesubservientandunmanly.第47页/共57页482023/4/13Case1-03WhenitcomestoEngland,weexpectfewerproblemsbetweenAmericansandEnglishmenthanbetweenAmericansandalmostanyothergroup第48页/共57页492023/4/13Case1-03

Inthiscasewemightlookbeyondthegestureoftakingsugarorcreamtothevaluesexpressedinthisgesture:forAmericans,"Helpyourself";fortheEnglishcounterpart,"Bemyguest."AmericanandEnglishpeopleequallyenjoyentertainingandbeingentertained,buttheydiffersomewhatinthevalueofthedistinction.第49页/共57页502023/4/13Case1-03Typically,theidealguestatanAmericanpartyisonewho"makeshimselfathome,"eventothepointofansweringthedoororfixinghisowndrink.Forpersonsinmanyothersocieties,includingatleastthishypotheticalEnglishhost,suchguestbehaviorispresumptuousorrude.第50页/共57页512023/4/13Case2-01Acommonculturalmisunderstandinginclassesinvolvesconflictsbetweenwhatissaidt