2022GMAT考试阅读模拟练习题新

千里之行，始于足下让知识带有温度。第第2页/共2页精品文档推荐2022GMAT考试阅读模拟练习题Passage1

BernardBailynhasrecentlyreinterpretedtheearlyhistoryoftheUnitedStatesbyapplyingnewsocialresearchfindingsontheexperiencesofEuropeanmigrants.Inhisreinterpretation，migrationbecomestheorganizingprincipleforrewritingthehistoryofpreindustrialNorthAmerica.Hisapproachrestsonfourseparatepropositions.

ThefirstoftheseassertsthatresidentsofearlymodernEnglandmovedregularlyabouttheircountryside;migratingtotheNewWorldwassimplya“naturalspillover.”AlthoughatfirstthecoloniesheldlittlepositiveattractionfortheEnglish――theywouldratherhavestayedhome-bytheeighteenthcenturypeopleincreasinglymi-gratedtoAmericabecausetheyregardeditasthelandofopportunity.Secondly，Bailynholdsthat，contrarytothenotionthatusedtoflourishinAmericahistorytextbooks，therewasneveratypicalNewWorldcommunity.Forexample，theeconomicanddemographiccharacterofearlyNewEnglandtownsvariedconsiderably.

Bailyn‘sthirdpropositionsuggeststwogeneralpatternsprevailingamongthemanythousandsofmigrants：onegroupcameasindenturedservants，anothercametoacquireland.Surprisingly，Bailynsuggeststhatthosewhorecruitedindenturedservantswerethedrivingforcesoftransatlanticmigration.Thesecolonialentrepreneurshelpeddeter-minethesocialcharacterofpeoplewhocametopreindustrialNorthAmerica.Atfirst，thousandsofunskilledlaborerswererecruited;bythe1730‘s，however，Americanemployersdemandedskilledartisans.

Finally，BailynarguesthatthecolonieswereahalfcivilizedhinterlandoftheEuropeanculturesystem.HeisundoubtedlycorrecttoinsistthatthecolonieswerepartofanAnglo-Americanempire.ButtodividetheempireintoEnglishcoreandcolonialperiphery，asBailyndoes，devaluestheachievementsofcolonialculture.Itistrue，asBailynclaims，thathighcultureinthecoloniesnevermatchedthatinEngland.Butwhatofseventeenth-centuryNewEngland，wherethesettlerscreatedeffectivelaws，builtadistinguisheduniversity，andpublishedbooks?BailynmightrespondthatNewEnglandwasexceptional.However，theideasandinstitutionsdevelopedbyNewEnglandPuritanshadpowerfuleffectsonNorthAmericanculture.

AlthoughBailyngoesontoapplyhisapproachtosomethousandsofindenturedservantswhomigratedjustpriortotherevolution，hefailstolinktheirexperiencewiththepoliticaldevelopmentoftheUnitedStates.Evidencepresentedinhisworksuggestshowwemightmakesuchaconnection.TheseindenturedservantsweretreatedasslavesfortheperiodduringwhichtheyhadsoldtheirtimetoAmericanemployers.Itisnotsurprisingthatassoonastheyservedtheirtimetheypassedupgoodwagesinthecitiesandheadedwesttoensuretheirpersonalindependencebyacquiringland.Thus，itisinthewestthatapeculiarlyAmericanpoliticalculturebegan，amongcolonistswhoweresuspiciousofauthorityandintenselyantiaristocratic.

WhichofthefollowingstatementsaboutmigrantstocolonialNorthAmericaissupportedbyinformationinthepassage?

(A)AlargerpercentageofmigrantstocolonialNorthAmericacameasindenturedservantsthanasfreeagentsinterestedinacquiringland.

(B)Migrantswhocametothecoloniesasindenturedservantsweremoresuccessfulatmakingalivelihoodthanwerefarmersandartisans.

(C)MigrantstocolonialNorthAmericaweremoresuccessfulatacquiringtheirownlandduringtheeighteenthcenturythanduringtheseventeenthcentury.

(D)Bythe1730‘s，migrantsalreadyskilledinatradewereinmoredemandbyAmericanemployersthanwereunskilledlaborers.

(E)AsignificantpercentageofmigrantswhocametothecoloniestoacquirelandwereforcedtoworkasfieldhandsforprosperousAmericanfarmers.

2.TheauthorofthepassagestatesthatBailynfailedto

(A)givesufficientemphasistotheculturalandpoliticalinterdependenceofthecoloniesandEngland

(B)describecarefullyhowmigrantsofdifferentethnicbackgroundspreservedtheircultureintheUnitedStates

(C)takeadvantageofsocialresearchontheexperiencesofcolonistswhomigratedtocolonialNorthAmericaspecificallytoacquireland

(D)relatetheexperienceofthemigrantstothepoliticalvaluesthateventuallyshapedthecharacteroftheUnitedStates

(E)investigatethelivesofEuropeansbeforetheycametocolonialNorthAmericatodeterminemoreadequatelytheirmotivationsformigrating

3.Whichofthefollowingbestsummarizestheauthor‘sevaluationofBailyn‘sfourthpro-position?

(A)Itistotallyimplausible.

(B)Itispartiallycorrect.

(C)Itishighlyadmirable.

(D)Itiscontroversialthoughpersuasive.

(E)Itisintriguingthoughunsubstantiated.

4.Accordingtothepassage，BailynandtheauthoragreeonwhichofthefollowingstatementsaboutthecultureofcolonialNewEngland?

(A)HighcultureinNewEnglandneverequaledthehighcultureofEngland.

(B)TheculturalachievementsofcolonialNewEnglandhavegenerallybeenunrecognizedbyhistorians.

(C)ThecolonistsimitatedthehighcultureofEngland，anddidnotdevelopaculturethatwasuniquelytheirown.

(D)ThesoutherncoloniesweregreatlyinfluencedbythehighcultureofNewEngland.

(E)NewEnglandcommunitieswereabletocreatelawsandbuildauniversity，butunabletocreateanythinginnovativeinthearts.

5.Accordingtothepassage，whichofthefollowingistrueofEnglishmigrantstothecoloniesduringtheeighteenthcentury?

(A)Mostofthemwerefarmersratherthantradespeopleorartisans.

(B)MostofthemcamebecausetheywereunabletofindworkinEngland.

(C)TheydifferedfromotherEnglishpeopleinthattheywerewillingtotravel.

(D)Theyexpectedthatthecolonieswouldofferthemincreasedopportunity.

(E)TheyweregenerallynotaseducatedasthepeoplewhoremainedinEngland.

6.Theauthorofthepassageisprimarilyconcernedwith

(A)comparingseveralcurrentinterpretationsofearlyAmericanhistory

(B)SuggestingthatnewsocialresearchonmigrationshouldleadtorevisionsincurrentinterpretationsofearlyAmericanhistory

(C)providingthetheoreticalframeworkthatisusedbymosthistoriansinunderstandingearlyAmericanhistory

(D)refutinganargumentaboutearlyAmericanhistorythathasbeenproposedbysocialhistorians

(E)discussingareinterpretationofearlyAmericanhistorythatisbasedonnewsocialresearchonmigration

7.ItcanbeinferredfromthepassagethatAmericanhistorytextbooksusedtoassertthat

(A)manymigrantstocolonialNorthAmericawerenotsuccessfulfinancially

(B)moremigrantscametoAmericaoutofreligiousorpoliticalconvictionthatcameinthehopeofacquiringland

(C)NewEnglandcommunitiesweremuchalikeintermsoftheireconomicsanddemographics

(D)manymigrantstocolonialNorthAmericafailedtomaintaintieswiththeirEuropeanrelations

(E)thelevelofliteracyinNewEnglandcommunitieswasveryhigh

8.TheauthorofthepassagewouldbemostlikelytoagreewithwhichofthefollowingstatementsaboutBailyn‘swork?

(A)BailynunderestimatestheeffectsofPuritanthoughtonNorthAmericanculture.

(B)BailynoveremphasizestheeconomicdependenceofthecoloniesonGreatBritain.

(C)Bailyn‘sdescriptionofthecoloniesaspartofanAnglo-Americaempireismisleadingandincorrect.

(D)BailynfailedtotesthispropositionsonaspecificgroupofmigrantstocolonialNorthAmerica.

(E)BailynoveremphasizestheexperiencesofmigrantstotheNewEnglandcolonies，andneglectsthesouthernandthewesternpartsoftheNewWorld.

Passage2

Attheendofthenineteenthcentury，arisinginterestinNativeAmericancustomsandanincreasingdesiretounderstandNativeAmericanculturepromptedethnologiststobeginrecordingthelifestoriesofNativeAmerican.Ethnologistshadadistinctreasonforwantingtohearthestories：theywereafterlinguisticoranthropologicaldatathatwouldsupplementtheirownfieldobservations，andtheybelievedthatthepersonalstories，evenofasingleindividual，couldincreasetheirunderstandingoftheculturesthattheyhadbeenobservingfromwithout.InadditionmanyethnologistsattheturnofthecenturybelievedthatNativeAmericanmannersandcustomswererapidlydisappearing，andthatitwasimportanttoEthnologistshadadistinctreasonforwantingtohearthestories：theywereafterlinguisticoranthropologicaldatathatwouldsupplementtheirownfieldobservations，andtheybelievedthatthepersonalstories，evenofasingleindividual，couldincreasetheirunderstandingoftheculturesthattheyhadbeenobservingfromwithout.InadditionmanyethnologistsattheturnofthecenturybelievedthatNativeAmericanmannersandcustomswererapidlydisappearing，andthatitwasimportanttopreserveforposterityasmuchinformationascouldbeadequatelyrecordedbeforetheculturesdisappearedforever.

Therewere，however，argumentsagainstthismethodasawayofacquiringaccurateandcompleteinformation.FranzBoas，forexample，describedautobiographiesasbeing“oflimitedvalue，andusefulchieflyforthestudyoftheperversionoftruthbymemory，”whilePaulRadincontendedthatinvestigatorsrarelyspentenoughtimewiththetribestheywereobserving，andinevitablyderivedresultstootingedbytheinvestigator‘sownemotionaltonetobereliable.Evenmoreimportantly，astheselifestoriesmovedfromthetraditionaloralmodetorecordedwrittenform，muchwasinevitablylost.Editorsoftendecidedwhatelementsweresignificanttothefieldresearchonagiventribe.NativeAmericansrecognizedthattheessenceofNativeAmericansrecognizedthattheessenceoftheirlivescouldnotbecommunicatedinEnglishandthateventsthattheythoughtsignificantwereoftendeemedunimportantbytheirinterviewers.Indeed，theveryactoftellingtheirstoriescouldforceNativeAmericannarratorstodistorttheircultures，astabooshadtobebrokentospeakthenamesofdeadrelativescrucialtotheirfamilystories.

Despiteallofthis，autobiographyremainsausefultoolforethnologicalresearch：suchpersonalreminiscencesandimpressions，incompleteastheymaybe，arelikelytothrowmorelightontheworkingofthemindandemotionsthananyamountofspeculationfromanethnologistorethnologicaltheoristfromanotherculture.

Whichofthefollowingbestdescribestheorganizationofthepassage?

(A)Thehistoricalbackgroundsoftwocurrentlyusedresearchmethodsarechronicled.

(B)Thevalidityofthedatacollectedbyusingtwodifferentresearchmethodsiscompared.

(C)Theusefulnessofaresearchmethodisquestionedandthenanewmethodisproposed.

(D)Theuseofaresearchmethodisdescribedandthelimitationsoftheresultsobtainedarediscussed.

(E)Aresearchmethodisevaluatedandthechangesnecessaryforitsadaptationtoothersubjectareasarediscussed.

2.Whichofthefollowingismostsimilartotheactionsofnineteenth-centuryethnologistsintheireditingofthelifestoriesofNativeAmericans?

(A)AwitnessinajurytrialinvokestheFifthAmendmentinordertoavoidrelatingpersonallyincriminatingevidence.

(B)Astockbrokerrefusestodivulgethesourceofherinformationonthepossiblefutureincreaseinastock‘svalue.

(C)Asportsannouncerdescribestheactioninateamsportwithwhichheisunfamiliar.

(D)Achefpurposelyexcludesthespecialingredientfromtherecipeofhisprizewinningdessert.

(E)Apoliticianfailstomentioninacampaignspeechthesimilaritiesinthepositionsheldbyheropponentforpoliticalofficeandbyherself.

3.Accordingtothepassage，collectinglifestoriescanbeausefulmethodologybecause

(A)lifestoriesprovidedeeperinsightsintoaculturethanthehypothesizingofacademicswhoarenotmembersofthatculture

(B)lifestoriescanbecollectedeasilyandtheyarenotsubjecttoinvalidinterpretations

(C)ethnologistshavealimitednumberofresearchmethodsfromwhichtochoose

(D)lifestoriesmakeiteasytodistinguishbetweentheimportantandunimportantfeaturesofaculture

(E)thecollectionoflifestoriesdoesnotrequireaculturallyknowledgeableinvestigator

4.Informationinthepassagesuggeststhatwhichofthefollowingmaybeapossiblewaytoeliminatebiasintheeditingoflifestories?

(A)Basingallinferencesmadeaboutthecultureonanethnologicaltheory

(B)Eliminatingalloftheemotion-ladeninformationreportedbytheinformant

(C)Translatingtheinformant‘swordsintotheresearcher‘slanguage

(D)Reducingthenumberofquestionsandcarefullyspecifyingthecontentofthequestionsthattheinvestigatorcanasktheinformant

(E)Reportingalloftheinformationthattheinformantprovidesregardlessoftheinvestigator‘spersonalopinionaboutitsintrinsicvalue

5.Theprimarypurposeofthepassageasawholeisto

(A)questionanexplanation

(B)correctamisconception

(C)critiqueamethodology

(D)discreditanidea

(E)Clarifyanambiguity

6.ItcanbeinferredfromthepassagethatacharacteristicoftheethnologicalresearchonNativeAmericansconductedduringthenineteenthcenturywastheuseofwhichofthefollowing?

(A)Investigatorsfamiliarwiththecultureunderstudy

(B)Alanguageotherthantheinformant‘sforrecordinglifestories

(C)Lifestoriesastheethnologist‘sprimarysourceofinformation

(D)Completetranscriptionsofinformants‘descriptionsoftribalbeliefs

(E)Stringentguidelinesforthepreservationofculturaldata

7.Thepassagementionswhichofthefollowingasafactorthatcanaffecttheaccuracyofethnologists‘transcriptionsoflifestories?

(A)Theinformant‘ssocialstandingwithintheculture

(B)Theinclusivenessofthetheorythatprovidedthebasisfortheresearch

(C)Thelengthoftimetheresearchersspentinthecultureunderstudy

(D)Thenumberoflifestoriescollectedbytheresearchers

(E)Theverifiabilityoftheinformationprovidedbytheresearchinformants

8.Itcanbeinferredfromthepassagethattheauthorwouldbemostlikelytoagreewithwhichofthefollowingstatementsabouttheusefulnessoflifestoriesasasourceofethnographicinformation?

(A)Theycanbeasourceofinformationabouthowpeopleinacultureviewtheworld.

(B)Theyaremostusefulasasourceoflinguisticinformation.

(C)Theyrequireeditingandinterpretationbeforetheycanbeuseful.

(D)Theyaremostusefulasasourceofinformationaboutancestry.

(E)Theyprovideincidentalinformationratherthansignificantinsightsintoawayoflife.

Passage3

Caffeine，thestimulantincoffee，hasbeencalled“themostwidelyusedpsychoactivesubstanceonEarth.”Synder，Daly，andBrunshaverecentlyproposedthatcaffeineaffectsbehaviorbycounteringtheactivityinthehumanbrainofanaturallyoccurringchemicalcalledadenosine.Adenosinenorm-allydepressesneuronfiringinmanyareasofthebrain.Itapparentlydoesthisbyinhibitingthereleaseofneurotransmitters，chemicalsthatcarrynerveimpulsesfromoneneurontothenext.Likemanyotheragentsthataffectneuronfiring，adenosinemustfirstbindtospecificreceptorsonneuronalmembranes.Thereareatleasttwoclassesofthesereceptors，whichhavebeendesignatedA1andA2.Snyderetalproposelikemanyotheragentsthataffectneuronfiring，adenosinemustfirstbindtospecificreceptorsonneuronalmembranes.Thereareatleasttwoclassesofthesereceptors，whichhavebeendesignatedA1andA2.Snyderetalproposethatcaffeine，whichisstructurallysimilartoadenosine，isabletobindtobothtypesofreceptors，whichpreventsadenosinefromattachingthereandallowstheneuronstofiremorereadilythantheyotherwisewould.

Formanyyears，caffeine‘seffectshavebeenattributedtoitsinhibitionoftheproductionofphosphodiesterase，anenzymethatbreaksdownthechemicalcalledcyclicAMP.AnumberofneurotransmittersexerttheireffectsbyfirstincreasingcyclicAMPconcentrationsintargetneurons.Therefore，prolongedperiodsattheelevatedconcentrations，asmightbebroughtaboutbyaphosphodiesteraseinhibitor，couldleadtoagreateramountofneuronfiringand，consequently，tobehavioralstimulation.ButSnyderetalpointoutthatthecaffeineconcentrationsneededtoinhibittheproductionofphosphodiesteraseinthebrainaremuchhigherthanthosethatproducestimulation.Moreover，othercompoundsthatblockphosphodiesterase‘sactivityarenotstimulants.

Tobuttresstheircasethatcaffeineactsinsteadbypreventingadenosinebinding，Snyderetalcomparedthestimulatoryeffectsofaseriesofcaffeinederivativeswiththeirabilitytodislodgeadenosinefromitsreceptorsinthebrainsofmice.“Ingeneral，”theyreported，“theabilityofthecompoundstocompeteatthereceptorscorrelateswiththeirabilitytostimulatelocomotioninthemouse;i.e.，thehighertheircapacitytobindatthereceptors，thehighertheirabilitytostimulatelocomotion.”Theophylline，aclosestructuralrelativeofcaffeineandthemajorstimulantintea，wasoneofthemosteffectivecompoundsinbothregards.

Thereweresomeapparentexceptionstothegeneralcorrelationobservedbetweenadenosine-receptorbindingandstimulation.Oneofthesewasacompoundcalled3-isobuty1-1-methylxanthine(IBMX)，whichboundverywellbutactuallydepressedmouselocomotion.Snyderetalsuggestthatthisisnotamajorstumblingblocktotheirhypothesis.Theproblemisthatthecompoundhasmixedeffectsinthebrain，anotunusualoccurrencewithpsychoactivedrugs.Evencaffeine，whichisgenerallyknownonlyforitsstimulatoryeffects，displaysthisproperty，depressingmouselocomotionatverylowconcentrationsandstimulatingitathigherones.

Theprimarypurposeofthepassageisto

(A)discussaplanforinvestigationofaphenomenonthatisnotyetfullyunderstood

(B)presenttwoexplanationsofaphenomenonandreconcilethedifferencesbetweenthem

(C)summarizetwotheoriesandsuggestathirdtheorythatovercomestheproblemsencounteredinthefirsttwo

(D)describeanalternativehypothesisandprovideevidenceandargumentsthatsupportit

(E)challengethevalidityofatheorybyexposingtheinconsistenciesandcontra-dictionsinit

2.Whichofthefollowing，iftrue，wouldmostweakenthetheoryproposedbySnyderetal?

(A)Atverylowconcentrationsinthehumanbrain，bothcaffeineandtheophyllinetendtohavedepressiveratherthanstimulatoryeffectsonhumanbehavior.

(B)Theabilityofcaffeinederivativesatverylowconcentrationstodislodgeadenosinefromitsreceptorsinmousebrainscorrelateswellwiththeirabilitytostimulatemouselocomotionattheselowconcentrations.

(C)TheconcentrationofcyclicAMPintargetneuronsinthehumanbrainthatleadstoincreasedneuronfiringcanbeproducedbyseveraldifferentphosphodiesteraseinhibitorsinadditiontocaffeine.

(D)Theconcentrationofcaffeinerequiredtodislodgeadenosinefromitsreceptorsinthehumanbrainismuchgreaterthantheconcentrationthatproducesbehavioralstimulationinhumans.

(E)TheconcentrationofIBMXrequiredtodislodgeadenosinefromitsreceptorsinmousebrainsismuchsmallerthantheconcentrationthatstimulateslocomotioninthemouse.

3.AccordingtoSnyderetal，caffeinediffersfromadenosineinthatcaffeine

(A)Stimulatesbehaviorinthemouseandinhumans，whereasadenosinestimulatesbehaviorinhumansonly

(B)hasmixedeffectsinthebrain，whereasadenosinehasonlyastimulatoryeffect

(C)increasescyclicAMPconcentrationsintargetneurons，whereasadenosinedecreasessuchconcentrations

(D)permitsreleaseofneurotransmitterswhenitisboundtoadenosinereceptors，whereasadenosineinhibitssuchrelease

(E)inhibitsbothneuronfiringandtheproductionofphosphodiesterasewhenthereisasufficientconcentrationinthebrain，whereasadenosineinhibitsonlyneuronfiring

4.InresponsetoexperimentalresultsconcerningIBMX，Snyderetalcontendedthatitisnotuncommonforpsychoactivedrugstohave

(A)mixedeffectsinthebrain

(B)inhibitoryeffectsonenzymesinthebrain

(C)closestructuralrelationshipswithcaffeine

(D)depressiveeffectsonmouselocomotion

(E)theabilitytodislodgecaffeinefromreceptorsinthebrain

5.ThepassagesuggeststhatSnyderetalbelievethatiftheoldertheoryconcerningcaffeine‘seffectswerecorrect，whichofthefollowingwouldhavetobethecase?

Ⅰ。Allneurotransmitterswouldincreasetheshort-termconcentrationofcyclicAMPintargetneurons.

Ⅱ。Substancesotherthancaffeinethatinhibittheproductionofphosphodiesterasewouldbestimulants.

Ⅲ。Allconcentrationlevelsofcaffeinethatarehighenoughtoproducestimulationwouldalsoinhibittheproductionofphosphodiesterase.

(A)Ⅰonly

(B)ⅠandⅡonly

(C)ⅠandⅢonly

(D)ⅡandⅢonly

(E)Ⅰ，Ⅱ，andⅢ

6.AccordingtoSnyderetal，allofthefollowingcompoundscanbindtospecificreceptorsinthebrainEXCEPT

(A)IBMX

(B)caffeine

(C)adenosine

(D)theophylline

(E)phosphodiesterase

7.Snyderetalsuggestthatcaffeine‘sabilitytobindtoA1andA2receptorscanbeatleastpartiallyattributedtowhichofthefollowing?

(A)Thechemicalrelationshipbetweencaffeineandphosphodiesterase

(B)Thestructuralrelationshipbetweencaffeineandadenosine

(C)Thestructuralsimilaritybetweencaffeineandneurotransmitters

(D)Theabilityofcaffeinetostimulatebehavior

(E)Thenaturaloccurrenceofcaffeineandadenosineinthebrain

8.TheauthorquotesSnyderetalinlines38-43mostprobablyinorderto

(A)revealsomeoftheassumptionsunderlyingtheirtheory

(B)summarizeamajorfindingoftheirexperiments

(C)pointoutthattheirexperimentswerelimitedtothemouse

(D)indicatethattheirexperimentsresultedonlyingeneralcorrelations

(E)refutetheobjectionsmadebysupportersoftheoldertheory

9.Thelastparagraphofthepassageperformswhichofthefollowingfunctions?

(A)Describesadisconfirmingexperimentalresultandreportstheexplanationgivenby

Snyderetalinanattempttoreconcilethisresultwiththeirtheory.

(B)SpecifiesthebasisforthecorrelationobservedbySnyderetalandpresentsanexplanationinanattempttomakethecorrelationconsistentwiththeoperationofpsychoactivedrugsotherthancaffeine.

(C)ElaboratesthedescriptionofthecorrelationobservedbySnyderetalandsuggestsanadditionalexplanationinanattempttomakethecorrelationconsistentwiththeoldertheory.

(D)ReportsinconsistentexperimentaldataanddescribesthemethodsSnyderetalwillusetoreanalyzethisdata.

(E)ProvidesanexampleofthehypothesisproposedbySnyderetalandrelatesthisexampletocaffeine‘s

properties.

Passage4

Sincetheonly1970‘s，historianshavebeguntodevoteseriousattentiontotheworkingclassintheUnitedState.Yetwhilewenowhavestudiesofworking-classcommuntiesandculture，weknowremarkablylittleofworklessness，WhenhistorianshavefocusedontheGreatDepressionofthe1930‘s.Thenarrownessofthisperspectiveignoresthepervasiverecessionsandjoblessnessofthepreviousdecades，asAlexanderKeyssarshowsinhisrecentbook.Examiningtheperiod1870-1920，KeyssarconcentratesonMassachusetts，wheretehhistoricalmaterialsareparticularlyrich，andthefindingsapplicabletootherindustrialareas.

(TheunemploymentratesthatKeyssarcalculatesappeartoberelativelymodest，atleastbyGreatDepressionstandards：duringtheworstyears，inthe1870‘sand1890‘s，unemploymentwasaround15percent)。YetKeyssarrightlyunderstandsthatabetterwaytomeasuretheimpactofunemploymentistocalculateunemploymentfrequencies-measuringthepercentageofworkerswhoexperienceanyunemploymentinthecourseofayear.Giventhisperspective，joblessnessloomsmuchlarger.

Keyssaralsoscrutinizeunemploymentpatternsaccordingtoskilllevel，ethnicity，race，age，class，andgender.Hefindsthatratesofjoblessnessdifferedprimarilyaccordingtoclass：thoseinmiddle-classandwhite-collaroccupationswerefarlesslikelytobeunemployed.Yettheimpartofunemploymentonaspecificclasswasnotalwaysthesame.Evenwhendependentonthesametrade，adjoiningcommunitiescouldhavedramaticallydifferentunemploymentrates.Keyssarusesthesedifferentialratestohelpexplainaphenomenonthathaspuzzledhistoriansthestartlinglyhighrateofgeo-graphicalmobilityinthenineteenth-centuryUnitedStates.Butmobilitywasnotthedominantworking-classstrategyforcopingwithunemployment，norwasassistancefromprivatecharitesorstateagencies.Self-helpandthehelpofkingotmostworkersthroughjoblessspells.

WhileKayssarmighthavespentmoretimedevelopingtheimplicationsofhisfindingonjoblessnessforcontemporarypublicpolicy，hisstudy，initsthoroughresearchandcreativeuseofquantitativeandqualitativeevidence，isamodelofhistoricalanalysis.

1.Thepassageisprimarilyconcernedwith

(A)recommendinganewcourseofinvestigation

(B)summarizingandassessingastudy

(C)makingdistinctionsamongcategories

(D)criticizingthecurrentstateofafield

(E)comparingandcontrastingtwomethodsforcalculatingdata

2.Thepassagesuggeststhatbeforetheearly1970‘s，whichofthefollowingwastrueofthestudybyhistoriansoftheworkingclassintheUniteState?

(A)Thestudywasinfrequentorsuperficial，orboth.

(B)Thestudywasrepeatedlycriticizedforitsallegedlynarrowfocus.

(C)Thestudyreliedmoreonqualitativethanquantitativeevidence.

(D)Thestudyfocusedmoreontheworking-classcommunitythanonworking-classculture.

(E)Thestudyignoredworking-classjoblessnessduringtheGreatDepression.

3.Accordingtothepassage，whichofthefollowingistrueofKeyssar‘sfindingsconcerningunemploymentinMassachusetts?

(A)Theytendtocontradictearlierfindingsaboutsuchunemployment.

(B)TheyarepossiblebecauseMassachusettshasthemosteasilyaccessiblehistoricalrecords.

(C)Theyarethefirsttomentiontheexistenceofhighratesofgeographicalmobi