外文翻译英文 王灵芝

英文：High-RiseBuildingsandStructuralDesignAbstract：Itisdifficulttodefineahigh-risebuilding.Onemaysaythatalow-risebuildingrangesfrom1to2stories.Amedium-risebuildingprobablyrangesbetween3or4storiesupto10or20storiesormore.Althoughthebasicprinciplesofverticalandhorizontalsubsystemdesignremainthesameforlow-,medium-,orhigh-risebuildings,whenabuildinggetshightheverticalsubsystemsbecomeacontrollingproblemfortworeasons.Higherverticalloadswillrequirelargercolumns,walls,andshafts.But,moresignificantly,theoverturningmomentandthesheardeflectionsproducedbylateralforcesaremuchlargerandmustbecarefullyprovidedfor.KeyWords：High-RiseBuildingsStructuralDesignFrameworkShearSeismicSystem IntroductionTheverticalsubsystemsinahigh-risebuildingtransmitaccumulatedgravityloadfromstorytostory,thusrequiringlargercolumnorwallsectionstosupportsuchloading.Inadditionthesesameverticalsubsystemsmusttransmitlateralloads,suchaswindorseismicloads,tothefoundations.However,incontrasttoverticalload,lateralloadeffectsonbuildingsarenotlinearandincreaserapidlywithincreaseinheight.Forexampleunderwindload,theoverturningmomentatthebaseofbuildingsvariesapproximatelyasthesquareofabuildingsmayvaryasthefourthpowerofbuildingsheight,otherthingsbeingequal.Earthquakeproducesanevenmorepronouncedeffect.Whenthestructureforalow-ormedium-risebuildingisdesignedfordeadandliveload,itisalmostaninherentpropertythatthecolumns,walls,andstairorelevatorshaftscancarrymostofthehorizontalforces.Theproblemisprimarilyshearresistance.Moderateadditionbracingforrigidframesin“short”buildingscaneasilybeprovidedbyfillingcertainpanels(orevenallpanels)withoutincreasingthesizesofthecolumnsandgirdersotherwiserequiredforverticalloads.Unfortunately,thisisnotisforhigh-risebuildingsbecausetheproblemisprimarilyresistancetomomentanddeflectionratherthanshearalone.Specialstructuralarrangementswilloftenhavetobemadeandadditionalstructuralmaterialisalwaysrequiredforthecolumns,girders,walls,andslabsinordertomadeahigh-risebuildingssufficientlyresistanttomuchhigherlateraldeformations.Aspreviouslymentioned,thequantityofstructuralmaterialrequiredpersquarefootoffloorofahigh-risebuildingsisinexcessofthatrequiredforlow-risebuildings.Theverticalcomponentscarryingthegravityload,suchaswalls,columns,andshafts,willneedtobestrengthenedoverthefullheightofthebuildings.Butquantityofmaterialrequiredforresistinglateralforcesisevenmoresignificant.Withreinforcedconcrete,thequantityofmaterialalsoincreasesasthenumberofstoriesincreases.Buthereitshouldbenotedthattheincreaseintheweightofmaterialaddedforgravityloadismuchmoresizablethansteel,whereasforwindloadtheincreaseforlateralforceresistanceisnotthatmuchmoresincetheweightofaconcretebuildingshelpstoresistoverturn.Ontheotherhand,theproblemofdesignforearthquakeforces.Additionalmassintheupperfloorswillgiverisetoagreateroveralllateralforceundertheofseismiceffects.Inthecaseofeitherconcreteorsteeldesign,therearecertainbasicprinciplesforprovidingadditionalresistancetolateraltolateralforcesanddeflectionsinhigh-risebuildingswithouttoomuchsacrifireineconomy.Increasetheeffectivewidthofthemoment-resistingsubsystems.Thisisveryusefulbecauseincreasingthewidthwillcutdowntheoverturnforcedirectlyandwillreducedeflectionbythethirdpowerofthewidthincrease,otherthingsremainingcinstant.However,thisdoesrequirethatverticalcomponentsofthewidenedsubsystembesuitablyconnectedtoactuallygainthisbenefit.Designsubsystemssuchthatthecomponentsaremadetointeractinthemostefficientmanner.Forexample,usetrusssystemswithchordsanddiagonalsefficientlystressed,placereinforcingforwallsatcriticallocations,andoptimizestiffnessratiosforrigidframes.Increasethematerialinthemosteffectiveresistingcomponents.Forexample,materialsaddedinthelowerfloorstotheflangesofcolumnsandconnectinggirderswilldirectlydecreasetheoveralldeflectionandincreasethemomentresistancewithoutcontributingmassintheupperfloorswheretheearthquakeproblemisaggravated.都Arrang薪etoh求aveth萌egrea懒terpa漠rtof索vertic校alloa扣dsbe姿carrie博ddire孟ctlyo泽nthe材primar店ymome驰nt-res深isting链compo淹nents精.This慎will找helps肚tabili债zethe核build不ingsa于gainst框tensi享leove壮rturni饿ngfor援cesby勒preco票mpress扛ingth堵emajo痛rover谨turn-r羞esisti盘ngcom温ponent谢s.师Thelo司calsh蒜earin鉴each双story位canbe怕best宪resist风edby双strate哲gicpl肌acemen筛tifs储olidw接allso培rthe秩useof洞diago尘nalme酸mbers著inav瓶ertica供lsubs凯ystem亮.Resi鸦sting汁these第shears蓝solel妻ybyv胳ertica母lmemb载ersin鹊bendi遗ngis效usuall尿yless命econo煎mical从,sinc半eachi瓣eving剩suffic忆ientb加ending土resis佛tance沙inthe微colum弟nsand臭conne休cting富girder糖swill源requi蜜remor惧emate伟riala吼ndcon嘱struct纯ionen哀ergyt浓hanus蓄ingwa纠llsor掘diago负nalme业mbers汇.表Suffic识ienth匪orizon客taldi净aphrag爪macti澡onsho题uldbe透provi堤dedfl岭oor.塞Thisw米illhe忍lpto向bring掀theva惧rious贴resist践ingel问ements杂towo姐rktog饮ether炼instea衔dofs泥eparat仆ely.出Create辩mega-箭frames齐byjo么ining嚼large价vertic乒aland时horiz兰ontal爽compon咐entss芦uchas更twoo毁rmore往eleva然torsh培aftsa己tmult席istory蚀inter估valsw杰itha下heavy详floor胖subsys烤tems,俊orby低useo胜fvery兼deep法girder窗truss际es.匠Rem碰ember浅thata乌llhig晶h-rise扶build可ingsa抹reess盯ential产lyver亿tical拍cantil抹evers衡which补aresu培pporte献datt喇hegro车und.栽Whent搂heabo咸vepri尿nciple额sare牌judici做ously舅applie陵d,st枕ructur跟allyd娃esirab挽lesch志emesc蝶anbe桐obtain隙edby徐walls证,core羞s,ri团gidfr忠ames,仍tubula呈rcons便tructi浙on,a枣ndoth宁erver彻tical语subsys距temst哗oachi布eveho申rizont波alstr宇ength偿andri银gidity历.Som态eoft挎hesea畅pplica线tions呼willn咳owbe桑descri宽bedin宰subse隶quent呈sectio寒nsin饰thefo雨llowin督g.剑Shear-兴WallS杜ystems肉Whe薄nshea汽rwall共sare核compat令iblew蔬ithot喊herfu丝nction匆alreq团uireme默nts,真theyc拖anbe镜econom争ically服utili来zedto让resis圈tlate个ralfo朴rcesi倦nhigh庄-rise都buildi原ngs.沸Forex猫ample柄,apar绿tment丝buildi骑ngsna殃turall眯yrequ龟irema妻nysep燕aratio吸nwall慢s.Wh汪ensom原eoft炸hesea责redes鸦igned倘tobe撤solid丛,they这cana分ctas要she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