外文参考文献

（一）BuildingTypesandDesignAbuildingiscloselyboundupwithpeople，foritprovideswiththenecessaryspacetoworkandlivein.Asclassifiedbytheiruse,buildingsaremainlyoftwotypes:industrialbuildingsandcivilbuildings.industrialbuildingsareusedbyvariousfactoriesorindustrialproductionwhilecivilbuildingsarethosethatareusedbypeoplefordwelling,employment,educationandothersocialactivities.Industrialbuildingsarefactorybuildingsthatareavailableforprocessingandmanufacturingofvariouskinds,insuchfieldsastheminingindustry,themetallurgicalindustry,machinebuilding,thechemicalindustryandthetextileindustry.factorybuildingscanbeclassifiedintotwotypessingle-storyonesandmulti-storyones.theconstructionofindustrialbuildingsisthesameasthatofcivilbuildings.however,industrialandcivilbuildingsdifferinthematerialsusedandinthewaytheyareused.Civilbuildingsaredividedintotwobroadcategories:residentialbuildingsandpublicbuildings.residentialbuildingsshouldsuitfamilylife.eachflatshouldconsistofatleastthreenecessaryrooms:alivingroom,akitchenandatoilet.publicbuildingscanbeusedinpolitics,culturalactivities,administrationworkandotherservices,suchasschools,officebuildings,parks,hospitals,shops,stations,theatres,gymnasiums,hotels,exhibitionhalls,bathpools,andsoon.allofthemhavedifferentfunctions,whichinturnrequiredifferentdesigntypesaswell.Housingisthelivingquartersforhumanbeings.thebasicfunctionofhousingistoprovideshelterfromtheelements,butpeopletodayrequiremuchmorethatoftheirhousing.afamilymovingintoanewneighborhoodwilltoknowiftheavailablehousingmeetsitsstandardsofsafety,health,andcomfort.afamilywillalsoaskhownearthehousingistograinshops,foodmarkets,schools,stores,thelibrary,amovietheater,andthecommunitycenter.Inthemid-1960’samostimportantvalueinhousingwassufficientspacebothinsideandout.amajorityoffamiliespreferredsingle-familyhomesonabouthalfanacreofland,whichwouldprovidespaceforspare-timeactivities.inhighlyindustrializedcountries,manyfamiliespreferredtoliveasfaroutaspossiblefromthecenterofametropolitanarea,evenifthewageearnershadtotravelsomedistancetotheirwork.quitealargenumberoffamiliespreferredcountryhousingtosuburbanhousingbecausetheirchiefaimwastogetfarawayfromnoise,crowding,andconfusion.theaccessibilityofpublictransportationhadceasedtobeadecisivefactorinhousingbecausemostworkersdrovetheircarstowork.peoplewe’rechieflyinterestedinthearrangementandsizeofroomsandthenumberofbedrooms.Beforeanyofthebuildingcanbegin,planshavetobedrawntoshowwhatthebuildingwillbelike,theexactplaceinwhichitistogoandhoweverythingistobedone.Animportantpointinbuildingdesignisthelayoutofrooms,whichshouldprovidethegreatestpossibleconvenienceinrelationtothepurposesforwhichtheyareintended.inadwellinghouse,thelayoutmaybeconsideredunderthreecategories:“day”,“night”,and“services”.attentionmustbepaidtotheprovisionofeasycommunicationbetweentheseareas.the“day“roomsgenerallyincludeadining-room,sitting-roomandkitchen,butotherrooms,suchasastudy,maybeadded,andtheremaybeahall.theliving-room,whichisgenerallythelargest,oftenservesasadining-room,too,orthekitchenmayhaveadiningalcove.the“night“roomsconsistofthebedrooms.the“services“comprisethekitchen,bathrooms,larder,andwater-closets.thekitchenandlarderconnecttheserviceswiththedayrooms.Itisalsoessentialtoconsiderthequestionofoutlookfromthevariousrooms,andthosemostinuseshouldpreferablyfacesouthaspossible.itis,however,oftenverydifficulttomeettheoptimumrequirements,bothonaccountofthesurroundingsandthelocationoftheroads.inresolvingthesecomplexproblems,itisalsonecessarytofollowthelocaltown-planningregulationswhichareconcernedwithpublicamenities,densityofpopulation,heightofbuildings,proportionofgreenspacetodwellings,buildinglines,thegeneralappearanceofnewpropertiesinrelationtotheneighbourhood,andsoon.Thereislittlestandardizationinindustrialbuildingsalthoughsuchbuildingsstillneedtocomplywithlocaltown-planningregulations.themoderntrendistowardslight,airyfactorybuildings.generallyofreinforcedconcreteormetalconstruction,afactorycanbegivena“shed”typeridgeroof,incorporatingwindowsfacingnorthsoastogiveevenlydistributednaturallightingwithoutsun-glare.（一）建筑类型、设计建筑是息息相关,因为它提供了必要的空间中工作和生活。作为分类使用它们,装备,建筑类型主要有两种:工业与民用建筑工业建筑被不同厂家生产或工业民用建筑是那些被人们对住宅、就业、教育和其他社会活动。工业建筑的厂房可供加工制造各类等领域,采矿业、冶金、机械制造、化工、纺织行业。厂房可分为两种类型的并发。铝母铸造分厂和多层工业厂房建设一样。然而,民用建筑工业与民用建筑中使用的材料和不同的方式使用它们。民用建筑分为两大类:住宅和公共建筑.住宅建筑应该适合家庭生活每平应该包含至少三个必要的房间:一个客厅、一个厨房和卫生间依据建筑可以用在政治、经济、文化活动、行政工作及其他服务,如学校、写字楼、公园、医院、商店、车站、剧院、健身房、酒店、展览馆、浴水池,等等,他们有不同的功能,这反过来又需要不同类型的设计。住房是对人类生活空间的基本功能,住房是提供庇护的元素,但今天的人们,他们需要更多的住房之类的家人搬到一个陌生的地方会知道可利用的住房满足其标准的安全、卫生、舒适的家庭也会问为什么之类的住房是粮食附近的商店、食品市场、学校、商店、图书馆、电影院、社区中心。在1960中期是最重要的价值在住房是足够的空间内,大多数家庭优先之类的单户型住宅大约半英亩土地上的土地,这就提供了空间的休閒活动。在高度发达国家,许多家庭都喜欢住在很远的中心城区,即使工薪阶层不得不对他们的工作有一定的距离.quite大量的家庭喜欢乡下住房的郊区住房,因为他们的主要目标是要远离噪音、拥挤、混乱,通畅的公共交通已不再是一个决定性的因素,因为大多数工人的住房车开工作感兴趣,我们主要超前布置房间的大小和数目的卧室。在任何一个建筑可以开始,计划必须吸引显示该建筑将会像什么,确切的地方去,一切如何去做。很重要的一点是在建筑设计的布局,应提供房间中最大的方便与用途,他们的目的是在住宅,布局可考虑在三大类:“天”、“夜”、“服务”.注意必须提供容易沟通,这些地区的“日”的房间一般包括餐厅、客厅、厨房,但是其他房间,如一个书房,可能会增加,可能会有一个大厅,起居室,通常是最大的,通常被用来作为餐厅,或厨房用餐,可能会有一个壁龛里,“夜间”间卧室中的组成,“服务”组成的厨房、浴室、贮藏室、电动液压抽水马桶,厨房和冷连服务一天的房间。它也是必不可少的,考虑到问题的前景,从各个房间里最优先使用应该尽可能地朝南,却经常很难见到的最优工艺要求的环境和位置的道路。在解决这些复杂的问题,也是必要遵循当地城市法规所关心的公共设施、密度、高度的人口比例的绿色建筑,建筑空间的住处,线条,外观的新特性的关系,等等。很少有规范化等工业厂房建筑虽然仍需遵守当地的城市法规,现代潮流走向光明,空气的厂房.通常钢筋混凝土或金属结构,可以得到一个“放弃”型脊屋顶,把窗户面向北,使自然采光无防太阳强光均匀分布。（二）IntroductiontoCivilEngineeringPapersCivilEngineeringforthedevelopmentofakeyrole,firstasamaterialfoundationforthecivilengineeringconstructionmaterials,followedbythesubsequentdevelopmentofthedesigntheoryandconstructiontechnology.Everytimeanewqualityofbuildingmaterials,civilengineeringwillbealeap-styledevelopment.Peoplecanonlyrelyontheearlyearth,woodandothernaturalmaterialsintheconstructionactivities,andlaterappearedinbrickandtilethatartificialmaterials,sothatthefirsthumantobreaktheshacklesofnaturalbuildingmaterials.ChinaintheeleventhcenturyBCintheearlyWesternZhouDynastycreatedthetile.ThefirstbrickinthefifthcenturyBCtothethirdcenturyBC,whenthetomboftheWarringStatesPeriod.Brickandtilebetterthanthemechanicalpropertiesofsoil,materials,andeasytomanufacture.倍Thebr个ickan磁dtile服soth神atpeo渐plebe稠ganto谎appea肚rwide面ly,to煤alar蹦genum诚berof尺housi烈ngcon顶struct及ionan凯durba粮nfloo姓dcont拦rolpr避oject,斜ands舞oon.湾Thisc最ivile窗nginee烘ringt拥echnol绕ogyha叨sbeen浪rapid葡devel竞opment灾.Upt厕o18t毅othe希19thc评entury继,asl椅ongas宁twot限housan最dyear俘s,bri摆ckand芳tile堤hasbe孙enam组ajorc狮ivile趋nginee雕ringc砌onstru膨ction蔽materi贤als,h简umanc润iviliz窝ation录hasma袍deag幕reatc救ontrib估ution剂tothe疏even粉wasal馋sowid裂elyus宿edin音thepr再esent.鄙饲Theap者plicat醒ionof避alar过genum爪berof批steel允produ授ctsis捆thes淋econd翼leapi帖ncivi犁lengi万neerin拼g.Sev吵enteen册1970s替theu振seof怀pigir躬on,th婶eearl逼ynine把teenth豆centu惯ry,th瓶euse利ofwro裹ughti棍ronbr果idges辜andth拾econs术tructi挽onof马housin贯g,whi貌chis既aprel必udeto樱thee域mergen拆ceof培steel.柜微Fromt的hebeg佛inning肥ofth拣emid-波ninete偶enthc设entury探,meta学llurgi拼calin锅dustry某,smel随tinga晶ndrol臭lingo观uthig博htens摧ilean汉dcomp粱ressiv割estre伸ngth,姨ductil械ity,u昼niform撕ityof阴theq羡uality耳ofco叫nstruc雾tions疗teela眉ndthe谣nprod漫ucehi乖gh-str悼ength遭steel关wire,渔steel水cables惯.Asa刻resul遇toft尿henee但dtoa娘daptt育othe途develo川pment谦ofthe错steel雕struc枯tureh减avebe环enflo饿urishi列ng.In更addit毙ionto厚thea芦pplica挂tiono筒fthe吴origin它albea跃m,arc细hstru尽cture,邮then技ewtru租ss,a雅framew电ork,t明hestr起ucture损ofne江twork,道cable棕struc恨tures窄topro引motet耗hegra滥duale尼mergen肤ceof体thest岛ructur在eofY笋anin稼thefo炮rmof器flower蛮s.迟Fromt虹hebri阳ckbui衔lding伤long-s拾panst四ructur辱es,st劫onest喉ructur帽es,a求fewme迹terso窗fwood众,stee死lstru且cture丑tothe揉devel饭opment纤ofte妇nsof盖meters不,afe较whund然redme押ters,凡until滥modern河kmab嚼ove.S樱oint稠heriv怀er,cr妨ossth材ebrid洗gefro虽mshel准ves,o垮nthe剧ground隶since哄thec半onstru叨ction尘ofsky婆scrape诱rsand吸high-卵riset唐ower,匠eveni摔nthe划laying吴ofun钱dergro患undra猛ilway,妈tocr景eatea辞nunpr隐eceden夕tedmi爽racle.群孩Inord叶erto犯meett杏henee漏dsof芬thede婚velopm法entof僻steel色works摸,ont巨hebas饿isof怒Newton涌'smec携hanics迫,mate潮rialm侄echani兰cs,st劳ructur难almec估hanics虏,stru址ctural击engin六eering熊desig筋ntheo钻rycam妄einto滋being宝,and喉soon.者Const桥ructio敬nmach萄inery,侍const瞒ructio型ntech淹nology探andc柴onstru秩ction比organi绿zation粥desig颗ntheo筐ryals习odeve呜lopmen滔t,civ低ileng尊ineeri愚ngfro诸mthe跪experi锻enceo纲frisi产ngto导become因scien烟ce,en裁gineer耍ingpr书actice府andt闹heoret挨icalb袖asisf府orbot抢hisa角diffe败rentp队lace,垦which蜡ledto苍more成rapid侨develo李pment成ofciv躺ileng秀ineeri瞒ng.购During遇then筹inetee邻nthce收ntury,滋20,m严adeof暑Portl事andce丧ment,艺concre叮tehas刊come套out.C亦oncret骑ecan亮aggreg萍atema合terial饱s,eas肌y-to-c村oncret才estru串ctures扒formi到ng,bu叙tthe龟tensil且estre纺ngtho催fconc延retei小svery愤small盐,limi糊tedus最e.By逗themi提ddleo玉fthe叶ninete厘enthc蒸entury惠,the年surge旨inste酸elpro染ductio烘n,wit刷hthe酱emerge醉nceof愉this破newty批peof熄reinfo绿rcedc球oncret勤ecomp熟osite滤constr纳uction秃mater妈ials,扫which亦beart我heten懒sions芒teel,装concre关tebea泻rthe羞pressu上reand擦play念their合ownad越vantag魄es.Si舞nceth武ebegi炎nning获ofthe杯20th饶centur凡y,rei杰nforce伶dconc傍retei票swide赏lyuse凝dinv嚼arious泽field甘sofc示ivile隙nginee历ring.洋Fromt容hebeg上inning霉ofth避e1930恶s,the冤rehav旧ebeen羽pre-s皆tresse易dconc拨rete.必Pre-st撤ressed吸concr字etest骂ructur如eoft蚀hecra晌ckres匹istanc猪e,rig泉idity椒andca估rrying臂capac义ity,m蔬uchhi床ghert宜hanth穗erein值forced而concr甚etest浅ructur罩e,whi顺chuse续sane捡venwi举derar鸡ea.Ci房vilEn咏gineer林ingin孔tothe氧reinf疮orced客concre宵teand罢prest胀ressed山concr肆etedo阴minant老histo蜜rical宫period俊.Conc甜reteb柔uildin吉gsto篮bring复about绞theem幅ergenc房eofn漂eweco爱nomic,矩aesth智etics最tructu雷rein麦thefo贩rmof遗engine肉ering,谊civil币engin弟eering薄soth说atan匠ewcon稳struct搂ionte辨chnolo裂gyand止engin术eering轧desig数noft掘hestr宏ucture翁ofth森etheo群ry.Th它isis振anothe匹rleap的inth奇edeve获lopmen打tofc继ivile格nginee迫ring.崇Thech幸aracte薯ristic丰sofC杨ivilE示nginee娱ring荐Aproj旧ectto狂build脾thef猪acilit翼iesin古gener烂alto缘gothr急ought吨heinv晒estiga漠tion,匙design偶andc沃onstru啦ction尸inthr疯eesta赴ges,r酱equire川theu抵seof另geolog录icalp性rospec扣tingp孝roject司s,hyd值ro-geo出logica笑lsurv晶ey,en始gineer捐ingsu牛rvey,脊soilm利echani谨cs,me泥chanic智aleng辈ineeri家ng,en压gineer唐ingde恶sign,豪buildi丑ngmat顶erials巾,cons望tructi谜onequ继ipment妙,engi库neerin天gmach圣inery,碧build帅ingth皱eecon闹omy,嗓Andot抽herdi狭scipli羞nesan舅dcons交tructi粪ontec骑hnolog仁y,con启struct拴ionan喜dothe阵rfiel婆dsof创knowle牙dge,a持swell蹲asco俘mpute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构形式百花争梨艳的局面傅。业锯建筑物跨径从吹砖结构、石结竞构、木结构的短几米、几十米凶发展到钢结构烤的百米、几百逗米，直到现代笛的千米以上。犁于是在大江、村海峡上架起大归桥，在地面上魄建造起摩天大缩楼和高耸铁塔明，甚至在地面草下铺设铁路，早创造出前所未赏有的奇迹屿。映富为适应钢结构爹工程发展的需暂要，在牛顿力制学的基础上，备材料力学、结置构力学、工程局结构设计理论疯等就应运而生纹。施工机械、常施工技术和施裳工组织设计的卸理论也随之发痕展，土木工程瞒从经验上升成滴为科学，在工悟程实践和基础榨理论方面都面酷貌一新，从而还促成了土木工天程更迅速的发芝展荒。珍蜂十九世抵纪积2剩0他年代，波特兰筹水泥制成后，吩混凝土问世了鲜。混凝土骨料淡可以就地取材朴，混凝土构件言易于成型，但亡混凝土的抗拉暑强度很小，用混途受到限制态。赠万十九世纪中叶盛以后，钢铁产洽量激增，随之芹出现了钢筋混姨凝土这种新型芒的复合建筑材妻料，其中钢筋垄承担拉力，混拖凝土承担压力誓，发挥了各自北的优点匙。删喂二十世纪初以没来，钢筋混凝题土广泛应用于但土木工程的各蜻个领域吐。销讽从三十年代开荡始，出现了预厕应力混凝土。忆预应力混凝土延结构的抗裂性绣能、刚度和承呀载能力，大大朽高于钢筋混凝郑土结构，因而树用途更为广阔碑。土木工程进健入了钢筋混凝代土和预应力混湖凝土占统治地血位的历史时期拉。混凝土的出各现给建筑物带危来了新的经济摩、美观的工程斧结构形式，使川土木工程产生治了新的施工技巨术和工程结构域设计理论。这列是土木工程的和又一次飞跃发僻展悔。拢廊土木工程的特狡点街算建造一项工程吗设施一般要经材过勘察、设计睡和施工三个阶字段，需要运用抛工程地质勘察耽、水文地质勘松察、工程测量号、土力学、工扶程力学、工程汪设计、建筑材怖料、建筑设备守、工程机械、界建筑经济等学楼科和施工技术梁、施工组织等宇领域的知工识文叫，以及电子计峰算机和力学测埋试等技术。因踩而土木工程是纷一门范围广阔狼的综合性学科棕。随着科学技英术的进步和工武程实践的发展启，土木工程这雾个学科也已发若展成为内涵广埋泛、门类众多振、结构复杂的医综合体系员。专毕土木工程是伴牧随着人类社会粘的发展而发展哪起来的。它所红建造的工程设制施反映出各个透历史时期社会码经济、文化、甘科学、技术发吓展的面貌，因埋而土木工程也窑就成为社会历绪史发展的见证作之一柴。失兼远古时代，人锋们就开始修筑且简陋的房舍、续道路、桥梁和顿沟澶，以满足奴简单的生活和商生产需要。后蝴来，人们为了厨适应战争、生扛产和生活以及汽宗教传播的需传要，兴建了城公池、运河、宫搁殿、寺庙以及任其他各种建筑穗物拆。集蹄许多著名的工挎程设施显示出仁人类在这个历年史时期的创造糟力。例如，中旷国的长城、都既江堰、大运河侄、赵州桥、应旦县木塔，埃及坛的金字塔，希监腊的巴台农神晒庙，罗马的给小水工程、科洛愿西姆圆形竞技跑场疏(沿罗马大斗兽悠场争)珍，以及其他许时多著名的教堂赏、宫殿等拜。亭荒产业革命以后纳，特别是到络了览2哭0惩世纪，一方面欠社会向土木工胃程提出了新的科需求；另一方街面，社会各个湾领域为土木工技程的前进创造抖了良好的条件止。因而这个时类期的土木工程鸣得到突飞猛进忙的发展。在世皮界各地出现了牧现代化规模宏典大的工业厂房观、摩天大厦，败核电站、高速挺公路和铁路、筐大跨桥梁、大鼠直径运输管道逝长隧道、大运转河、大堤坝、嗓大飞机场、大志海港以及海洋惰工程等等。现剂代土木工程不泛断地为人类社携会创造崭新的惭物质环境，成踪为人类社会现注代文明的重要透组成部分糊。唐醒土木工程是具炸有很强的实践善性的学科。在婆早期，土木工码程是通过工程耻实践，总结成荣功的经验，尤旁其是吸取失败前的教训发展起蜘来的。稠从告1落7迷世纪开始，以钱伽利略和牛顿电为先导的近代愉力学同土木工裂程实践结合起神来，逐渐形成绍材料力学、结案构力学、流体遗力学、岩体力减学，作为土木茄工程的基础理凭论的学科。这维样土木工程才牺逐渐从经验发逢展成为科学撕。册删在土木工程的郑发展过程中，既工程实践经验刷常先行于理论张，工程事故常讽显示出未能预瞧见的新因素，降触发新理论的律研究和发展。章至今不少工程怜问题的处理，宁在很大程度上摔仍然依靠实践百经验呜。房训土木工程技术疼的发展之所以妙主要凭借工程文实践而不是凭丛借科学试验和汇理论研究，有健两个原因：一菌是有些客观情含况过于复杂，贤难以如实地进夫行室内实验或睛现场测试和理调论分析。例如痕，地基基础、跟隧道及地下工治程的受力和变闯形的状态及其呀随时间的变化就，至今还需要买参考工程经验须进行分析判断脆。二是只有进话行新的工程实比践，才能揭示刘新的问题。例张如，建造了高捎层建筑、高耸炮塔桅和大跨桥降梁等，工程的忍抗风和抗震问菌题突出了，才卡能发展出这方找面的新理论和懂技术疲。野杰在土木工程的火长期实践中，卖人们不仅对房迟屋建筑艺术给障予很大注意，羡取得了卓越的献成就；而且对扮其他工程设施陆，也通过选用桌不同的建筑材处料，例如采用基石料、钢材和昂钢筋混凝土，山配合自然环境眨建造了许多在怠艺术上十分优奶美、功能上又洽十分良好的工乳程。古代中国略的万里长城，撕现代世界上的脖许多电视塔和慈斜张桥，都是现这方面的例子蒸。（三）耳WhenD形oesCo鸦ncrete缠Make章MoreS手ense?观There剩arese挑veral游factor紫sthat胆maym阀akeot工herme摧thods欧ofcon费struct玩ion,m架ostno防tably种tilt-u悬pcons歼tructi疤on,a裹better躲choic羞ethan姿steel葵build脱ings.蛙Themo停stobv颗iousf迁actor感isthe运build畅ing's你size.弓Forpr蠢ojects院less槐than5码0,000淋square仰feet,艺steel鼻isge秋nerall姻ythe盗least悼expens劈iveal肝ternat禽ive.F顺orab颤uildin春goft泡hissi动ze,th布efixe欺dor"斗opent歇hedoo爽r"cos曲tsof令atilt捡-upco担nstruc屈tionp益roject涉(like恭ther诊ental黎ofal亲argec秀rane,砖forex毕ample)钩make让itmor仙eexpe歼nsive葱thans底teel,丧event趣hough筝concre便teis冒usuall沈yale塘ssexp乞ensive窗rawm纺ateria镇l.As右projec丝tsbec锁omela矮rgert涝han50压,000s也quare麻feet,直howeve西r,the失lower暮price兄ofco拔ncrete薪start间stoo宏ffset房tilt-u稿pcons肺tructi痕on'sf亚ixedc镰ostsa待ndthi历smeth淘odbec距omesc析ost-co伟mpetit辩ivewi棵tham被etalb坛uildin爪g.The愉large芹rthe淘buildi细ng,th殿emore扒advan畏tageou醒stilt嫌-upco胁nstruc裙tionb蹄ecomes骄.尺Theco培stof恼thest垒eelbu订ilding缠kitw醋illus枣ually缺below堂ertha脾napr欺icequ骑otedf洒orac耽oncret导ebuil训ding,秤evena孤tiltw佳allbu鸦ilding烧.Ifc璃ustomi虽zingo钓rmodi编ficati急onsto响thek溜itare你neces睁saryt得omeet乒theo毕wner's景needs衬,thes构edesi虽gncos犬tsmus臣tbei镇nclude职dwhen抖compa狡ringt汪hepri庙ces.A裂lso,t委hekit斑price精mayn幼otinc城ludec终ostst职hatar纳enorm携allyi半ncorpo路rated牛intoa由quote牛fora撇tilt-友upor道tradit找ionall议ycons创tructe屋dbuil粱ding.雨Someo臣fthos却ecost凤sincl鹊udeco巴ncrete惹found追ation,夕permi昆ts,er炎ection膏anda费ssembl备ycost馒s,tax仔es,el榨ectric尊alwir披ing,p萌lumbin爽g,env颈ironme皆ntalc悬ontrol目s,duc繁twork,卫inter面iorfi鸽nishin阀g,etc凉.卷Thelo付cation尺ofth怜eproj闯ectwi三llals者oinfl鸭uence镰whethe瑞rast桥eelbu午ilding桃isev渴enan豪option饶.Buil杆dersi如nagri陆cultur宜alor巧lightl册ypopu拒lated笋areas阴genera文llyha衔vefew则ercod美erest娘rictio肃nspla神cedon控them.勿Thec迈loser粱abuil菌dingi脉splan蛛nedto征aden语selyp射opulat舌edare炒a,the全more封string倘entth粱efire锦codes座,buil绒dingp逐ermitt窃ingre澡quirem扛entsa宪ndoth骤ermun情icipal蜘stand避ardsb征ecome.碑Inso坊mecas同esste帐elbui惯ldings畏cann观otbe盗usedi策ncert屿ainar暂easfo辉rthis隔reaso剂n.Oth污ertim效es,fi欢recod岭esmay吉requi冈reste包elbui卫ldings淡tobe舒built陪furth诉erapa价rttha别ntilt跨-upst移ructur窜es,re君quirin破gala块rgerp蜜lotof短land暑forth贼eproj洪ect.T结hisis涂why,士inurb源anare斧as,bu径ilding役sclos富erto师thedo使wntown宜area悬arege逗nerall坑ymade损ofco哭ncrete锅ands友teelb察uildin蓝gsbec弃omemo日recom塘monon族theo崇utskir洒tsof企town.侮There洒asons肌teelb维uildin书gsfac武egrea锐terco注delim宰itatio住nsis努thatt标heyge萌nerall写yoffe量rless优fire挡protec叔tiont汇hanti红lt-up凡oroth传ercon池crete咳buildi捐ngs.W殊hiles长teeli枣snot抵combus尽tible,忌itis走notc光onside姐redfi肚reproo畏fbeca鱼useit晌cand丈istort理orlo烧seits泛struc遇tural症streng锤thwhe渗nexpo截sedto膀heat.摸Furth挖er,a涂fireo揭none惹sideo遮fame捉talwa揭llcan口gener给atede岩struct扑ivehe鹰aton柄theot梯hersi柱de,da滔maging汤thep欢ropert晌yinsi贝de.St料eelbu贿ilding甩desig式nersu错seav夺ariety档ofte箩chnolo访gies,斤froms精prays宵tofir切e-reta践rdant刃panels涂orbl戏ankets卷,tom垄itigat区ethe妨fire-r考esisti爆vepro梳blem.巩Bycom绑pariso棚n,at龄ypical得6.5"道concre稳te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