双语细菌的感染与免疫演示文稿

双语细菌的感染与免疫演示文稿现在是1页\一共有67页\编辑于星期三双语细菌的感染与免疫现在是2页\一共有67页\编辑于星期三BacterialInfection细菌的感染Theprocessofbacteriainvadinginthebody,growinginthetissues,producingtoxinsandcausingdiseasesiscalledbacterialinfection.现在是3页\一共有67页\编辑于星期三Pathogen（病原菌）Pathogenicbacterium（致病菌）Abacteriumwhichcancauseadiseaseiscalledpathogen.

Nonpathogen（非病原菌）Nonpathogenicbacterium（非致病菌）Abacteriumthatdoesnotcausediseaseiscallednonpathogen.现在是4页\一共有67页\编辑于星期三Opportunisticpathogen（机会致病菌）Conditionedpathogen（条件致病菌）Somebacteriaarecapableofcausingdiseasesonlyundercertainconditions.Theseorganismscancausediseaseonlyifoneormoreoftheusualdefencemechanismshumanshaveevolvedtorestrictmicroorganismsfromtheirusuallysterileinternalorgansandtissuearebreachedbyaccident,byintent(e.g.surgery),orbyanunderlyingmetabolicoraninfectiousdisorder(e.g.AIDS).现在是5页\一共有67页\编辑于星期三OutlineNormalfloraandopportunisticpathogenBacterialpathogenesisThehostimmunedefencesystemTheinitiationandcourseofinfectionHospitalinfection现在是6页\一共有67页\编辑于星期三Section1

Normalfloraandopportunisticpathogen

正常菌群与机会致病菌现在是7页\一共有67页\编辑于星期三★Normalflora（正常菌群）Normalmicrobialflora（正常微生物群）Thepopulationofmicroorganismsthatinhabittheskinandmucousmembranesofhealthypersons.Theyareusuallyharmless,someevenbeneficial,tohuman’shealth.现在是8页\一共有67页\编辑于星期三LocationsSurfacetissuesofskinOralcavityRespiratorytractGastrointestinaltractGenitourinarytract现在是9页\一共有67页\编辑于星期三Normalfloraonintestinalmucosa现在是10页\一共有67页\编辑于星期三肠道的正常菌群现在是11页\一共有67页\编辑于星期三现在是12页\一共有67页\编辑于星期三★BeneficialeffectsofthenormalfloraBiologicalantagonism（生物拮抗）Productionofessentialnutrients（营养作用）Primingofimmunesystem（免疫作用）Anti-aging（抗衰老作用）现在是13页\一共有67页\编辑于星期三Biologicalantagonism(生物拮抗)Biologicalbarriers（生物屏障）orReceptorcompetition（受体竞争)Harmfulmetabolites（有害代谢产物）Nutrientcompetition（营养竞争）现在是14页\一共有67页\编辑于星期三Conditionedpathogen（条件致病菌）Somebacteriaarecapableofcausingdiseasesonlyundercertainconditions.Thesebacteriaarecalledopportunistic(conditioned)pathogensandthiskindofinfectioniscalledopportunisticinfection（机会性感染）.★

Opportunisticpathogen（机会致病菌）现在是15页\一共有67页\编辑于星期三★

ConditionsofopportunisticinfectionChangeofinhabitingplaces（寄居部位改变）Immunesystemcompromise（宿主免疫功能低下）Dysbacteriosis（菌群失调）现在是16页\一共有67页\编辑于星期三Dysbacteriosis（菌群失调）Iffloradisequilibriumoccurs,forexample,whentheresidentfloraisdisturbed,somelittlesignificantmicroorganismsmaycolonize,proliferate,andproducedisease,whichiscalleddysbacteriosis.Dysbacteriosismainlyresultedfromlongtermandlargedosesantibioticstaken.现在是17页\一共有67页\编辑于星期三Superinfection（重叠感染）Afrequentcomplicationofdrugtherapyformicrobialinfection.Itmayresultfromopportunisticcolonizationfollowingimmunosuppressionbytheprimarypathogenandcanbeinfluencedbythetimeintervalbetweeninfections,microbialphysiology,orhostresistance.现在是18页\一共有67页\编辑于星期三Dysbacteriosisandsuperinfection现在是19页\一共有67页\编辑于星期三肠道的正常菌群健康青壮年粪便涂片健康老年粪便涂片（双歧杆菌）现在是20页\一共有67页\编辑于星期三Probiotics（益生菌）现在是21页\一共有67页\编辑于星期三Probiotics（益生菌）&Prebiotics（益生元）现在是22页\一共有67页\编辑于星期三Section2

BacterialPathogenesis

细菌的致病作用BasictermsBacterialPathogenicity

BacterialvirulenceNumberofinvadingorganismsPortalofentry现在是23页\一共有67页\编辑于星期三Pathogenicity（致病性）

isusedtodescribethecapacityofbacteriatoinitiatediseases.Thetermofvirulence（毒力）

isusedasacomparisonofpathogenicityinthequantitativesense.ID50（medianinfectiousdose,半数感染量）:Infectiousdoseofbacteriafor50%ofthetestpopulation.LD50

（medianlethaldose,半数致死量）

:Lethaldoseofbacteriafor50%ofthetestpopulation.BasicTerms现在是24页\一共有67页\编辑于星期三ExotoxinPili(Fimbrial)CapsuleVirulentEnzymeAdhesinsFlagellaIronbindingproteinVirulencesurfaceproteinBacterialvirulencefactors（细菌毒力因子）现在是25页\一共有67页\编辑于星期三Bacterialvirulence（细菌的毒力）Virulence（毒力）Invasiveness（侵袭力）Toxin（毒素）Adherence&permanentplanting（黏附与定植）Multiplication&diffusion（增殖与扩散）Anti-defensefunctionofhost（免疫逃逸）Endotoxin（内毒素）Exotoxin（外毒素）现在是26页\一共有67页\编辑于星期三Adhesionandfieldplanting（黏附与定植）Invasion（侵入）Multiplicationanddiffusion（繁殖与扩散）Localdiffusion（局部扩散）Systemicdiffusion（全身性扩散）现在是27页\一共有67页\编辑于星期三★

Invasiveness（侵袭力）Definition:Bacterialcapabilitythatcanbreakthroughthephysiologicbarriers(skin,mucosa),settledown,multiply,andspreadinthehost.Adhesivefactors:adhesinandcapsuleInvasivesubstancesBacterialbiofilm现在是28页\一共有67页\编辑于星期三1.Adhesin（黏附素）Protiensonbacterialsurfaceassociatedwithadhesion.Adhesinsbindtoadhesinreceptorsonhostcells.Classification:Pilus(fimbriae)adhesin(菌毛黏附素)Non-fimbriaeadhesin(非菌毛黏附素)现在是29页\一共有67页\编辑于星期三AdhesinAdhesinEpitheliumReceptorBacterium现在是30页\一共有67页\编辑于星期三Capsule(荚膜)ofstreptococcuspneumoniaeMicrocapsule（微荚膜）

Slimelayer（黏液层）现在是31页\一共有67页\编辑于星期三ProtectthecellwallagainstattackbydrugsInhibitingestionandkillingbyphagocytesPlayaroleintheadherenceofhumantissueAntigenicity2.Capsule（荚膜）现在是32页\一共有67页\编辑于星期三3.Invasiveenzymes侵袭性酶类

Somebacteriamaygenerateinvasiveenzymes,whichcandamagebodytissuesandpromotetheinvasionanddiffusionofthebacteria.现在是33页\一共有67页\编辑于星期三4.Invasin侵袭素Encodedbyinvasivegenes（侵袭基因）Mediateinvadingadjacentepithelialcells现在是34页\一共有67页\编辑于星期三5.Bacterialbiofilm细菌生物被膜：

Themembraneousbacterialcommunitycomposedofbacteriaandtheextracellularpolymerssecretedbybacteriaaftertheyadheretothesurfaceoflivingornonlivingmaterials.现在是35页\一共有67页\编辑于星期三5.Bacterialbiofilm细菌生物被膜FacilitatesbacterialadhesionBafflesthepenetrationofantibioticandtherejectionofimmunesystemProfitssignalcommunicationamongbacteria.现在是36页\一共有67页\编辑于星期三Bacterialbiofilm现在是37页\一共有67页\编辑于星期三现在是38页\一共有67页\编辑于星期三Biofilmintheendoscope（内窥镜）现在是39页\一共有67页\编辑于星期三Staphylococcusepidermidis（表皮葡萄球菌）biofilminthesurfaceofvenouscatheter（静脉导管）现在是40页\一共有67页\编辑于星期三ExotoxinsEndotoxinsExcretedbylivingcells;highconcentrationsinliquidmedium.IntegralpartofthecellwallofG-bacteria.Releasedonbacterialdeathandinpartduringgrowth.Maynotneedtobereleasedtohavebiologicactivity.ProducedbybothG+andG-bacteria.FoundonlyinG-bacteria.PolypeptidesLPS(lipidAportionprobablyresponsiblefortoxicity.)Relativelyunstable;toxicityoftendestroyedrapidlybyheatingattemperaturesabove60℃.Relativelystable;withstandheatingattemperaturesabove60℃forhourswithoutlossoftoxicity.现在是41页\一共有67页\编辑于星期三ExotoxinsEndotoxinsHighlyantigenic;stimulateformationofhigh-titerantitoxin(抗毒素).Antitoxinneutralizestoxin.Weaklyimmunogenic;antibodiesareantitoxicandprotective.Relationshipbetweenantibodytitersandprotectionfromdiseaseislessclearthanwithexotoxins.Convertedtoantigenic,nontoxictoxoids(类毒素)byformalin,acid,heat,etc.Toxoidsareusedtoimmunize.Notconvertedtotoxoids.Highlytoxic;fataltoanimalsinmicrogramquantitiesorless.Moderatelytoxic;fatalforanimalsintenstohundredsofmicrograms.现在是42页\一共有67页\编辑于星期三ExotoxinsEndotoxinsUsuallybindtospecificreceptorsoncells.Specificreceptorsnotfoundoncells.Usuallydonotproducefeverinthehost.Selectivetoxicityandspecificclinicalsyndromes.Neurotoxins(神经毒素)Cytotoxins(细胞毒素)Enterotoxins(肠毒素)UsuallyproducefeverinthehostbyreleaseofIL-1andothermediators.Frequentlycontrolledbyextrachromosomalgenes(e.g.plasmids).Synthesisdirectedbychromosomalgenes.现在是43页\一共有67页\编辑于星期三区别要点外毒素内毒素来源革兰阳性菌与部分革兰阴性菌革兰阴性菌编码基因质粒、前噬菌体或染色体基因染色体基因存在部分从活菌分泌出，少数菌崩解后释出细胞壁组分，菌裂解后释出化学成分蛋白质脂多糖稳定性60～80℃，30分钟破坏160℃，2～4小时破坏毒性作用强，对组织器官有选择性毒害效应，引起特殊的临床表现较弱，各菌的毒性效应大致相同，引起发热、白细胞增多、微循环障碍、休克、DIC等抗原性强，刺激机体产生抗毒素；甲醛液处理脱毒形成类毒素弱，刺激机体产生的中和抗体作用弱；甲醛液不能脱毒形成类毒素现在是44页\一共有67页\编辑于星期三SpecificpolysaccharideLPS现在是45页\一共有67页\编辑于星期三Procedure现在是46页\一共有67页\编辑于星期三Neurotoxin（神经毒素）Tetanustoxin（破伤风毒素）现在是47页\一共有67页\编辑于星期三Cytotoxins（细胞毒素）Diphtheriatoxin（白喉毒素）inhibitsproteinsynthesisinmammaliancellsandcausesnecrosisofcellsDiphtheriamembraneonthroat现在是48页\一共有67页\编辑于星期三Enterotoxin（肠毒素）Choleraenterotoxin现在是49页\一共有67页\编辑于星期三BiologicalrolesofendotoxinFever（发热）Leukopeniaandleukocytosis（白细胞反应）Endotoxemiaandshock（内毒素血症与休克）现在是50页\一共有67页\编辑于星期三EndotoxinActivatesmacrophagesActivatescomplementActivatesHagemanfactorIL-1,TNF,NitricoxideFeverandhypotensionC3a,C5aHypotensionEdemaCoagulationcascadeDIC现在是51页\一共有67页\编辑于星期三Section4

theinitiationandprocessofinfectionSourcesofinfectionPathwayofbacterialentranceTypesofbacterialinfection现在是52页\一共有67页\编辑于星期三Exogenousinfection（外源性感染）PatientsCarriers（带菌者）AnimalsEnodogenousinfection（内源性感染）OpportunisticpathogensSourcesofinfection现在是53页\一共有67页\编辑于星期三Pathwayofpathogenentrance

RespiratoryGastrointestinalGenitalSkinandmucosaAnimalbitesBloodSexualtransmission现在是54页\一共有67页\编辑于星期三TypesofbacterialinfectionInapparentinfection（隐性感染）Apparentinfection（显性感染）Carrierstate（带菌状态）现在是55页\一共有67页\编辑于星期三Inapparentinfection（隐性感染）Subclinicalinfection（亚临床型感染）Aninfectionthathasnoobservablesymptoms.Itoccurswhenthehostimmunityispotentorthepathogenicityofthepathogenisweak.现在是56页\一共有67页\编辑于星期三Thetipoftheiceberg

现在是57页\一共有67页\编辑于星期三Apparentinfection（显性感染）AcuteinfectionChronicinfectionLocalinfectionGeneralizedinfection★Toxemia(毒血症)Endotoxemia(内毒素血症)Bacteremia(菌血症)Septicemia(败血症)Pyemia(脓毒血症)现在是58页\一共有67页\编辑于星期三Toxemia（毒血症）Bacteriamutiplyatinvadinglocationanddonotenterbloodstream,buttheexotoxins（外毒素）enterbloodandcausecorrespondingtoxicsymptoms.Endotoxemia（内毒素血症）Gram-negativebacteriamutiplyatlocationorinbloodstream,releasealotofamountendotoxin（内毒素）

releasedfrombacterialcellrupture.现在是59页\一共有67页\编辑于星期三Bacteremia（菌血症）Afterenteringblood,bacteriacirculatebutnotmultiplyintheblood.Septicemia（败血症）Bacteriacirculateandmultiplyintheblood,inwhichbacteriaproducetoxicproductsandcausehighswingingtypeoffeverandothertoxicsymptoms.现在是60页\一共有67页\编辑于星期三Pyemia（脓毒血症）Pyogenic（化脓性）bacteriaproducesepticemiawithmultipleabscesses（脓肿）ininternalorganssuchasspleen,liverandkidneys.现在是61页\一共有67页\编辑于星期三★

Carrierstate（带菌状态）Afterinapparentinfectionorapparentinfec