Types-of-English-Sentences(英语句子种类)

TypesofSentencesTypesofSentencesClassificationFunctionIndicative(陈述),Interrogative(疑问),Imperative(祈使),Exclamative(感叹)Length

short,long

structuresimple,compound,Complex,Compound-complexsentencessimple,compound,complex,andcompound-complexsentences.(简单句，并列句，复合句，并列复合句).SeePage11ofthetextbook.TypesofSentencesThebasicpatternofasimplesentenceinEnglishisonesubject-predicateunit（一个主谓结构）.

Example:AsimplesentenceWelikeEnglish.

SVPVPverbphrase动词词组SentenceIndependentClauseS

VPAllthemenhavedonetheirbest.

Theman

died.AsimplesentenceHerearethemainbasicpatterns:1.Johndisappeared.(SV)2.Johnisastudent.(SVP)3.JohnlearnedFrench.(SVO)4.JohngivesMaryhisbooks.(SVoO)5.WefoundJohnguilty.(SVOC)AsimplesentenceAsimplesentencehasonlyonesubjectandonepredicate-verb,butitmaycontainmorethanoneobject,attributeoradverbial.AsimplesentenceAcompoundsentenceconsistsoftwoormoreindependentclauses(orsimplesentences)relatedtoeachotherinmeaning,andlinkedbyacoordinatingconjunction(and,but,or,etc.)orbyasemicolonwithoutaconjunction.E.g.:1.Theheavyrainstartedsuddenly,sowestoppedplantingourtrees.2.Theheavyrainstartedsuddenly;westoppedplantingourtrees.Acompoundsentence由并列连词（and,but,or等）或分号（；）把两个或两个以上的简单句连在一起构成。

Coordinatedideasshouldbecompatible(协调的，和谐的，一致的)androughlyequalinimportance,ortakeshapeonebyoneinorderlysequence.E.g.:Itwasraininghard,sotheycouldnotworkinthefield.Itwasraininghard;theycouldnotworkinthefield.AcompoundsentenceAcompoundsentenceFiniteClause1FiniteClause2coordinatorSVPSVPIamateacherand/butheisastudent.SentenceAcompoundsentenceFiniteClause3SVPCoordina-torFiniteClause2SVPFiniteClause1SVPSentenceIamateacher,youareastudentandsheisaclerk.Coordinatingconjunctions（并列连词）Seepage447ofthetextbook.but,while,whereas,yet,only,…or,either…or…,neither…norfor,so,…and,both…and…，notonly…butalsoAcompoundsentence严格说来，therefore,however,nevertheless,hence等属于连接性副词，连接性副词和连词在用法上有很多相似之处，但也有不同点。1.标点符号不同：连词和连接性副词在连接两个分句时，前后使用的标点符号不同：连词之前常用逗号（，），之后通常不用标点；而连接性副词之前要求用分号（；）或句号（.），之后常用逗号（，）。如：AcompoundsentenceWhichofthefollowingsentencesarecorrect?1.Theshopswereclosed;therefore,Icouldn’tbuyanything.2.Theshopswereclosed.Therefore,Icouldn’tbuyanything.3.Theshopswereclosed,therefore,Icouldn’tbuyanything.Acompoundsentence4.Theshopswereclosed,soIcouldn’tbuyanything.5.Theshopswereclosed,so,Icouldn’tbuyanything.6.TheshopswereclosedsoIcouldn’tbuyanything.7.TheshopswereclosedandsoIcouldn’tbuyanything.Acompoundsentence2.位置上的区别

连接两个独立的分句时，并列连词的位置只能放在它所引导的分句句首，前面通常有逗号：①I

must

work

harder,

for

I

still

have

a

long

way

to

go.

②They

all

went,

but

I

didn’tgo.

连接性副词的位置较灵活，既可放在句首，也可位于句中或句末、但以置于句首居多：

①Father

is

ill;

therefore,

he

doesn't

go

to

work

today.

(句首)②Father

is

ill;

he,therefore,doesn’t

go

to

work

today.

(句中)

③Father

is

ill;

he

doesn't

go

towork

today,

therefore.

(句末)AcompoundsentenceAcomplexsentencecontainsonemainclauseandoneormoredependent(orsubordinate)clauses,withaconnectiveworddenotingtherelationbetweenthetwoparts.AcomplexsentenceThesubordinateclausemayplaythepartofasubject,anobject,apredicative,anattribute,anappositiveoranadverbialinthemainclause.Asarule,themajorideaisexpressedinthemainclauseandtheideaorideasoflesserimportanceinthesubordinateclauses.AcomplexsentenceComplexsentence复合句名词性从句(nounclauses):主语、宾语、同位语、表语从句形容词性从句(adjectiveclauses)：定语从句副词性从句(adverbclauses)：状语从句Twoormorecoordinateindependentclauseswithatleastonecomplexclausemakea

compound-complexsentence（并列复合句）.一个并列句，如果包含一个或一个以上的复合句作为并列成分，则为并列复合句。简单的说，并列复合句就是指并列句中的两个分句中又内含从句。具体地说，并列复合句可以是一个简单句与一个主从复合句用并列连接词连接起来的，也可以是两个主从复合句的并列。

Acompound-complexsentenceExamples:1.Hedidn'tknowwhentheywouldhavethemeeting,sohecalleduphisfriend.2.Helikesmath,andheoftenhelpsotherswhoareweakinit.

Acompound-complexsentenceAcompound-complexsentenceHedidn'tknowwhentheywouldhavethemeeting,+so+hecalleduphisfriend.Hedidn’tknow+when……Decidewhichofthefollowingisasimplesentence,acompoundsentence,complexsentence,orcompound-complexsentence.1.Itmusthaverainedlastnight,forthegroundissowet.2.Hedoesn’tknowhowtohandlethismachine.3.Hedoesn’tknowhowhecanhandlethismachineExercises3.Whattheycan’tsayisthatacertainwayofeatingwillguaranteefreedomfromheartdisease,oranyotherdisorder.4.Neithercouldtheorydowithoutpractice,norcouldpracticedowithouttheory.Exercises5.Anotherproblemisthatpeopleonhigh-fatandlow-fatdietshavetobestudiedformanyyearsandtheirdiseasepatternsmonitored.ExercisesAnotherproblem+is+that从句peopleonhigh-fatandlow-fatdietshavetobestudiedformanyyearstheirdiseasepatterns(havetobe)monitored.+and+6.Arecentstudyfoundthatatthenation’s146mostcompetitiveschools,74percentofstudentscamefromupper-middle-classandwealthyfamilies,whileonlyabout5percentcamefromfamilieswithanannualincomeofroughly35,000dollarsorless.ExercisesSimplesentences

vs.

ComplexsentencesIknow

(that)youknowhim.SVP

S’VP’ComplexsentencesubordinatorIknowhim.SVPSimplesentenceIf

Iwereyou,

I

wouldnothavedoneit.

SVPS’VP’Positionofasubordinateclause(1)主句从句SubordinatorHeistheonlyperson(who/whom)Iknowhere.SVPS’VP’

Thesystemisflexible,ashasbeenmentioned.

SVPS’VP’Positionofasubordinateclause(2)Thiskindofconduct,whoeverdoesit,isnotacceptable.

S

VPS’VP’Positionofasubordinateclause(3)Asubordinateclause—alsocalledadependentclause—willbeginwithasubordinatororarelativepronoun/adverbandwillcontainbothasubjectandaverb.Thiscombinationofwordswillnotformacompletesentence.Itwillinsteadmakeareaderwantadditionalinformationtofinishthethought.

Syntactically,subordinateclausescanbesubdividedintonominal,adjectiveandadverbialclauses.SubordinateclausesWhenyouattachasubordinateclauseinfrontof

amainclause,useacomma,likethis:subordinateclause+,+mainclause.Whenyouattachasubordinateclauseattheendofamainclause,youwillgenerallyusenopunctuation,likethis:mainclause+Ø+subordinateclause.SubordinateclausesExamples:Ifweatherpermits，wewillgoforanoutingthisweekend.Wewillgoforanoutingthisweekendifweatherpermits.SubordinateclausesAdverbialClausescanbedividedinto:(RefertoChapter17)TimePlaceCauseResultConcessionPurposeConditionMannerComparisonTheseclausesareintroducedbywhen,while,asafter,before

since,till/untilassoonas,nosooner…thanhardly/barely/scarcely…when/beforedirectly,immediately,instantlyeachtime,themoment,theinstant,theminute,thesecond,thefirsttimePleaserefertopage449《实用英语语法》（张道真）.时间状语从句中经常用一般现在时表示将来1.AdverbialClausesofTimeIwillstaywithyouuntilyourmothercomeshome.Afterhehadgotthemoney,helefthomeimmediately.1.AdverbialClausesofTimewhile从句中的谓语动词必须是延续性的，如be,stay,wait,live,etc.，强调主从句的动作同时发生，经常翻译为“在……期间”、“趁……”或“一边……一边”。when从句中的谓语动词可以是表示瞬间的，如getup,arrive,etc.，且主从句的动作可以表示短暂的时间差。when与beabouttodo连用时，表示“刚要……就……”此外，while还可以引导让步状语从句。while&when都能引导时间状语从句，表示“当……”。表示某事一发生，另一事立即发生，可以与when替换。(不作重点)表示某事发生的过程中另一事发生。当表示时间的推移时，一般用as引导时间状语从句。as还用于原因状语从句，比较状语从句，方式状语从句及让步状语从句的倒装句等。as表示“当……”，“随着……”after和before表示主从句的谓语动词有明显的时间先后发生。e.g.Shehadtwohourstokillbeforeshecouldbeinterviewed.before与can,beableto连用还可以表示“不等……就”或“还来不及……就”e.g.BeforeIwasabletoexplain,hebegantoscoldme.在It+“be”+（一段时间）+before+(时态)结构中表示“……之后才”；其否定结构表示“不多久就”。e.g.Itwasovertwohoursbeforewereachedthelittletown.

Itwillbeovertwohoursbeforewereachthelittletown.(一般现在时表示将来)e.g.Itwillnotbeverylongbeforeyouareofage.after,before当主句为肯定句时，表示主句的动作一直持续到until从句的动作发生为止。因此，肯定句中until的主句谓语动词必须是延续性的。当主句为否定句时，表示主句的动作在从句的动作发生之前尚未发生或主句的动作在从句动作发生之后才发生。E.g.Iwillbehereuntilyoucomeback.Iwillnotbehereuntilyoucomeback.Iwillnotgotobeduntilyoucomeback.作为介词的until后也可接after引导的从句。e.g.Ididn’treachthestationuntilafterthetrainhadleft.till/untilTheseclausesareintroducedbywhereandwherever.e.g.Wherethereisawill,thereisaway.Thethreadbreakswhereitistheweakest.We’llgowhereveryouask.2.AdverbialClausesofPlace引导词：

because,as,since,nowthat,

seeing(that),considering(that),

inthat,ontheground(that),…Example:Criticismandself-criticismisnecessaryinthatithelpsustocorrectourmistakes.3.AdverbialClauseofCauseBecause强调未知原因，语气最强烈，通常从句位于主句之后。在强调的情况下，只用because:

just/onlybecause

notbecause…butbecause

Itis/wasbecause…that…because&becauseof3.AdverbialClausesofCausesince,nowthat等表示已知原因。for引导的并列句不能位于句首；且不是主句的直接原因，只是对主句的做进一步说明或推测。e.g.Someonemusthaveleftthetapon,forthewaterwasrunningoverandfloodingthebathroom.Thedaybreaks,forthebirdsaresinging.并列句3.AdverbialClausesofCause引导词：

that,sothat,so/such…that结果状语从句还涉及一语法点：

such+a(n)+(adj.)+(n.)

so+(adj.)+a(n)+(n.)

such+(adj.)+(n.)[U]/[pl.]

so+many/much/few/little+(n.)4.AdverbialClausesofResultTomwas

soweakthathecouldnotrun.Itwassuchastrangestorythatnoonebelievedit.Itwassostrangeastorythatnoonebelievedit.4.AdverbialClausesofResult引导词：

inorderthat,sothat,incase,forfearthat,lestsothat从句中出现情态动词，是区别目的状语从句和结果状语从句的标志。incase,forfearthat,lest引导的从句中用(should)do的形式。5.AdverbialClausesofPurposeCompare:Hegotupearlysothathecouldcatchthebustoschool.Hegotupearlysothathecaughtthebustoschool.5.AdverbialClausesofPurposeAdverbialclauseofpurposeAdverbialclauseof

result引导词：

though,although,while,as,evenif/thoughnomatterhow/what/where…

however,whatever,wherever…注意让步状语从句的倒装结构：

强调部分+as/though…+主句6.AdverbialClausesofConcession

e.g.1Although/thoughheisaChinese,(yet)hecannotspeakhisnativetongue.Chineseas/thoughheis,he…2.Thoughheisachild,heknowsalot.Childas/thoughheis,heknowsalot.3.______heneededmoneyforanewcar，hedecidednottoborrowitfromthebank.（1998）A.MuchasB.MuchthoughC.AsmuchD.Thoughmuch（A，muchas可看作是固定词组，作连词，引导让步状语从句，表示“尽管，虽然”。如:MuchasIshouldliketoseeyou，Iamafraidyoucouldnotcome.）6.AdverbialClausesofConcessionif,unless,as/solongas,once,

onconditionthat…,

incase,intheeventthat…provided/providing(that)…

suppose/supposing(that)…

assuming(that)…,ontheassumption(that)…given(that)…Example:IncaseIforget,pleaseremindmeofmypromise.7.AdverbialClausesofCondition引导词：as,asif,asthough,however…Examples:PleasedoasIhavetoldyou.*Hecriesasif

/asthoughheweremad.Thesubjunctiveisusedafterasifandasthough.Arrangeyourhourshoweveryoulike.

你的时间你可以随意安排。Youmayuseithoweveryoulike.

8.AdverbialClausesofManner引导词：

than,as…as,notso/as…as,

themore…themore,AistoBwhat/asXistoY.

Examples:Theyworkharderthanwedo.Theyworkashardaswedo.Theearliertheystart,themorequicklytheywillbefinished.Foodistomenwhatoilistomachine.食物之于人，犹如油之于机器。9.AdverbialClausesofComparisonNominalclauses,alsoknownas“nounclauses”canfunctionassubject,object,predicative,appositive,andprepositionalobject.Theyareusuallyintroducedby“that”orbyawh-wordsuchaswho,what,which,where,when,how,whetherandwhy.NominalclausesNominalclauses名词性从句主语从句(subjectclauses)宾语从句(objectclauses)表语从句(predicativeclauses)同位语从句(appositiveclauses)Examples:1.Whetherhewillcomeornotisunknown.

2.Idon’tknowwhetherhewillcomeornot.3.

Thequestioniswhetherhewillcomeornot.4.

Thequestionwhetherhewillcomeornotisnotsettled.NominalclausesSubjectclauseObjectclausepredicativeclauseappositiveclause5.Thathehassetouttoprepareforthecomingexamsissatisfying.6.Myideaisthatweshouldgetmorepeopletofinishthework．7.Myideathatweshouldgetmorepeopletofinishtheworkisaccepted.8.Thisismyideathatweshouldgetmorepeopletofinishthework.NominalclausesSubjectclausepredicativeclauseappositiveclauseappositiveclauseWeuseadjectiveclausesalsocalledrelative/attributiveclauses

（定语从句）toidentifyorgiveadditionalinformationaboutnouns(people,places,orthings.AdjectiveclausesRestrictive/definingattributiveclauses&non-restrictive/non-definingattributiveclausesYoumustunderstandwhetherornotthedependentclauseisessential

informationorextrainformationintheunderstandingofthenoun.Thisimpactsthemeaningandthepunctuation.Essentialclausesarealsocalleddefiningorrestrictive.WeDONOTusecommaswiththeseclauses.Extraclausesarealsocallednon-definingornon-restrictive.WEMUSTusecommaswiththeseclauses.Wecannotusetherelativepronounthat.AdjectiveclausesCanyouunderstandthediffe