园艺科学概述

HorticulturalScienceBILINGUALCOURSEContentsIntroductiontoHorticulture(2h)ClassificationofHorticulturalCrops(4h)AnatomyofHorticulturalCrops(6h)GrowthEnvironmentofHorticulturalCrops(6h)PlantPhysiologyofHorticulturalCrops(4h)PropagationofHorticulturalCrops(2h)MineralNutrientsandFertilizationofHorticulturalCrops(4h)OrganicHorticulturalPractice(4h)HOMEWORK-1stChooseoneofyourfavoritehorticulturalcropsanddescribeitsclassificationaccordingtoitsscientificname,seasonalgrowthcycle,kindofstem,stemgrowthform.Pleasealsoincludepicturesforillustration.Seetheexampleonthenextslide.Emailtoyaoqscau@.荔枝（litchi,lychee

）Thelitchi(alsoknownaslychee)isthesolememberofthegenusLitchiinthesoapberry(无患子)

family,Sapindaceae(无患子科).ItisatropicalandsubtropicalfruittreenativetosouthernChina,Taiwan,BangladeshandSoutheastAsia,andnowcultivatedinmanypartsoftheworld.scientificname:Litchichinensisseasonalgrowthcycle:perennialkindofstem:treestemgrowthform:erectQuestionsTranslatethefollowingChineseintoEnglish.界门纲目科属种KingdomDivisionClassOrderFamilyGenusSpeciesChapter3AnatomyofHorticulturalCropsGlossaryAnnualringsEpidermisOrganellesBark树皮EpigeousgerminationParenchymacellsCellFoliageleavesParthenocarpyChromosomeHardwood阔叶材Plantanatomy年轮表皮细胞器子叶出土萌发薄壁细胞细胞营养叶单性结实染色体植物形态CompleteflowerPlasmamembraneHeartwoodComplextissueHypogeousgerminationPlastidCompoundleavesImperfectflowerMeristemsCompressionwood应压木IncompleteflowerProproots完全花质膜心材复合组织子叶不出土萌发质体复叶不完全花分生组织不完全花支持根TaprootSimpleleavesTensionwood应拉木VascularplantSimpletissueWood木材TissueSoftwood针叶材TurgorpressureXerophytesTotipotencyGenome直根，主根单叶维管植物简单组织组织膨压旱生植物细胞全能性基因组ConductingtissueInflorescenceReactionwood应力木Culm茎秆DifferentiationSapwood边材SclerenchymacellsCollenchymacellsSecretionPrimaryvegetativebodyVascularcambium疏导组织花序分化厚壁细胞/skliә-/厚角细胞/kә-/分泌初生营养体维管形成层WholeplantOrgansTissuesCellsOrganellesMacromoleculesLevelsoforganizationofplantsThestudyofplantsbelowtheleveloforgansusuallyrequirestheaidofspecialequipmentsuchasmicroscopestoobserveandmanipulate.Thecellisthebasicunitoforganizationoflivingthings.Cell:Thebasicstructuralandphysiologicalunitofplantsandanimals.Plantanatomy:Thestudyofthestructureofcells,tissues,andtissuesystemsofplants.Cellstructure针晶簇晶核糖体细胞核核仁大中央液泡淀粉粒细胞壁细胞膜高尔基体叶绿体液泡膜线粒体细胞质粗面型内质网滑面型内质网高尔基小泡TypesofplantcellsandtissuesSimpletissuesParenchyma:characterizedbythinwall.Collenchyma:havingathickprimarywall.Sclerenchyma:havingtwowalls,primaryandsecondary.Primaryandsecondarywallscontaincellulose,hemicelluloseandpectin,albeitindifferentproportions.Approximatelyequalamountsofpectinandhemicellulosearepresentindicotprimarywallswhereashemicelluloseismoreabundantingrasses.Thesecondarywallsofwoodytissueandgrassesarecomposedpredominantlyofcellulose,lignin,andhemicellulose.Thecellulosefibrilsareembeddedinanetworkofhemicelluloseandlignin.Cross-linkingofthisnetworkisbelievedtoresultintheeliminationofwaterfromthewallandtheformationofahydrophobiccompositethatlimitsaccessibilityofhydrolyticenzymesandisamajorcontributortothestructuralcharacterisiticsofsecondarywalls.FunctionsThemostimportantfunctionoftheparenchymacellsofrootsandstemisthestorageoffood(e.g.starch)andwater.Theintercellularairspacespermitgaseousexchange.薄壁组织FunctionsThecollenchymaserveassupportingandstrengtheningtissue.Incollenchymawithchloroplasts,photosynthesistakesplace.厚角组织FunctionsAnimportantsupportingtissueinplants,sclereidsareresponsibleforthehardnessofdateseedsandtheshellofwalnut.Fibresprobablyplayaroleinthetransportofwaterintheplant.Starchgranulesarestoredintheyoung,livingfibres.厚壁组织ComplextissuesEpidermis:theoutmostlayeroftheplants.Secretorytissues:tissuessecretingmaterial,eitheroutsideorinside.Conductingtissues:anelaboratesystemofvesselsusedinconductingorganicandinorganicsolutesfromplacetoplaceintheplant.Apicalmeristems:areasofactivegrowthlocatedatthetips,wherecellsaredividingrapidly.FunctionsTheepidermalcellsprotecttheunderlyingcells.Thewaxycuticlepreventsthelossofmoisturefromtheleavesandstems.Thetransparentepidermalcellsallowsunlight(forphotosynthesis)topassthroughtothechloroplastsinthemesophylltissue.Thestomataofleavesandstemsallowgaseousexchangetotakeplacewhichisnecessaryforphotosynthesisandrespiration.Watervapourmaybegivenoffthroughthestomataduringtranspiration.Theroot-hairsabsorbwateranddissolvedionsfromthesoil.气孔Functionsxylemisanimportantstrengtheningtissue.Xylemvesselsandtracheidstransportwaterandmineralsalts.Starchissometimesstoredinthexylemfibresandxylemparenchyma.木质部管胞导管分子FunctionsSievetubestransportorganiccompounds.Companioncellshelpstoregulatethemetabolicactivitiesofthesievetubeelements.Thephloemfibresgivetheplantmechanicalstrength.Thephloemparenchymastorescompoundssuchasstarch.韧皮部筛管分子伴胞代谢Cellstructure针晶簇晶核糖体细胞核核仁大中央液泡淀粉粒细胞壁细胞膜高尔基体叶绿体液泡膜线粒体细胞膜粗面型内质网滑面型内质网高尔基小泡123456边缘嵌合体周缘嵌合体扇形嵌合体StemDicotstemIndicotstems,vascularbundles(维管束)arearrangedinacircleneartheoutside.

Thephloemarefoundontheoutsideofthevascularbundleandthexylemareontheinside.

Thereisapith(髓)locatedinthecentermadeupofmostlyparenchymalcells.MonocotstemInmostmonocotsthevascularbundlesarearrangedthroughoutthegroundtissue（基本组织）ratherthaninaring;thusitisnotpossibletodistinguishpithandcortex(皮层)regions.腋芽顶芽芽痕顶芽（带顶端分生组织）节间节托叶叶片叶缘叶柄根状茎rhizome匍匐茎runner刺状叶匍匐茎stolon卷须块茎potatoModifiedstems球茎cormWhat’sthedifferencebetweenastrawberryrunnerandacloverstolon?Therearesomeadventitiousrootsonthestrawberryruuner,however,noadventitiousrootsispresentonthecloverstolon.AnatomyofHorticulturalCropsLeafRootFlowerLeafExternalAnatomyoftheLeafPhyllotaxy(叶序)Phyllotaxyisarrangementofleavesalongthelengthofthestematthenodes.TheLeaf:SiteofPhotosynthesis&Transpiration互生对生轮生叶序alternate-oneleafpernode,offsetinoppositedirections,alternating.Typicalofgrasses.opposite-twoleavespernode,setinoppositedirections.whorled-multipleleavespernode,setinaspiral.

角质层栅栏叶肉细胞海绵叶肉细胞InternalanatomyoftheleafArealcrosssectionofleafThefunctionsofleaf:1.Foodmanufacture2.Protection:budscales(芽鳞),floralbracts(花苞片),sepals(花萼片)3.StorageFordetails,seethetextbook(P69).Tips:

Normally,budscalesarepresentinthewinterbuds,therefore,theplantagecanbeestimatedaccordingtothenumberoftheringofbudscalescars.a)Cuticle:Waxylayer,waterproofing,upperleaves.b)Upperepidermis:Upperlayerofcells.Nochloroplasts.Protection.c)PalisadeMesophyll:Tightlypackedupperlayerofchloroplastcontainingcells.d)SpongyMesophyll:Lowerlayerofchloroplastcontainingcells.Airspacesaroundthem.e)LowerEpidermis(hypodermis):Lowerexternallayerofcellsinleaf.f)VascularBundle:Bundleofmanyvessels（导管）(xylemandphloem)fortransport.g)Xylem:Livingvascularsystemcarryingwater&mineralsthroughoutplant.h)Phloem:Livingvascularsystemcarryingdissolvedsugarsandorganiccompoundsthroughoutplant.i)GuardCells:2cellssurroundingstomatathatcontrolrateofgas&waterexchange.j)Stomata:Openingbetweenguardcellsforgas&waterexchange.a)Waxylayer,waterproofing,upperleaves.b)Upperlayerofcells.Nochloroplasts.Protection.c)Tightlypackedupperlayerofchloroplastcontainingcells.d)Lowerlayerofchloroplastcontainingcells.Airspacesaroundthem.e)Lowerexternallayerofcellsinleaf.f)Bundleofmanyvessels（导管）(xylemandphloem)fortransport.g)Livingvascularsystemcarryingwater&mineralsthroughoutplant.h)Livingvascularsystemcarryingdissolvedsugarsandorganiccompoundsthroughoutplant.i)2cellssurroundingstomatathatcontrolrateofgas&waterexchange.j)Openingbetweenguardcellsforgas&waterexchange.角质层上表皮栅栏叶肉组织海绵叶肉组织下表皮维管束木质部韧皮部保卫细胞气孔cuticleupperepidermispalisademesophyllspongymesophylllowerepidermisvascularbundlexylemphloemguardcellstomaFactorswhichcausestomatatoopenorclose1.Lightgenerallycausesstomatatoopenanddarknesstoclose.Insomesucculentplants,however,thistrendisreversedandtheplantsopentheirstomataatnightwhentheycantakeadvantageofthecoolereveningtemperaturesforgaseousexchange,thusreducingwaterloss.2.

Wiltingorwaterdeficit(水分亏缺)causesthestomataofaplanttoclose,

thuspreventingfurtherwaterlossfromtheleaves.

3.AnincreaseinCO2(carbondioxide)causesstomatalclosure.

4.

Increaseintemperaturecausesstomatatoopen.stoma:stomata,stomasLeafBlade:Wideflattenedareaofleafforconcentratingsunlightonphotosyntheticcells.Petiole:Shortstemthatattachesleaftomainstemorbranch.Veins:Vascularbundleswithinleaffortransport.Node:Growthregionofstemwhereleavesornewbranchesarise.Axillarybud:Babyleaforstem(nextyearsgrowth).SimpleLeaf:OneBlade无托叶有托叶无叶柄抱茎单叶复叶CompoundLeaf:BladeDividedIntoLeafletsPalmatelyCompound(Digitate):Norachis（/reikis/,叶轴）PinnatelyCompound(Pinnate):Witharachis掌状复叶羽状复叶PinnatelyandPalmatelyTrifoliate羽状三出复叶掌状三出复叶TwicePinnatelyCompound(Bipinnate)二回羽状复叶Pinnatifid:Pinnatelydissectednearlytothemidrib羽状半裂叶片叶脉(vein)的排列方式羽状网状掌状三出平行TheVascularSystemThevascularsystemisdistributedthroughoutthemesophyll,andisvisibleonthesurfaceoftheleafasthevenationpattern.弧形叶脉掌状叶脉平行叶脉羽状叶脉网状叶脉Acrosssectionofthepetiolerevealsthatthephloemisonthebottomofeachvein,andthexylemisontop(pictureitaspeelingawayfromthestemasitgrowsoutwardfromthestem).Bothareprimary,anddonotdevelopfromthevascularcambium.hydrophyte-plantevolvedtothriveinverywetconditionsxerophyte/xeriphyte-plantevolvedtothriveinverydryconditionsmesophyte-plantevolvedtothriveinmoderateconditions(withrespecttowater)Wouldyouexpectaxerophytetohaverelativelyfew,orrelativelymanystomates,comparedtoamesophyte?andWhy?DISCUSSION:Whatwater-savingepidermalfeaturesdoxerophyteshave?Plantscanbebroadlyclassifiedintothreecategories:1.numeroustrichomes(毛状体)(somewithsecretedresins)2.thickwaxycuticle(角质层)3.fewuppersurfacestomates

4.stomatesrecessedintogroovesontheleafsurfaceleavesmodifiedforverydryenvironmentsLeafModificationsandSpecializationsLeavesshowthegreatestdiversityofmodificationofalltheplantorgans.Anoverviewofsomeofthesefollows,butyouwillencounterleavesthatwillamazeandastoundyoubeyondwhatyouseehere.Leafstructureandshapeisintimatelyrelatedtotheenvironmentalconditionsunderwhchtheplantevolved,butalsoinwhichithasdeveloped.Thegeneticplasticityofplantorgansisclearlyreflectedinsuchthingsasvariableshapes,pigmentationandsizesofleavesandstemsonthesameplantthatgrowinsunversusshade,orothervariableenvironments.课堂提问角质层上表皮栅栏叶肉细胞维管束鞘细胞木质部韧皮部下表皮海绵叶肉细胞保卫细胞气孔叶脉Roots直根系须根系支持根Thefunctionsofroots:1.Generalfunctions:anchorage(固定),nutrientandwaterabsorption(养分和水分的吸收),hormonesynthesis(激素的合成)2.Specializedfunctions:storageofcarbohydrates(储存碳水化合物),aerialsupport(气生性支撑),propagation(繁殖)proprootsorbracerootspropagativeroots-havemeristematicregionsfromwherenew,geneticallyidenticalplantletscangrow.Theseregionsarenotthesameasnodes:theydonotcontainatrueapicalmeristem.Someplantscanbepropagatedfromasectionofaroot.Rootcuttingsofwoodyplantsareusuallytakenfromplantsduringthedormantseason,whencarbohydratelevelsarehigh.Rootcuttingsofsomespeciesproducenewshoots,whichthenformtheirownrootsystem,whereasrootcuttingsofotherplantsdeveloprootsystemsbeforeproducingnewshoots.Examplesofplantsthatcanbepropagatedfromrootcuttingsincluderaspberry(树莓),blackberry(黑莓),rose(玫瑰),trumpetvine(凌霄花),phlox(夹竹桃),crabapple(海棠),fig(无花果),lilac(丁香花).adventitiousroots-arerootsthatgrowanywheretheyarenot“expected.”Examplesaretheadventitiousrootsthatgrowfromtherunnersofstrawberryplants.Severaloftheroottypeslistedabove(e.g.,proproots,aerialroots)canalsobeconsideredadventitious.AirlayeringSoftwoodcuttingTheCortexJustinternaltotheepidermisliesthecortex,composedprimarilyofparenchyma.Comparisonofthecrosssectionsofdicotandmonocot中柱鞘内皮层Cortexplastidsareprimarilyforstorage(fats,carbohydrates).Onlyinsomespecieswithphotosyntheticrootsaretherechloroplastsinthesecells.Inwoodyplants,thecortexisshedoffoncewoodygrowthbegins(suberization).Inherbaceousplants,thecortexismaintainedthroughoutthelifeoftheplant.Epidermis

Dermaltissue(表皮组织)ProtectionoftherootCortex

Groundtissue（基本组织）StorageofphotosyntheticproductsActiveintheuptakeofwaterandmineralsEndodermiscylinderoncecellthickthatformsaboundarybetweenthecortexandthestelecontainsthecasparianstrip,whichwillbeexplainedlaterwhenwediscusswateruptakePericycle

（中柱鞘）foundjustinsideoftheendodermismaybecomemeristematic

responsiblefortheformationoflateralrootsVascularTissue

XylemandPhloemFormsanX-shapedpatterninverycenterofrootDicotEpidermis

DermaltissueProtectionoftherootCortex

GroundtissueStorageofphotosyntheticproductsActiveintheuptakeofwaterandmineralsEndodermiscylinderoncecellthickthatformsaboundarybetweenthecortexandthesteleevenmoredistinctthandicotcounterpart

containsthecasparianstrip,whichwillbeexplainedlaterwhenwediscusswateruptakePericycle

foundjustinsideoftheendodermismaybecomemeristematic

responsiblefortheformationoflateralrootsVascularTissue

XylemandPhloemFormsaringnearcenterofplant

PithCentermostregionofrootMonocotprimaryroot

（初生根）

rootthatdevelopsdirectlyfromtheradicle

（胚根）ofanembryoratherthanfromacrown（根颈）ornode

(beanseedling)原表皮层原形成层静止中心苞叶Flowers雌蕊，心皮雄蕊花药花丝柱头花柱子房花瓣萼片花柄/’pedisəl/,/pi’d∧ŋkl/花萼/’keiliks/花冠Ifaflowerhasbothmale(雄性)andfemale(雌性)parts,itissaidtobeperfect(两性花).Whenallofthefourpartsofaflowerarepresent,acompleteflower(完全花)exists.Ifoneormorepartsaremissing,theflowerissaidtobeincomplete(不完全花).Certainflowersareeithermaleorfemaleand,therefore,imperfect(单性花).Inplantsdescribedasmonoecious(雌雄同株),bothmaleandfemaleflowersoccurinoneplantbutarephysicallylocatedondifferentparts.减数分裂/mai’əusis/二倍体单倍体花粉囊Mitosis有丝分裂/mi’təusis/生殖细胞管细胞花托/ri’septəkl/胚珠聚伞圆锥花序穗状花序总状花序伞房花序伞形花序头状花序圆锥花序受精FertilizedF.G.H.I.A.花药B.花丝C.柱头D.花柱E.子房F.花瓣G.萼片H.花托I.花柄AntherFilamentStigmaStyleOvaryPetal–corollaSepal–calyxReceptaclePedicle雄蕊stamen雌蕊pistil,carple课堂提问Seed种皮胚乳单子叶叶鞘真叶胚根平行叶脉须根系主根凋萎的子叶网状叶脉胚芽鞘/kolioptail/上胚轴下胚轴胚芽鞘胚乳HOMEWORK-2ndChooseahorticulturalplanttodemonstratethefu