《计算机英语》-王春生-三版课后答案

#/32UnitOne/SectionAI.Fillintheblankswiththeinformationgiveninthetext:CharlesBabbage;AugustaAdaByroninput;outputVLSIworkstations;mainframesvacuum;transistorsinstructions;softwaredigit;eight;bytemicrominiaturization;chipII.TranslatethefollowingtermsorphrasesfromEnglishintoChineseandviceversa:artificialintelligence人工智能paper-tapereader纸带阅读器opticalcomputer光计算机neuralnetwork神经网络instructionset指令集parallelprocessing并行处理differenceengine差分机versatilelogicalelement通用逻辑元件siliconsubstrate硅衬底vacuumtube真空管数据的存储与处理thestorageandhandlingofdata超大规模集成电路verylarge-scaleintegratedcircuit中央处理器centralprocessingunit个人计算机personalcomputer模拟计算机analoguecomputer数字计算机digitalcomputer通用计算机general-purposecomputer处理器芯片processorchip操作指令operatinginstructions输入设备inputdeviceFillineachoftheblankswithoneofthewordsgiveninthefollowinglist,makingchangesifnecessary:Wecandefineacomputerasadevicethatacceptsinput,processesdata,storesdata,andproducesoutput.Accordingtothemodeofprocessing,computersareeitheranalogordigital.Theycanalsobeclassifiedasmainframes,minicomputers,workstations,ormicrocomputers.Allelse(forexample,theageofthemachine)beingequal,thiscategorizationprovidessomeindicationofthecomputer’sspeed,size,cost,andabilities.Eversincetheadventofcomputers,therehavebeenconstantchanges.First-generationcomputersofhistoricsignificance,suchasUNIVAC（通用自动计算机）,introducedintheearly1950s,werebasedonvacuumtubes.Second-generationcomputers,appearingintheearly1960s,werethoseinwhichtransistorsreplacedvacuumtubes.Inthird-generationcomputers,datingfromthe1960s,integratedcircuitsreplacedtransistors.Infourth-generationcomputerssuchasmicrocomputers,whichfirstappearedinthemid-1970s,large-scaleintegrationenabledthousandsofcircuitstobeincorporatedononechip.Fifth-generationcomputersareexpectedtocombinevery-large-scaleintegrationwithsophisticatedapproachestocomputing,includingartificialintelligenceandtruedistributedprocessing.TranslatethefollowingpassagefromEnglishintoChinese:计算机将变得更加先进，也将变得更加容易使用。语音识别的改进将使计算机的操作更加容易。虚拟现实，即使用所有人类官能与计算机进行交互的技术，也将有助于创建更好的人机接口。人们正在开发其他的奇异计算模型，包括使用生物机体的生物计算、使用具有特定属性的分子的分子计算，以及使用遗传基本单位DNA（脱氧核糖核酸）存储数据和执行操作的计算。这些都是可能的未来计算平台的例子，而它们迄今还能力有限或完全属于理论范畴。科学家们研究它们，是因为嵌入硅中的电路的微小型化受到物理限制。还有一些限制与甚至最微小的晶体管也会产生的热量有关。UnitOne/SectionBI.Fillintheblankswiththeinformationgiveninthetext:experimentationinterfacinginterdisciplinarymicroprocessorII.TranslatethefollowingtermsorphrasesfromEnglishintoChineseandviceversa:artificialneuralnetwork人工神经网络computerarchitecture计算机体系结构robustcomputerprogram健壮的计算机程序human-computerinterface人机接口knowledgerepresentation知识表示数值分析numericalanalysis程序设计环境programmingenvironment数据结构datastructure存储和检索信息storeandretrieveinformation虚拟现实virtualrealityUnitOne/SectionCI.Fillintheblankswiththeinformationgiveninthetext:formatsynchronizationvirtualmultimedia;third-partyII.TranslatethefollowingtermsorphrasesfromEnglishintoChineseandviceversa:datafield数据字段，数据域learningcurve学习曲线third-partysolution第三方解决方案WindowsMediaPlayerWindows媒体播放器开始按钮Startbutton指定输入区designatedinputarea手写体识别系统handwriting-recognitionsystem字符集charactersetUnitTwo:ComputerArchitectureUnitTwo/SectionAI．Fillintheblankswiththeinformationgiveninthetext:input;output;storageBasicInput/OutputSystemflatbedscanners;hand-heldscannersLCD-baseddot-matrixprinters;inkjetprintersdiskdrives;memoryvolatileserial;parallelII.TranslatethefollowingtermsorphrasesfromEnglishintoChineseandviceversa:functionkey功能键，操作键voicerecognitionmodule语音识别模块touch-sensitiveregion触敏区addressbus地址总线flatbedscanner平板扫描仪dot-matrixprinter点阵打印机（针式打印机）parallelconnection并行连接cathoderaytube阴极射线管videogame电子游戏audiosignal音频信号操作系统operatingsystem液晶显示（器）LCD（liquidcrystaldisplay）喷墨打印机inkjetprinter数据总线databus串行连接serialconnection易失性存储器volatilememory激光打印机laserprinter磁盘驱动器diskdrive基本输入/输出系统BIOS（BasicInput/OutputSystem）视频显示器videodisplayFillineachoftheblankswithoneofthewordsgiveninthefollowinglist,makingchangesifnecessary:CD-ROMstandsforcompactdiscread-onlymemory.Unlikefloppyandharddisks,whichusemagneticchargestorepresent1sand0s,opticaldiscsusereflectedlight.OnaCD-ROMdisc,1sand0sarerepresentedbyflatareasandbumpy（高低不平的）areas（called“pits”）onitsbottomsurface.TheCD-ROMdiscisreadbyalaserthatprojectsatinybeamoflightontheseareas.Theamountofreflectedlightdetermineswhetherthearearepresentsa1ora0.LikeacommercialCDfoundinmusicstores,aCD-ROMisa“read-only”disc.Read-onlymeansitcannotbewrittenonorerasedbytheuser.Thus,youasauserhaveaccessonlytothedataimprinted（压印）bythepublisher.AsingleCD-ROMdisccanstore650megabytes（兆字节）ofdata.Thatisequivalentto451floppydisks.Withthatmuchinformationonasingledisc,thetimetoretrieveoraccesstheinformationisveryimportant.AnimportantcharacteristicofCD-ROMdrivesistheiraccessrate.TranslatethefollowingpassagefromEnglishintoChinese:调制解调器是在模拟和数字信号之间进行转换的设备。计算机使用的是数字信号，这种信号由离散单元组成，通常用一系列1和0表示。模拟信号是连续变化的；声波就是模拟信号的一个例子。调制解调器经常用于实现计算机之间通过电话线的互相通信。调制解调器将发送端计算机的数字信号转换成可通过电话线传输的模拟信号。信号到达目的地后，另外一个调制解调器重构原来的数字信号，供接收端计算机处理。如果两个调制解调器可同时互相发送数据，那么它们采用的就是全双工工作方式；如果一次只有一个调制解调器可以发送数据，那么它们采用的则是半双工工作方式。UnitTwo/SectionBI.Fillintheblankswiththeinformationgiveninthetext:graphicalfile;schedulervirtualsliceII.TranslatethefollowingtermsorphrasesfromEnglishintoChineseandviceversa:interrupthandler中断处理程序virtualmemory虚拟存储（器），虚存，虚拟内存contextswitch上下文转换，语境转换mainmemory主存（储器）bitpattern位模式外围设备peripheraldevice进程表processtable时间片timeslice图形用户界面graphicaluserinterface海量存储器massstorageUnitTwo/SectionCI.Fillintheblankswiththeinformationgiveninthetext:repositorycentral;sub-systemsnetworklayered或abstractmachineII.TranslatethefollowingtermsorphrasesfromEnglishintoChineseandviceversa:codegenerator代码生成程序，代码发生器abstractmachine抽象机programeditor程序编辑程序，程序编辑器configurationitem配置项计算机辅助设计CAD（computer-aideddesign）数据冗余dataredundancy指挥与控制系统commandandcontrolsystem视频压缩与解压缩videocompressionanddecompressionUnitThree:ComputerLanguageandProgrammingUnitThree/SectionAI.Fillintheblankswiththeinformationgiveninthetext:artificial;instructionslow-level;high-levelmachinemachinefunctional;logicstatementmoduledigitalII.TranslatethefollowingtermsorphrasesfromEnglishintoChineseandviceversa:storageregister存储寄存器functionstatement函数语句programstatement程序语句object-orientedlanguage面向对象语言assemblylanguage汇编语言intermediatelanguage中间语言，中级语言relationallanguage关系（型）语言artificiallanguage人工语言datadeclaration数据声明SQL结构化查询语言可执行程序executableprogram程序模块programmodule条件语句conditionalstatement赋值语句assignmentstatement逻辑语言logiclanguage机器语言machinelanguage函数式语言functionallanguage程序设计语言programminglanguage运行计算机程序runacomputerprogram计算机程序员computerprogrammerFillineachoftheblankswithoneofthewordsgiveninthefollowinglist,makingchangesifnecessary:Aprogramminglanguageisalanguageusedtowriteinstructionsforthecomputer.Itletstheprogrammerexpressdataprocessinginasymbolicmannerwithoutregardtomachine-specificdetails.Thedifficultyofwritingprogramsinthemachinelanguageof0sand1sledfirsttothedevelopmentofassemblylanguage,whichallowsprogrammerstousemnemonics（助记符）forinstructionsandsymbolsforvariables.Suchprogramsarethentranslatedbyaprogramknownasanassemblerintothebinaryencodingusedbythecomputer.Otherpiecesofsystemsoftwareknownaslinkingloaders（连接装入程序）combinepiecesofassembledcodeandloadthemintothemachine’smainmemoryunit,wheretheyarethenreadyforexecution.Theconceptoflinkingseparatepiecesofcodewasimportant,sinceitallowed“libraries”ofprogramstobebuiltuptocarryoutcommontasks—afirststeptowardtheincreasinglyemphasizednotionofsoftwarereuse.Assemblylanguagewasfoundtobesufficientlyinconvenientthathigher-levellanguages（closertonaturallanguages）wereinventedinthe1950sforeasier,fasterprogramming;alongwiththemcametheneedforcompilers,programsthattranslatehigh-levellanguageprogramsintomachinecode.Asprogramminglanguagesbecamemorepowerfulandabstract,buildingefficientcompilersthatcreatehigh-qualitycodeintermsofexecutionspeedandstorageconsumptionbecameaninterestingcomputerscienceprobleminitself.TranslatethefollowingpassagefromEnglishintoChinese:面向对象程序设计语言，如C++和Java,基于传统的高级语言，但它们使程序设计员能够从合作对象集而非命令列表的角度进行思考。诸如圆之类的对象具有像圆的半径一类的属性，以及在计算机屏幕上绘制该对象的命令。一个对象类可以从其他的对象类继承特征。例如，定义正方形的类可以从定义长方形的类那里继承直角等特征。这一套程序设计类简化了程序设计员的工作，带来了更多“可复用的”计算机代码。可复用代码使程序设计员可以使用已经设计、编写和测试的代码。这使得程序设计员的工作变得比较容易，并带来更加可靠和高效的程序。UnitThree/SectionBI.Fillintheblankswiththeinformationgiveninthetext:objectsplatform-independentmultithreadingruntimeII.TranslatethefollowingtermsorphrasesfromEnglishintoChineseandviceversa:nativecode本机（代）码headerfile头标文件；页眉文件multithreadedprogram多线程程序Java-enabledbrowser支持Java的浏览器maliciouscode恶意代码机器码machinecode汇编码assemblycode特洛伊木马程序Trojanhorse软件包softwarepackage类层次classhierarchyUnitThree/SectionCI.Fillintheblankswiththeinformationgiveninthetext:subscript;indexfixedhistogramtwo-dimensionalII.TranslatethefollowingtermsorphrasesfromEnglishintoChineseandviceversa:barchart条形图frequencyarray频率数组graphicalrepresentation图形表示multidimensionalarray多维数组用户视图user(’s)view下标形式subscriptform一维数组one-dimensionalarray编程结构programmingconstructUnitFour:SoftwareDevelopmentUnitFour/SectionAI.Fillintheblankswiththeinformationgiveninthetext:application;operatingassemblerscompilerinterpreterdebuggerloopdevicedriverJohnvonNeumannII.TranslatethefollowingtermsorphrasesfromEnglishintoChineseandviceversa:inferenceengine推理机systemcall系统调用compiledlanguage编译执行的语言parallelcomputing并行计算patternmatching模式匹配memorylocation存储单元interpreterprogram解释程序libraryroutine库程序，程序库例行程序intermediateprogram中间程序，过渡程序sourcefile源文件解释执行的语言interpretedlanguage设备驱动程序devicedriver源程序sourceprogram调试程序debuggingprogram目标代码objectcode应用程序applicationprogram实用程序utilityprogram逻辑程序logicprogram墨盒inkcartridge程序的存储与执行programstorageandexecutionFillineachoftheblankswithoneofthewordsgiveninthefollowinglist,makingchangesifnecessary:Acompiler,incomputerscience,isacomputerprogramthattranslatessourcecodeintoobjectcode.Softwareengineerswritesourcecodeusinghigh-levelprogramminglanguagesthatpeoplecanunderstand.Computerscannotdirectlyexecutesourcecode,butneedacompilertotranslatetheseinstructionsintoalow-levellanguagecalledmachinecode.Compilerscollectandreorganize(compile)alltheinstructionsinagivensetofsourcecodetoproduceobjectcode.Objectcodeisoftenthesameasorsimilartoacomputer’smachinecode.Iftheobjectcodeisthesameasthemachinelanguage,thecomputercanruntheprogramimmediatelyafterthecompilerproducesitstranslation.Iftheobjectcodeisnotinmachinelanguage,otherprograms—suchasassemblers,binders(联编程序),linkers,andloaders(力口载程序)一finishthetranslation.Mostcomputerlanguagesusedifferentversionsofcompilersfordifferenttypesofcomputersoroperatingsystems,soonelanguagemayhavedifferentcompilersforpersonalcomputers(PC)andAppleMacintoshcomputers.Manydifferentmanufacturersoftenproduceversionsofthesameprogramminglanguage,socompilersforalanguagemayvarybetweenmanufacturers.TranslatethefollowingpassagefromEnglishintoChinese:在软件中，错误是指导致程序发生故障或产生不正确结果的编码或逻辑错误。较轻微的错误，如光标表现异常，会造成不便或带来挫折，但不会对信息产生破坏性影响。较严重的错误会导致程序“中止”（对命令停止反应），可能使用户别无选择，只能重新启动程序，结果致使任何前面已经做好但尚未保存的工作丢失。两种情况无论是哪一种，程序员都必须凭借称为调试的过程，发现并改正错误。由于错误对重要数据的潜在危险，商用应用程序在发行前要经过尽可能全面的测试与调试。程序发行后发现的较轻微错误在下一次更新时改正；较严重的错误有时可用称为补丁的特殊软件加以修补，以规避问题或减轻其影响。UnitFour/SectionBI.Fillintheblankswiththeinformationgiveninthetext:Machinedevelopers;componentsCORBAruntimeII.TranslatethefollowingtermsorphrasesfromEnglishintoChineseandviceversa:messagingmodel消息接发模型commonlanguageruntime通用语言运行时刻（环境）hierarchicalnamespace分层名称空间developmentcommunity开发界CORBA公用对象请求代理（程序）体系结构基本组件basecomponent元数据标记metadatatag虚拟机virtualmachine集成开发环境IDE（integrateddevelopmentenvironment）简单对象访问协议SOAP（SimpleObjectAccessProtocol）UnitFour/SectionCI.Fillintheblankswiththeinformationgiveninthetext:heterogeneousasynchronousbridgesopennessII.TranslatethefollowingtermsorphrasesfromEnglishintoChineseandviceversa:procedurecall过程调用faulttolerance容错homogeneoussystem同构系统autonomousagent自主主体路由算法routingalgorithm异构型环境heterogeneousenvironment多址通信协议multicastprotocol通信链路communication（s）linkUnitFive:SoftwareProcessUnitFive/SectionAI.Fillintheblankswiththeinformationgiveninthetext:off-the-shelfexclusivecascaderequirements;integrationthrowawayimmediate;stablereuse-oriented;frameworksoftware;compromisesII.TranslatethefollowingtermsorphrasesfromEnglishintoChineseandviceversa:systemspecification系统规格说明unittesting单位（或单元、部件）测试softwarelifecycle软件生命周期（或生存周期）systemvalidationtesting系统验证测试evolutionarydevelopmentprocess演化开发过程simplelinearmodel简单线性模型programunit程序单元throwawayprototype抛弃式原型textformatting正文格式编排，文本格式化systemevolution系统演变系统设计范例systemdesignparadigm需求分析与定义requirementsanalysisanddefinition探索式编程方法exploratoryprogrammingapproach系统文件编制systemdocumentation瀑布模型waterfallmodel系统集成systemintegration商用现成软件commercialoff-the-shelf（或COTS）software基于组件的软件工程component-basedsoftwareengineering（CBSE）软件维护工具softwaremaintenancetool软件复用softwarereuseFillineachoftheblankswithoneofthewordsgiveninthefollowinglist,makingchangesifnecessary:Therearethreedifferenttypesofsoftwaremaintenance.Firstly,thereismaintenancetorepairsoftwarefaults.Codingerrorsareusuallyrelativelycheaptocorrect;designerrorsaremoreexpensiveastheymayinvolverewritingseveralprogramcomponents.Requirementserrorsarethemostexpensivetorepairbecauseoftheextensivesystemredesignthatmaybenecessary.Secondly,thereismaintenancetoadaptthesoftwaretoadifferentoperatingenvironment.Thistypeofmaintenanceisrequiredwhensomeaspectofthesystem’senvironmentsuchasthehardware,theplatformoperatingsystemorothersupportsoftwarechanges.Theapplicationsystemmustbemodifiedtoadaptittocopewiththeseenvironmentalchanges.Andthirdly,thereismaintenancetoaddtoormodifythesystem’sfunctionality.Thistypeofmaintenanceisnecessarywhenthesystemrequirementschangeinresponsetoorganizationalorbusinesschange.Thescaleofthechangesrequiredtothesoftwareisoftenmuchgreaterthanfortheothertypesofmaintenance.Inpractice,thereisn’taclear-cutdistinctionbetweenthesetypesofmaintenance.Whenyouadaptthesystemtoanewenvironment,youmayaddfunctionalitytotakeadvantageofnewenvironmentalfeatures.Softwarefaultsareoftenexposedbecauseusersusethesysteminunanticipatedways.Changingthesystemtoaccommodatetheirwayofworkingisthebestwaytofixthesefaults.TranslatethefollowingpassagefromEnglishintoChinese:软件过程比较复杂，而且像所有其他的智能和创造性过程一样，依靠人们作出决定和判断。由于需要判断和创造性，使软件过程自动化的尝试只取得了有限的成功。计算机辅助软件工程工具可支持软件过程的某些活动。然而，至少是在未来几年内，不可能实现更广泛的软件过程自动化，使软件能够接替参与软件过程的工程师来从事创造性设计。计算机辅助软件工程工具的有效性有限，原因之一是软件过程多种多样。不存在理想的过程，而且许多组织机构发展了自己的软件开发方法。这些软件过程不断演变，以利用组织机构中的人员的能力和开发中的系统的具体特点。对于一些系统来说，需要的是一个高度结构化的开发过程，而对于另外一些系统来说，一个灵活敏捷的过程很可能更为有效。UnitFive/SectionBI.Fillintheblankswiththeinformationgiveninthetext:entitydurationdata;process或process;dataimplementedII.TranslatethefollowingtermsorphrasesfromEnglishintoChineseandviceversa:checkbox复选框，选择框，校验框structureddesign结构化设计buildingblock积木块，构建模块，构件databaseschema数据库模式radiobutton单选(按)钮系统建模技术systemmodelingtechnique模型驱动开发model-drivendevelopment数据流程图dataflowdiagram下拉式菜单drop-down(或pull-down)menu滚动条scrollbarUnitFive/SectionCI.Fillintheblankswiththeinformationgiveninthetext:problemconsequencesdesignspecific;generalII.TranslatethefollowingtermsorphrasesfromEnglishintoChineseandviceversa:procedurallanguage过程语言commondesignstructure通用设计结构classandobjectinteraction类与对象交互designconstraint设计约束设计模式designpattern可复用软件reusablesoftware面向对象的系统object-orientedsystem继承层次inheritancehierarchyUnitSix:DatabaseUnitSix/SectionAI.Fillintheblankswiththeinformationgiveninthetext:flatdataapplication;administratorsconceptualtablesfragmented;replicatedstructuredentity-relationship;attributesII.TranslatethefollowingtermsorphrasesfromEnglishintoChineseandviceversa:enduser最终用户，终端用户atomicoperation原子操作databaseadministrator数据库管理员relationaldatabasemodel关系数据库模型localdata本地数据object-orienteddatabase面向对象数据库databasemanagementsystem(DBMS)数据库管理系统entity-relationshipmodel(ERM)实体关系模型distributeddatabase分布式数据库flatfile平面文件二维表two-dimensionaltable数据属性dataattribute数据库对象databaseobject存储设备storagedevice数据类型datatype数据插入与删除datainsertionanddeletion层次数据库模型hierarchicaldatabasemodel数据库体系结构databasearchitecture关系数据库管理系统relationaldatabasemanagementsystem(RDBMS)全局控制总线globalcontrolbusFillineachoftheblankswithoneofthewordsgiveninthefollowinglist,makingchangesifnecessary:Adatabaseisanycollectionofdataorganizedforstorageinacomputermemoryanddesignedforeasyaccessbyauthorizedusers.Thedatamaybeintheformoftext,numbers,orencodedgraphics.SmalldatabaseswerefirstdevelopedorfundedbytheU.S.governmentforagencyorprofessionaluse.Inthe1960s,somedatabasesbecamecommerciallyavailable,buttheirusewasfunnelled（传送）throughafewso-calledresearchcentersthatcollectedinformationinquiriesandhandledtheminbatches.Onlinedatabases—thatis,databasesavailabletoanyonewhocouldlinkuptothembycomputer—firstappearedinthe1970s.Sincetheirfirst,experimentalappearanceinthe1950s,databaseshavebecomesoimportantthattheycanbefoundinalmosteveryfieldofinformation.Government,military,andindustrialdatabasesareoftenhighlyrestricted,andprofessionaldatabasesareusuallyoflimitedinterest.Awiderangeofcommercial,governmental,andnonprofitdatabasesareavailabletothegeneralpublic,however,andmaybeusedbyanyonewhoownsorhasaccesstotheequipmentthattheyrequire.TranslatethefollowingpassagefromEnglishintoChinese:在关系数据库中，表的行表示记录（关于不同项的信息集），列表示字段（一个记录的特定属性）。在进行搜索时，关系数据库将一个表中的一个字段的信息与另一个表中的一个相应字段的信息进行匹配，以生成将来自这两个表的所要求数据结合起来的另一个表。例如，如果一个表包含EMPLOYEE-ID、LAST-NAME、FIRST-NAME和HIRE-DATE字段，另一个表包含DEPT、EMPLOYEE-ID和SALARY字段，关系数据库可匹配这两个表中的EMPLOYEE-ID字段，以找到特定的信息，如所有挣到一定薪水的雇员的姓名或所有在某个日期之后受雇的雇员所属的部门。换言之，关系数据库使用两个表中的匹配值，将一个表中的信息与另一个表中的信息联系起来。微型计算机数据库产品一般是关系数据库。UnitSix/SectionBI.Fillintheblankswiththeinformationgiveninthetext:commitschedulershared;exclusivewound-waitII.TranslatethefollowingtermsorphrasesfromEnglishintoChineseandviceversa:nonvolatilestoragesystem非易失性存储系统equipmentmalfunction设备故障wound-waitprotocol受伤―等待协议exclusivelock排它锁，互斥（型）锁databaseintegrity数据库完整性共享锁sharedlock数据库实现databaseimplementation级联回滚cascadingrollback数据项dataitem分时操作系统time-sharingoperatingsystemUnitSix/SectionCI.Fillintheblankswiththeinformationgiveninthetext:dataaccessbridge;native或native;bridgepoolingtry;catchII.TranslatethefollowingtermsorphrasesfromEnglishintoChineseandviceversa:baseclass基（本）类datalibrary数据（文件）库dataaccessstack数据存取栈database-specificfunctionality数据库特有的功能默认设置defaultsetting异常处理程序exceptionhandlerB测试betatesting桥接提供程序bridgeproviderUnitSeven:ComputerCommunicationsUnitSeven/SectionAI.Fillintheblankswiththeinformationgiveninthetext:telegraphdots;dashesmediapoint-to-pointanalogdigitaltext-basedmodemII.TranslatethefollowingtermsorphrasesfromEnglishintoChineseandviceversa:microwaveradio微波无线电digitaltelevision数字电视DSL数字用户线路analogtransmission模拟传输on-screenpointer屏幕上的指针computerterminal计算机终端radiotelephone无线电话cellulartelephone蜂窝电话，移动电话，手机decentralizednetwork分散型网络wire-basedinternalnetwork基于导线的内部网络，有线内部网光缆fiber-opticcable传真机faxmachine无线通信wirelesscommunications点对点通信point-to-pointcommunications调制电脉冲modulatedelectricalimpulse通信卫星communication（s）satellite电报电键telegraphkey传输媒体transmissionmedium（或media）无绳电话cordlesstelephone金属导体metalconductorFillineachoftheblankswithoneofthewordsgiveninthefollowinglist,makingchangesifnecessary:Datacommunicationsistheprocessoftransmittingandreceivingdatainanorderlywaysothedatathatarrivesatitsdestinationisanaccurateduplication（复制）ofthedatathatwassent.Whendatatravelsashortdistance,suchaswhenyousenddatafromyourcomputertoyourprinter,itisreferredtoaslocalcommunications.Whendatatravelsalongdistance,thecommunicationisreferredtoastelecommunications;theprefix（前缀）“tele”isderivedfromaGreekwordthatmeans“far”or“faroff.”Thedifferencebetweenashortdistanceandalongdistanceissomewhatarbitrary（武断的）.Forexample,ifyourcomputersendsdatatoaprinterinthenextroom,itisregardedaslocalcommunications;ifyouphonethepersoninthenextroom,youaretransmittingdataoveratelecommunicationsdevice.However,thesamebasiccommunicationsconceptsapplytobothlocalcommunicationsandtelecommunications.Basicdatacommunicationsconceptsarethebuildingblocksforunderstandinghowdatatravelsonacommunicationssystem.Theseconceptscomeinhandy（派得上用处）whenyouinstall,configure,orupgradealocalareanetwork.Inaddition,theseconceptshelpyousetupmodems,faxmachines,andcellulardatatransfers.TranslatethefollowingpassagefromEnglishintoChinese:个人计算机使用电信来提供传输链路，用于传送音频、视频、文本、软件和多媒体服务。许多专家认为，这些服务的结合将带来用户对新一代高速、宽带网络的需求。当前，这些音频、视频和文本服务大多通过现有的电话连接使用因特网传送。有些计算机使用综合业务数字网或数字用户线路直接连接到电话网的数字部分，但这要求在用户处有专门的设备。此外，电话及有线电视公司还必须对其线路进行升级，以使其能够进行高速数据传输。在许多地点，有高速数据传输需求的公司和个人现在可选择从电话公司得到数字用户线路服务，从有线电视公司得到光缆调制解调器服务。UnitSeven/SectionBI.Fillintheblankswiththeinformationgiveninthetext:controllermain;CPUdigital;voiceparallel;serial或serial;parallelII.TranslatethefollowingtermsorphrasesfromEnglishintoChineseandviceversa:bitmap位图，位映象parallelport并行端口directmemoryaccess(DMA)直接存储器存取universalserialbus通用串行总线general-purposeregister通用寄存器电路板circuitboard串行通信serialcommunication数码照相机digitalcamera存储映射输入/输出memory-mappedI/O有线电视cabletelevisionUnitSeven/SectionCI.Fillintheblankswiththeinformationgiveninthetext:TransfercellslabelintegratedII.TranslatethefollowingtermsorphrasesfromEnglishintoChineseandviceversa:high-definitionTV高清晰度电视framerelay帧中继datarate数据(速)率metropolitanareanetwork城域网机顶盒set-topbox多模光纤multi-modefiber协议堆栈protocolstack虚拟路径标识符VPI(virtualpathidentifier)UnitEight:ComputerNetworksUnitEight/SectionAI.Fillintheblankswiththeinformationgiveninthetext:MANopen;closedbustokenEthernetclient/serverequals;temporarynetworkII.TranslatethefollowingtermsorphrasesfromEnglishintoChineseandviceversa:fileserver文件服务器carriersense载波检测，载波监听protocolsuite协议组，协议集peer-to-peermodel对等模型bustopologynetwork总线拓扑网络inter-machinecooperation机器间合作，计算机间合作Ethernetprotocolcollection以太网协议集proprietarynetwork专有网络utilitypackage实用软件包，公用程序包starnetwork星形网络局域网localareanetwork(LAN)令牌环tokenring无线网络wirelessnetwork封闭式网络closednetwork环形拓扑结构ringtopology客户机/服务器模型client/servermodel网络应用程序networkapplication进程间通信interprocesscommunication打印服务器printserver广域网wideareanetwork(WAN)Fillineachoftheblankswithoneofthewordsgiveninthefollowinglist,makingchangesifnecessary:Computerscancommunicatewithothercomputersthroughaseriesofconnectionsandassociatedhardwarecalledanetwork.Theadvantageofanetworkisthatdatacanbeexchangedrapidly,andsoftwareandhardwareresources,suchashard-diskspaceorprinters,canbeshared.Networksalsoallowremoteuseofacomputerbyauserwhocannotphysicallyaccessthecomputer.Onetypeofnetwork,alocalareanetwork(LAN),consistsofseveralPCsorworkstationsconnectedtoaspecialcomputercalledaserver,oftenwithinthesamebuildingorofficecomplex.Theserverstoresandmanagesprogramsanddata.Aserveroftencontainsallofanetworkedgroup’sdataandenablesLANworkstationsorPCstobesetupwithoutlargestoragecapabilities.Inthisscenario(方案),eachPCmayhave“local”memory(forexample,aharddrive)specifictoitself,butthebulkofstorageresidesontheserver.ThisreducesthecostoftheworkstationorPCbecauselessexpensivecomputerscanbepurchased,anditsimplifiesthemaintenanceofsoftwarebecausethesoftwareresidesonlyontheserverratherthanoneachindividualworkstationorPC.TranslatethefollowingpassagefromEnglishintoChinese:在计算机科学中，网络是指由通信设备连接在一起的一组计算机及其相关设备。网络可采用电缆等永久性连接，或者采用通过电话或其他通信链路而实现的临时性连接。网络可以小到由少数计算机、打印机以及其他设备构成的局域网，也可以由分布在广大地理区域的许多小型与大型计算机组成。计算机网络无论大小，其存在的目的均在于为计算机用户提供以电子方式进行信息通信与传送的方法。有些类型的通信是简单的用户到用户消息；有些称为分布式过程，可能涉及数台计算机，以及在执行任务中分担工作量或进行协作。UnitEight/SectionBI.Fillintheblankswiththeinformationgiveninthetext:terminatorsub-centraltree;centralmeshII.TranslatethefollowingtermsorphrasesfromEnglishintoChineseandviceversa:routingpath路由选择通路dual-ringtopology双环形拓扑结构extendedstartopology扩展星形拓扑结构backbonenetwork基干网，骨干网meshtopology网格拓扑结构同轴电缆coaxialcable逻辑拓扑结构logicaltopology无冲突连网环境collision-freenetworkingenvironment树形拓扑结构treetopology目的地节点destinationnodeUnitEight/SectionCI.Fillintheblankswiththeinformationgiveninthetext:repeaterdata-linkgatewayrouterII.TranslatethefollowingtermsorphrasesfromEnglishintoChineseandviceversa:destinationaddress目的地址performancedegradation性能退化(或降级)four-interfacebridge4接口网桥commonbus公共总线，公用总线数据链路层data-linklayer协议转换器protocolconverter开放式系统互连OSI(OpenSystemsInterconnection)物理地址physicaladdressUnitNine:TheInternetUnitNine/SectionAI.Fillintheblankswiththeinformationgiveninthetext:researchICANN或theInternetCorporationforAssignedNamesandNumbersrouter;gatewaytemporary/dial-up;permanent/dedicatedISP或Internetserviceprovidernetwork;hostdecimalmnemonicII.TranslatethefollowingtermsorphrasesfromEnglishintoChineseandviceversa:cellphone蜂窝电话，移动电话，手机IP