-2012年职称英语理工类阅读理解新增文章(含练习解析及译文)

2012年职称英语理工类新增文章阅读理解（6篇）第六篇MakingLightof1Sleep第十九篇Graphene'sSuperstrength1*第三＋八篇"LifeFormFound"onSaturn'sTitan*第四十篇TeachingMath,TeachingAnxiety+第四＋五篇TeachingMath,TeachingAnxiety+第四十六篇AntsHaveBigImpactonEnvironmentas"EcosystemEngineers"注：1、+表示A级文章；*表示B即文章；其他为C级文章2、阅读理解3、2012年词汇部分与2011年教材相比未作任何变化阅读理解第六篇MakingLightof1SleepAllwehaveaclocklocatedinsideourbrains.Similartoyourbedsidealarmclock，yourinternalclock2runsona24-hourcycle.Thiscycle，calledacircadianrhythm，helpscontrolwhenyouwake，whenyoueatandwhenyousleep.Somewherearoundpuberty，somethinghappensinthetimingofthebiologicalclock.Theclockpushesforward，soadolescentsandteenagersareunabletofallasleepasearlyastheyusedto.Whenyourmothertellsyouit'stimeforbed，yourbodymaybepushingyoutostayup3forseveralhoursmore.AndthelightcomingfromyourcomputerscreenorTVcouldbepushingyoutostayupevenlater.Thisshift4isnaturalforteenagers.Butstayingupverylateandsleepinglatecangetyourbody'sclockoutofsyncwiththecycleoflightanddark5.Itcanalsomakeithardtogetoutofbedinthemorningandmaybringotherproblems，too.Teenagersareputinakindofagraycloud6whentheydon'tgetenoughsleep，saysMaryCarskadon，asleepresearcheratBrownUniversityinProvidence，RI7.Itaffectstheirmoodandtheirabilitytothinkandlearn.Butjustlikeyouralarmclock，yourinternalclockcanbereset.Infact，itautomaticallyresetsitselfeveryday.How?Byusingthelightitgetsthroughyoureyes.Scientistshaveknownforalongtimethatthelightofdayandthedarkofnightplayimportantrolesinsettingourinternalclocks.Foryears，researchersthoughtthatthesignalsthatsynchronizethebody'sclock8werehandledthroughthesamepathwaysthatweusetosee.Butrecentdiscoveriesshowthatthehumaneyehastwoseparatelight-sensingsystems.Onesystemallowsustosee.Thesecondsystemtellsourbodywhetherit'sdayornight.词汇：circadian/s3:'keidiən/adj.昼夜节奏的，生理节奏的adolescent/ædəu'lesənt/n．青少年；adj．青少年的puberty/'pju:bəti/n．发育；青春期sync/siŋk/n.（口语）同步；和谐，协调synchronize/'siŋkrənaiz/V.（使）同时发生；（使）同步注释：1.makelightof：轻视，不在乎。例如：Weshouldnotmakelightoftheirachievements．我们不应当低估他们的成就。2.yourinternalclock：指的是第一句中的aclocklocatedinsideourbrains，也即是第二段第一句中的thebiologicalclock（生物钟）。3.stayup：不睡觉，熬夜4.Thisshift：这种调整。指上文所描述的由于生理时间的变化青少年上床时间越来越晚的现象。5.getyourbody'sclockoutofsyncwiththecycleoflightanddark：打乱了你的生物钟与昼夜时间循环之间的平衡6.graycloud：提不起精神的状态7.BrownUniversityinProvidence，RI：位于美国罗得岛州普罗维登斯的布朗大学。RI是RhodeIsland（罗得岛）的首字母缩写；Providence是罗得岛州的首府。布朗大学是美国一流大学，创建于1764年，是世界闻名的美国“常春藤联盟”（还包括哈佛大学、耶鲁大学、普林斯顿大学、布朗大学、哥伦比亚大学、宾夕法尼亚大学、达特茅斯大学和康奈尔大学）中的一员。8.thesignalsthatsynchronizethebody'sclock：平衡生物钟的光信号练习：1.TheclocklocatedinsideourbrainsissimilartoourbedsidealarmclockbecauseAitcontrolswhenwewake，whenweeatandwhenwesleep.Bithasacycleof24hours.Citisacyclealsocalledcircadianrhythm.Ditcanalarmanytimeduring24hours.2.Whatisimpliedinthesecondparagraph?AYoungchildren'sbiologicalclockhasthesamerhythmwiththatoftheteenagers.BPeopleafterpubertybegintogotobedearlierduetothechangeofthebiologicalclock.CChildrenbeforepubertytendtofallasleepearlieratnightthanadolescents.DTeenagersgotobedlaterthantheyusedtoduetothelightfromthecomputerscreen.3.InthethirdparagraphtheauthorwantstotellthereaderthatAitisnaturalforteenagerstostayuplateandgetuplate.Bstayinguplatehasabadeffectonteenagers'abilitytothinkandlearn.Cduringpubertymostteenagersexperienceakindofgraycloud.Ditishardforteenagerstogetoutofbedinthemorning.4.WhichofthefollowingstatementsisNOTtrueaccordingtothefourthandfifthparagraphs?AOurbiologicalclockresetsitselfautomatically.Blightgetsthroughoureyesandresetsourbiologicalclock.COurinternalclockaswellasthealarmclockcanberesetautomatically.DOurinternalclock，likethealarmclock，canbereset.5.Accordingtothelasttwoparagraphs，whatdidthepreviousresearchersthinkaboutthehumaneye'slight-sensingsystem?AThehumaneyehadtwolight-sensingsystems.BThehumaneyehadonelight-sensingsystem.CThehumaneyecouldsensethelightofdaymorequicklythanthedarkofnight.DThehumaneyecouldresetourinternalclocksinaccordancewiththealarmclocks.答案与题解：1.B第一段第二句提供了答案。句中的yourinternalclock即指aclocklocatedinsideourBrains。2.C第二段主要内容是告诉读者，过了青春期（puberty），由于生物钟节奏的变化，青少年（adolescentsandteenagers）比以前要晚睡几小时。所以C是该段所隐含的内容。3.B第三段的最后一句直接给出了答案。4.C根据第四和第五段的内容，闹钟和生物钟都可以重新设定时间，但生物钟能通过眼睛接受的日光来自动调节生理节奏。所以A、B和D都是这两段中所述内容，C是正确选择，因为闹钟不能自动重新设定时间。5.B问题使用的是过去时，问的是研究者在最新发现（recentdiscoveries）之前对眼睛感光系统的认识，即，thesignalsthatsynchronizethebody'sclockwerehandledthroughthesamepathwaysthatweusetosee（眼睛所接受到的平衡生物钟的光信号同样作用于人类的视觉系统），也就是说，研究者之前认为人类的眼睛只有一个感光系统。但最新发现却是，人的眼睛有两个感光系统。第十九篇Graphene'sSuperstrength1Bigtechnologycomesintinypackages.Newcellphonesandpersonalcomputersgetsmallereveryyear，whichmeanstheseelectronicsrequireevensmallercomponentsontheinside.Engineersarelookingforcreativewaystobuildthesecomponents，andthey'veturnedtheireyestographene，asuperthin2material，madeofcarbon，thatcouldchangethefutureofelectronics.Thisyear'sNobelPrizeforPhysics3hasbeenawardedtoAndreGeimandKostyaNovoselovfromtheUniversityofManchester4，UK.forthediscoveryofgraphene.Grapheneisn'tjustsmall,it's“thethinnestpossiblematerialinthisworld，”saysNovoselov.Hecallsita“wondermaterial.”It'ssothinthatyouwouldneedtostackabout25,000sheetsjusttomakeapileasthickasapieceofordinarywhitepaper.Ifyouweretoholdasheetofgrapheneinyourfingers5，you'dhavenoideabecauseyouwouldn'tbeabletoseeit.Carbonisoneofthemostabundantelementsintheuniverse.Everyknownkindoflifecontainscarbon.Grapheneisasheetofcarbon，butonlyoneatomthick.Youdon'thavetolookfartofindgrapheme—it'sallaroundyou.Ifyouwantthishigh-techwonderstuff6，allyouneedisapencil，paperandalittleadhesivetape.Usethepenciltoshadeasmallareaonthepaper,andthenapplyasmallpieceofadhesivetapeoverthearea7.Whenyoupullupthetape，you'llseethatitpullsupathinlayerofsomeoftheshadingfromyourpencil.Thatlayeriscalledgraphite，oneofthesoftestmineralsintheworld.Nowstickthesamepieceoftapeonanothersheetofpaperandpullthetapeup—thereshouldbeaneventhinnerlayer，thistimeleftonthepaper.Nowimaginethatyoudothisoverandover，untilyougetthethinnestpossiblelayerofmaterialonthepaper.Thislayerwouldbeonlyoneatomthick，andyouwouldn'tbeabletoseeit.Graphiteismadeoflayersofgraphene，sowhenyougettothethinnestpossiblelayer，you'vefoundgraphene.词汇：graphene/'græfi:n/n．石墨烯abundant/ə’bʌndənt/adj．丰富的，充裕的atom/'ætəm/n．原子adhesive/əd'hi:siv/n．胶粘剂；adj.黏着的stack/stæk/v．使成堆，堆放graphite/'græfait/n．石墨注释：1.superstrength：超强的力量。该词是一个合成词，由两部分组成，super（超级的）和strength（力量）。2.superthin：超薄。见注释1。3.NobelPrizeforPhysics：诺贝尔物理学奖4.theUniversityofManchester：曼彻斯特大学。这是一所位于英国曼彻斯特市的公立研究型大学，创建于1851年。5.Ifyouweretoholdasheetofgrapheneinyourfingers：句子使用的是虚拟语气，因为不可能将几乎肉眼看不到的石墨烯放在指尖上。6.wonderstuff：神奇物。该词为合成词，由wonder（神奇）和stuff（东西）两个词构成。wonderstuff指的是第二段提到的wondermaterial。7.applyasmallpieceofadhesivetapeover…：将一小片胶带敷在……上。练习：1.Whatwouldchangethefutureofelectronicsaccordingtoengineers?ABigtechnology.BCreativeways.CGraphene.DBothAandB.2.Accordingtothesecondandthirdparagraphs，whatistrueofgraphene?AItcanbeusedtomakepaper.BItispossibletoseeitwithournakedeye.CItiseasytofindgraphene.DItispossiblythethickestmaterialintheworld.3.Whichofthefollowingcanbeusedtoreplacetheword“apply”inparagraph4?Arequest.Bpolish.Cuse.Dput.4.WhichofthefollowingisNOTmeantinthelasttwoparagraphs?AGrapheneismadeofgraphite，oneofthesoftestmaterialsintheworld.BGraphiteismadeoflayersofgraphene，thethinnestmaterialintheworld.CWhenwegettothethinnestpossiblelayerofgraphite，wefindgraphene.DWithapencil，asheetofpaperandapieceofadhesivetape，wecanfindgraphene.5.Graphene'ssuperstrengthliesinthefactthatAItisthethinnestmaterialintheworld.BItismadeofthemostabundantelementsintheworld.CItcanhelptomakeelectroniccomponentssmaller.DIthelpsengineerstoproducemoresensitiveelectronicproducts.答案与题解：1.C第一段最后一句提供了答案：工程师将眼光投向石墨烯，一种由碳原子组成的超薄材料，这种材料能够改变电子产品的未来。2.C第二段倒数第二句告诉我们，25,000层石墨烯才能堆砌成一张普通白纸的厚度，这是为了说明石墨烯是多么的薄，而不是说它可以用来造纸，所以A不是正确答案。第三段最后一句说明石墨烯就在我们周围，因此C是答案。B和D的表述内容都与该两段内容不符合。3.Dapply...over：将……涂（敷）在……上。4.A最后两段告诉我们，用一张纸，一支铅笔和一片胶带就能找到石墨烯；无数层石墨烯构成石墨，当铅笔留在纸上的石墨被胶带剥离到最薄一层时，我们就得到了石墨烯。因此只有A不是最后两段的表述内容。5.C第一段提供了答案。随着电子产品越来越小，需要更小的电子组件（components)，而石墨烯作为最薄的材料可以帮助工程师实现这一目标。这就是石墨烯力量所在。*第三＋八篇"LifeFormFound"onSaturn'sTitanScientistssaytheyhavediscoveredhintsofalienlife1ontheSaturn'smoon2.ThediscoveryofasortoflifewasannouncedafterresearchersattheUSspaceagency,NASA3,analyzeddatafromspacecraftCassini4,whichpointedto,theexistenceofmethane-basedformoflifeonSaturn'sbiggestmoon.Scientistshavereportedlydiscoveredcluesshowingprimitivealienbeingsare"breathing"inTitan'sdenseatmospherefilledwithhydrogen.TheyarguethathydrogengetsabsorbedbeforehittingTitan'splanet-likesurfacecoveredwithmethanelakesandrivers.This,theysay,pointstotheexistenceofsome"bugs"5consumingthehydrogenatthesurfaceofthemoonlessthanhalfthesizeoftheEarth."Wesuggestedhydrogenconsumptionbecauseit'stheobviousgasforlifetoconsumeonTitan,similartothewayweconsumeoxygenonEarth,"saysNASAscientistChrisMcKay."Ifthesesignsdoturnouttobeasignoflife,itwouldbedoublyexcitingbecauseitwouldrepresentasecondformoflifeindependentfromwater-basedlifeonEarth."Todate,scientistshavenotyetdetectedthisformoflifeanywhere,thoughthereareliquid-water-basedmicroorganismsonEarththatgrowwellonmethaneorproduceitasawasteproduct.OnTitan,wheretemperaturesarearound90Kelvin6(minus290degreesFarenheit),amethanebasedorganismwouldhavetouseasubstancethatisliquidasitsmediumforlivingprocesses,butnotwateritself.WaterisfrozensolidonTitan'ssurfaceandmuchtoocoldtosupportlifeasweknowit.ScientistshadexpectedtheSun'sinteractionswithchemicalsintheatmospheretoproduceacoatingofacetyleneonTitan'ssurface.ButCassinidetectednoacetyleneonthesurface.TheabsenceofdetectableacetyleneontheTitan'ssurfacecanverywellhaveanon-biologicalexplanation,saidMarkAllen,aprincipalinvestigator7oftheNASATitanteam."Scientificconservatismsuggeststhatabiologicalexplanationshouldbethelastchoiceafterallnon-biologicalexplanationsareaddressed,"Allensaid."Wehavealotofworktodotoruleout8possiblenon-biologicalexplanations.Itismorelikelythatachemicalprocess,withoutbiology,canexplaintheseresults."词汇：Saturn/'sætən/n．土星methane/'mi:θein/n．甲烷，沼气Titan/'taitən/n．土卫六acetylene/ə'setili:n/n．乙炔alien/'eiljən/n．外星人；adj．外星球的；相异的conservatism/kən'sʒ:vətizəm/n．保守主义,守旧注释：1.hintsofalienlife：外星生命迹象。2.theSaturn'smoon：指土卫六（Titan)。土卫六又称泰坦星，是土星卫星中最大的一颗。3.NASA：美国国家航空航天局的缩写，全称是：NationalAeronauticsandSpaceAdministration。4.spacecraftCassini：卡西尼号探测器，以出生于意大利的法国天文学家卡西尼的名字命名，其任务是环绕土星飞行，对土星及其大气、光环、卫星和磁场进行深人考察。1997年10月15日，重六吨的“卡西尼”号星际探测器被发射飞往土星的轨道。这是上世纪发射的最后一艘行星际探测的大飞船。“卡西尼”号用了将近七年时间，在2004年7月1日飞达土星轨道。5.bugs：微生物。非正式口语表达，所以使用了引号。6.Kelvin：可翻译成“绝对温度”。KelvinScale，绝对温标，开氏温标，是由Kelvin勋爵于19世纪中叶发明的温度计量方法，其零度相当于摄氏一273.15"C，被认为是宇宙中最低温度。这种温度计量方法多为科学家使用。7.principalinvestigator：研究项目负责人8.ruleout：排除……的可能性练习：1.WhathavescientistsfoundaboutSaturn?ATheyhavefoundanewmoonorbitingSaturn.BTheyhavefoundmethane-basedlifeonSaturn.CTheyhavefoundmethane-basedlifeonTitan.DTheyhavefoundearthlikelifeonaSaturn'smoon.2.WhatdoscientistssayaboutTitan?ATherearelifecluesthere.BThereisacetylenethere.CWateronTitanexistsintheformofice.DRiversandlakestherecontainlifeformls.3.Todate,scientistshavenotyetdetectedthisformoflife.(paragraph5)Whatdoes"thisformoflife"referto?AWater-basedlife.BMethane-basedlife.CLiquid-water-basedmicroorganisms.DGas-basedlife.4.WhatcanbeinferredfromwhatAllensaid?AScientistshavedifferentargumentsoverwhetherthereislifeonTitan.BScientistsallagreethatthereislifeonTitan.CScientistsallsuggestthatabiologicalexplanationisreasonable.DScientistsallagreethatanon-biologicalchemicalreactionisapossibleexplanation.5.Whichofthefollowingcanreplacethetitleofthispassage?AEarthlikeLivingBeingsFoundonTitan.BFindingofOneMoreMoonofSaturn.CTitan,aNewSatelliteFound.DAdifferentLifeForm,aPossibility.答案与题解：1.C短文的第一段提供了答案。该段告诉读者，科学家在土星的卫星土卫六（Titan）上发现了生命的迹象，这些生命的存在是以甲烷为基础的。2.A根据第二段“Scientistshavereportedlydiscoveredcluesshowingprimitivealienbeingsare'breathing'inTitan'sdenseatmospherefilledwithhydrogen.”，说明土卫六（Titan）有生命迹象。因此A是答案。3.Bthisformoflife指的是土卫六（Titan）上以甲烷为生命基础呼吸氢气的生物，即该文讨论的主题。4.A科学家至今对土卫六是否存在生物有不同的观点和解释。Allen说要做出土卫六上有生物的结论，首先必须对Titan上没有生物的观点做出回应；要排除土卫六上可能没有生物的观点，我们还须付出努力。所以只有A是正确选择。5.D该短文的主题是，科学家在土卫六（Titan）上发现了一种与地球生物不同的生命形式的迹象，即以甲烷为生命基础呼吸氢气的生物，但科学家还未能最后验证这一发现。第四段中的一个句子能够揭示该短文的主题：“Ifthesesignsdoturnouttobeasignoflife,itwouldbedoublyexcitingbecauseitwouldrepresentasecondformoflifeindependentfromwater-basedlifeonEarth.”*第四十篇TeachingMath,TeachingAnxietyInanewstudyaboutthewaykidslearnmathinelementaryschool,thepsychologistsattheUniversityofChicagol1SianBeilockandSusanLevinefoundasurprisingrelationshipbetweenwhatfemaleteachersthinkandwhatfemalestudentslearn:Ifafemaleteacherisuncomfortablewithherownmathskills,thenherfemalestudentsaremorelikelytobelievethatboysarebetterthangirlsatmath."Ifthesegirlskeepgettingmath-anxiousfemaleteachers2inlatergrades,itmaycreateasnowballeffectontheirmathachievement3saidLevine.Inotherwords,girlsmayenduplearningmathanxietyfromtheirteachers4.Thestudysuggeststhatifthesegirlsgrowupbelievingthatboysarebetteratmaththangirlsare,thenthesegirlsmaynotdoaswellastheywouldhaveiftheyweremoreconfident.Justasstudentsfindcertainsubjectstobedifficult,teacherscanfindcertainsubjectstobedifficulttolearn--andteach.Thesubjectofmathcanbeparticularlydifficultforeveryone.Researchersusetheword"anxiety"todescribesuchfeelings:anxietyisuneasinessorworry.Thenewstudyfoundthatwhenateacherhasanxietyaboutmath,thatfeelingcaninfluencehowherfemalestudentsfeelaboutmath.Thestudyinvolved65girls,52boysand17first-andsecond-gradeteachersinelementaryschoolsintheMidwest.Thestudentstookmathachievementtestsatthebeginningandendoftheschoolyear,andtheresearcherscomparedthescores.Theresearchersalsogavethestudentsteststotellwhetherthestudentsbelievedthatamathsuperstarhadtobeaboy.Thentheresearchersturnedtotheteachers:Tofindoutwhichteacherswereanxiousaboutmath,theresearchersaskedtheteachershowtheyfeltattimeswhentheycameacrossmath,suchaswhenreadingasalesreceipt5.Ateacherwhogotnervouslookingatthenumbersonasalesreceipt,forexample,wasprobablyanxiousaboutmath.Boys,onaverage,wereunaffectedbyateacher'sanxiety.Onaverage,girlswithmath-anxiousteachersscoredlowerontheend-of-the-yearmathteststhanothergirlsinthestudydid.Plus,onthetestshowingwhethersomeonethoughtamathsuperstarhadtobeaboy,20girlsshowedfeelingthatboyswouldbebetteratmath--andallofthesegirlshadbeentaughtbyfemaleteacherswhohadmathanxiety."Thisisaninterestingstudy,buttheresultsneedtobeinterpretedaspreliminaryandinneedofreplicationwithalargersample6,"saidDavidGeary,apsychologistattheUniversityofMissouri7inColumbia.词汇：snowball/'snəubɔ:l/雪球；滚雪球式增长的事replication/repli'keiʃən/n．重复，复现superstar/'sju:pəsta:/n．超级明星练习：1.UniversityofChicago：芝加哥大学。位于美国伊利诺伊州芝加哥市，是世界一流的私立大学，创建于1891年。2.keepgettingmath-anxiousfemaleteachers：一直由对数学有焦虑感的女教师教授数学。此处getting是having的意思，math-anxious指的是上文中提到的对数学没有自信的心理状态。另见第三段最后一句对anxiety的解释。3.snowballeffectontheirmathachievement：在数学成就上的雪球效应。其含义是：在数学上越来越没有信心。4.enduplearningmathanxietyfromtheirteachers：最后从老师那里获得的是对数学的焦虑。Endupdoingsomething：最终会做某事5.salesreceipt：销售清单6.inneedofreplicationwithalargersample：需要用更大的调查样本进行重复验证。replication在量化实证研究中的意思是“重复（实验）”。7.theUniversityofMissouri：密苏里大学。位于密苏里州，是美国一所公立研究型大学，创建于1839年。练习：1.WhatistheresultoftheresearchattheUniversityofChicago,accordingtothefirstparagraph?AGirlscomfortablewiththeirownmathskillsarebetterthanboysatmath.BGirlsuncomfortablewiththeirownmathskillsarenotasgoodasboysatmath.CFemaleteachers'mathskillshaveinfluenceovergirlstudents'mathskills.DFemaleteachers'confidenceintheirmathskillsisrelatedtogirl'smathskills.2.Whatisimpliedinthethirdparagraph?AMathteachers,likemathlearners,donotlikethesubjectduetoitsdifficulty.BAdifficultsubjectlikemathmayaffectteachers'confidenceinteachingthesubject.CTeachersaremoreanxiousteachingmaththantheirstudentslearningmath.DMathissodifficultthatnoteachersliketoteachit.3.Accordingtotheexperiment,thoseteacherswereprobablyanxiousaboutmathwhentheyfeltAnervousmemorizingthenumbersofasalesreceipt.Bhelplesssavingthenumbersofasalesreceipt.Cuneasyreadingthenumbersofasalesreceipt.Dhopelessfillinginthenumbersofasalesreport.4.ThesixthparagraphtellsusthattheresearchfindingsAproveastronglinkbetweenfemaleteachers'mathanxietyandtheirfemalestudents'mathachievements.Bshowthatmalestudentsarelesslikelytobeaffectedbytheirmathanxietythanfemalestudents.Cprovidestrongevidencethatmathsuperstarsaremorelikelytobemalesthanfemales.Ddiscoverastronglinkbetweenteachers'mathanxietyandtheirstudents'mathachievements.5.DavidGearythinksthatAthestudyisinterestingbutitisbasedonunreliableresearchprocess.Btheresearchresultsneedtoberetestedbasedonalargersample.Ctheresearchresultsneedtobereinterpretedtobemeaningful.Dthestudyiswellbasedandproducessignificantresults.答案与题解：1.D该段告诉我们女教师的想法（whatfemaleteachersthink）和女学生的学习（whatfemalestudentslearn）之间有很大的关联度，也就是说，女教师如果对自己的数学技能没有自信，她的女学生很可能相信男孩子会在数学方面超过女孩子。2.B第三段的大意是，数学对任何人来说都可能有难度（Thesubjectofmathcanbeparticularlydifficultforeveryone)，如同学生，教师也会觉得数学难学和难教，这就是研究者所言的焦虑。所以，可以推断，作者是要告诉我们，教师会因为数学这门学科的难度而对教授该课程不自信。其他选项都不是该段所要表达的内容。3.C第五段第三句“Tofindoutwhichteacherswereanxiousaboutmath,theresearchersaskedtheteachershowtheyfeltattimeswhentheycameacrossmath,suchaswhenreadingasalesreceipt”指出了答案。memorizingthenumbers；意为“记住数字”；savingthenumbers意为“保存数字”；fillinginthenumbers意为“陆续编入数字”，而且文中没有提到asalesreport；它们均不是答案。4.A短文的第六段是对前一段所述调查数据结果的讨论，即，男学生较少受对数学有焦虑感的教师影响，而那些数学成绩较低的女生都有对数学有焦虑感的教师（girlswithmath-anxiousteachersscoredlowerontheend-of-the-yearmathtests)，而且，所有认为男生数学肯定比女生强的女生，其数学教师都是有数学焦虑感的女教师（allofthesegirlshadbeentaughtbyfemaleteacherswhohadmathanxiety.)。D所以不是正确的选择，因为只提到teachers和students,而不是femaleteachers和femalestudents。5.B根据DavidGeary的说法，实验结果还是初步的（preliminary)，需要更大的样本对其进行重复验证（inneedofreplicationwithalargersample)。他没有认为该实验的过程不可靠，所以A不是正确选项；他认为实验样本不够大，所以D也不是正确选项。+第四＋五篇SmallButWiseOnDecember14,NASA1blastedasmallbutmightytelescopeintospace.ThetelescopeiscalledWISEandisaboutaswidearoundasatrashcan.Don'tletitssmallsizefoolyou:WISEhasapowerfuldigitalcamera,anditwillbetakingpicturesofsomethewildestobjects2intheknownuniverse,includingasteroids,faintstars,blazinggalaxies3andgiantcloudsofdustwhereplanetsandstarsareborn."I'mveryexcitedbecausewe'regoingtobeseeingpartsoftheuniversethatwehaven'tseenbefore,"saidNedWright,ascientistwhodirectstheWISEproject.Sincearrivinginspace,theWISEtelescopehasbeencirclingtheEarth,heldbygravityinapolarorbit4(thismeansitcrossesclosetothenorthandsouthpoleswitheachlap5).Itscameraispointedoutward,awayfromtheEarth,andWISEwillsnapapictureofadifferentpartoftheskyevery11minutes.Aftersixmonthsitwillhavetakenpicturesacrosstheentiresky.ThepicturestakenbyWISEwon'tbelikeeverydaydigitalphotographs,however.WISEstandsfor"Wide-fieldInfraredSurveyExplorer."Asitsnamesuggests,theWISEcameratakespicturesoffeaturesthatgiveoffinfraredradiation6.Radiationisenergythattravelsasawave.Visiblelight,includingthefamiliarspectrumoflight7thatbecomesvisibleinarainbow,isanexampleofradiation.Whenanordinarydigitalcameratakesapictureofatree,forexample,itreceivesthewavesofvisiblelightthatarereflectedoffthetree.Whenthesewavesenterthecamerathroughthelens,they'reprocessedbythecamera,whichthenputstheimagetogether.Wavesofinfraredradiationarelongerthanwavesofvisiblelight,soordinarydigitalcamerasdon'tseethem,andneitherdotheeyesofhumanbeings.Althoughinvisibletotheeye,longerinfraredradiationcanbedetectedaswarmthbytheskin.That'sakeyideatowhyWISEwillbeabletoseethingsothertelescopescan't.Noteverythingintheuniverseshowsupinvisiblelight.Asteroids,forexample,aregiantrocksthatfloatthroughspace一buttheyabsorbmostofthelightthatreachesthem.Theydon'treflectlight,sothey'redifficulttosee.Buttheydogiveoffinfraredradiation,soaninfraredtelescopelikeWISEwillbeabletoproduceimagesofthem.DuringitsmissionWISEwilltakepicturesofhundredsofthousandsofasteroids.Browndwarfs8areanotherkindofdeep-spaceobjectthatwillshowupinWISE'spictures.Theseobjectsare"failed"stars一whichmeanstheyarenotmassiveenoughtojumpstart9thesamekindofreactionsthatpowerstarssuchasthesun.Instead,browndwarfssimplyshrinkandcooldown.They'resodimthatthey'realmostimpossibletoseewithvisiblelight,butintheinfraredspectrumtheyglow.词汇：trashcan/'træʃ,kæn/n．垃圾箱infrared/'infrə'red/adj．红外线asteroid/'æstərɔid/n.小行星dwarf/dwɔ:f/n.矮星注释：1.NASA（美国国家航空航天局）是缩写词，全称是NationalAeronauticsandSpaceAdministration2.thewildestobjects：任何你能想象得到的天体。wild有“未被人驯养的”“荒唐的”“离奇的”意思。3.faintstars,blazinggalaxies：指的是那些只能看到微弱的光和因燃烧而无法观察到的天体。4.polarorbit：极地轨道。指轨道平面与赤道面夹角为90。的人造地球卫星轨道。人造卫星运行时能到达南北极区上空，即卫星能飞经全球范围的上空。需要在全球范围内进行观测和应用的气象卫星、导航卫星、地球资源卫星等都采用这种轨道。5.lap：一圈。原指竞赛场的一圈或游泳池的一个来回，如：Sheovertooktheotherrunnersonthelastlap.她最后一圈超过了其他参赛者。6.infraredradiation：红外线辐射7.spectrumoflight：光谱，即，光辐射的波长分布区域。8.Browndwarfs：褐矮星。褐矮星非常暗淡，很难发现它们，要确定它们的大小就更加困难。9.jumpstart:启动练习：1.WhatissospecialaboutWISE?AItissmallinsizebutcarriesalargecamera.BItisassmallasatrashcan.CItsdigitalcameracanhelpastronomerstoseetheunknownspace.DNeverbeforehasatelescopecarriedadigitalcamerainspace.2.WhichisNOTthesynonymfortheword"snap"inthethirdparagraph?Amake.Bshoot.CtakeDphotograph.3.ThecameraonWISEAisnodifferentfromanordinarycamera.Bdoesnotseeinfraredradiationwhiletheordinarycameradoes.Ccatchestheinfraredradiationwhiletheordinarycameradoesnot.Dreflectslightthathumaneyescansee.4.WhichofthefollowingisNOTcorrectabout"asteroids"accordingtoparagraph7?AAsteroidsfloatthroughspacegivingoffvisiblelight.BAsteroidsdonotreflectlightthatreachesthem.CItisdifficulttotakeasteroids'picturesbyordinarycameras,DTheWISEtelescopecantakepicturesofasteroids5.Whatisimpliedinthelastparagraph?ABrowndwarfsgiveoffvisiblelight.BBrowndwarfsgiveoffinfraredradiation.CBrowndwarfsarepowerstarslikethesun.DBrowndwarfsareimpossibletoseewiththeWISEtelescope.答案与题解：1.C短文的第一和第二段提供了答案。WISE的特殊之处就在于，虽然体积小，但它的数码相机能拍到任何天体，所以能够帮助天文学家观测到宇宙空间中（intheknownuniverse）的未知天文现象。其他选项都不是短文表达的意思。2.Asnap是个多义词，可以解释为“拍照”，更为确切的意思是“拍快照”。这里shoot,take和photograph都是snap的同义词。3.C短文第六段和第四段提供了答案。人类的肉眼和普通相机看到的光是visiblelights，看不见红外线辐射（infraredradiation)，而WISE的相机能够看到。4.A短文第七段第二句说并非所有的宇宙中的物体都会发出可见光，比如asteroids，所以A是正确选项。其他选项的内容都可以在该段中找到。5.B最后一段的第一句说，褐矮星能出现在WISE照片中，根据上文对WISE望远镜的描述只有WISE望远镜才能拍到红外线射线，所以B是正确选择。+第四十六篇AntsHaveBigImpactonEnvironmentas"EcosystemEngineers"ResearchbytheUniversityofExeter1hasrevealedthatantshaveabigimpactontheirlocalenvironmentasaresultoftheiractivityas"ecosystemengineers"andpredators.Thestudy,publishedintheJournalofAnimalEcology,foundthatantshavetwodistincteffectsontheirlocalenvironment.Firstly,throughmovingofsoilbynestbuilding2activityandbycollectingfoodtheyaffectthelevelofnutrientsinthesoil.Thiscanindirectlyimpactthelocalpopulationsofmanyanimalgroups,fromdecomposerstospeciesmuchhigherupthefoodchain.Secondly,theypreyonawiderangeofotheranimals,includinglargerpreywhichcanbeattackedbyvastnumbersofantworkers.DirkSanders,anauthorofthestudyfromtheuniversity'sCentreforEcologyandConservation,said:"Antsareveryeffectivepredatorswhichthriveinhugenumbers.They'realsoveryterritorial3andveryaggressive,defendingtheirresourcesandterritoryagainstotherpredators.Allofthismeanstheyhaveastronginfluenceontheirsurroundingarea.""Inthisresearch,westudiedforthefirsttimehowbigthisimpactisandthesubtletiesofit.Whatwefoundisthatdespitebeingpredators,theirpresencecanalsoleadtoanincreaseindensityanddiversityofotheranimalgroups4.Theygenuinelyplayakeyroleinthelocalenvironment,havingabiginfluenceonthegrasslandfoodweb,"Sanderssaid.Thestudy,carriedoutinGermany,studiedtheimpactofthepresenceofdifferentcombinationsanddensitiesofblackgardenantsandcommonredants,bothspecieswhichcanbefoundacrossEurope,includingintheUK.Itfoundthatalowdensityofantsinanareaincreasedthediversityanddensityofother